• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.232-238
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• 2007

The p13 gene is uniquely present in Group II nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and some granuloviruses, but not in Group I NPVs. p13 gene was first described by our laboratory in Leucania separatamultiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ls-p13) in 1995. However, the functions of Ls-P13 and of its homologues are unknown. When Ls-p13 was inserted into Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus, a Group I NPV, polyhedra yield was inhibited. However, this inhibition was prevented when the leucine zipper-like domain of Ls-p13 was mutated. To determine the cause of this marked difference between Ls-P13 and leucine zipper mutated Ls-P13 (Ls-P13mL), oligomerization and secondary structure analyses were performed. High performance liquid chromatography and yeast two-hybrid assays indicated that neither Ls-P13 nor Ls-P13mL could form oligomers. Informatics and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry results further indicated marked secondary structural differences between Ls-P13 and Ls-P13mL. The LZLD of Ls-P13 has two extended heptad repeat units which form a hydrophobic surface, but it is short of a third hydrophobic heptad repeat unit for oligomerization. However, the mutated LZLD of Ls-P13mL lacks the above hydrophobic surface, and its secondary structure is markedly different. This difference in its secondary structure may explain why Ls-P13mL is unable to inhibit polyhedra yield.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 1975

This study is to investigate the content of crude protein intruded in the sericin of cocoon shell and pupa by treatment of buffer solution (pH 1 to pH 13) 20 ml per 1 gram for 30 and 60 minutes at 30$^{\circ}C$, 60$^{\circ}C$ and 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The quantity of total crude protein obtained from cocoon shell and pupa by treatment during 30 minutes at 30$^{\circ}C$ was dissolved as the largest quantity of 11.874 mg/g at pH 1 and l5.93mg/g at pH 13, but dissolved the smallest quantity 1.75g/g at pH 5 as known. and tile quantity of crude protein treated for 60 minutes is 13.437mg/g at pH 1 and 22.50mg/g at pH 13. Also, the smallest quantity is 2. 813mg/g at pH 5 as known. 2. By the treatment during 30 minutes at 60$^{\circ}C$, the dissolved largest quantity was 13.12mg/g at pH 1 and 21.875 mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 2.375mg/g at pH 5 as known After treatment for 60 minutes at 60$^{\circ}C$, the dissolved largest quantity was 17.500 mg/g at pH 1 and 31.56mg/g at pH 13, bu the smallest quantity is 3.849 mg/g at pH 5. 3. The dissolved crude protein from the cocoon shell and pupa by treatment for 30 minutes at 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$ was the largest quantity of 147.000mg/g at pH 1 and 398. 125mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 75.00mg/g at pH 5 as known. After treatment for 60 minutes at 100${\pm}$2$^{\circ}C$, the largest quantity was 253.76 mg/g at pH 1 and 460.625mg/g at pH 13, but the smallest quantity is 139.375mg/g at pH 5 as known. 4. The dissolved crude protein from the cocoon shell and pupa was not different in quantity by treatment at 30$^{\circ}C$ or 60$^{\circ}C$. But dissolved crude protein was large quantity from cocoon shell more than pupa, as known. 5. The treatment of cocoon shell and pupa during 60 minutes at 100${\pm}$20$^{\circ}C$ was increased to the dissolved largest quantity of crude protein of 19.20％ at pH 1 and 22. 18％ at pH 13 from the cocoon shell and 6. 12％ at pH, an d 23.87％ at pH 13 from the pupa. But dissolved crude protein was increased to the larger quantity from pupa more than cocoon shell.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.24-35
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• 2019

It is known that ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ (carbon-13 isotope of dissolved inorganic carbonate (DIC) ions) of water increases when dissolved $CO_2$ degases. However, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ could decrease when the pH of water is lower than 5.5 at the early stage of degassing. Laboratory experiments were performed to observe the changes of ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ as $CO_2$ degassed from three different artificial $CO_2$-rich waters (ACWs) in which the initial pH was 4.9, 5.4, and 6.4, respectively. The pH, alkalinity and ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ were measured until 240 hours after degassing began and those data were compared with kinetic isotope fractionation calculations. Furthermore, same experiment was conducted with the natural $CO_2$-rich water (pH 4.9) from Daepyeong, Sejong City. As a result of experiments, we could observe the decrease of DIC and increase of pH as the degassing progressed. ACW with an initial pH of 6.4, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ kept increasing but, in cases where the initial pH was lower than 5.5, ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ decreased until 6 hours. After 6 hours ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ increased within all cases because the $CO_2$ degassing caused pH increase and subsequently the ratio of $HCO_3{^-}$ in solution. In the early stage of $CO_2$ degassing, the laboratory measurements were well matched with the calculations, but after about 48 hours, the experiment results were deviated from the calculations, probably due to the equilibrium interaction with the atmosphere and precipitation of carbonates. The result of this study may be not applicable to all natural environments because the pressure and $CO_2$ concentration in headspace of reaction vessels was not maintained constant as well as the temperature. Nevertheless, this study provides fundamental knowledge on the ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ evolution during $CO_2$ degassing, and therefore it can be utilized in the studies about carbonated water with low pH and the monitoring of geologic carbon sequestration.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.141-144
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• 2001

From the reaction of Na[Ga(N₃)₄] with PPh₃, an ionic compound [Ph₃P(OH)]/sup +/[N₃]/sup -/ (1) was isolated. Compound 1 was characterized by spectroscopy (¹H-NMR, /sup 13C{¹H}-NMR, and IR) and X-ray diffraction. Crystallographic data for 1 : orthorhombic space group P2₁2₁2₁, a = 10.491 (4) Å, b=11.603(5)Å, c=13.149(5)Å, Z=4, R(wR₂)=0.0547(0.0978).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of quantitative and semi-quantitative myocardial perfusion indices and image quality by image reconstruction methods in $^{13}N$-ammonia ($^{13}N-NH_3$) myocardial perfusion PET/CT. Materials and Methods: Data of 14 (8 men, 6 women) patients underwent rest and adenosine stress $^{13}N-NH_3$ PET/CT (Biograph TruePoint 40 with TrueV, Siemens) were collected. Listmode scans were acquired for 10 minutes by injecting 370MBq of $^{13}N-NH_3$. Dynamic and static reconstruction was performed by use of FBP, iterative2D (2D), iterative3D (3D) and iterative TrueX (TrueX) algorithm. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) of dynamic reconstruction data, extent(%) and total perfusion deficit (TPD) (%) measured in sum of 4-10 minutes scan were evaluated by comparing with 2D method which was recommended by vendor. The image quality of each reconstructed data was compared and evaluated by five nuclear medicine physicians through a blind test. Results: CFR were lower in TrueX 18.68% (P=0.0002), FBP 4.35% (P=0.1243) and higher in 3D 7.91% (P<0.0001). As semi-quantitative values, extent and TPD of stress were higher in 3D 3.07%p (P=0.001), 2.36%p (P=0.0002), FBP 1.93%p (P=0.4275), 1.57%p (P=0.4595), TrueX 5.43%p (P=0.0003), 3.93%p (P<0.0001). Extent and TPD of rest were lower in FBP 0.86%p (P=0.1953), 0.57%p (P=0.2053) and higher in 3D 3.21%p (P=0.0006), 2.57%p (P=0.0001) and TrueX 5.36%p (P<0.0001), 4.36%p (P<0.0001). Based on the results of the blind test for image resolution and noise from the snapshot, 3D obtained the highest score, followed by 2D, TrueX and FBP. Conclusion: We found that quantitative and semi-quantitative myocardial perfusion values could be under- or over-estimated according to the reconstruction algorithm in $^{13}N-NH_3$ PET/CT. Therefore, proper dynamic and static reconstruction method should be established to provide accurate myocardial perfusion value.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.208-213
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• 2000

Penicillium fellutanum produces a phosphorylated, choline-containing extracellular peptido-polysaccharide, peptidophosphogalactomannan (pPxGM) (8). The $\^$13/C-methyl labeled pPxGM ([methyl-$\^$13/C]pPxGM) was prepared from the cultures supplemented with L-[methyl-$\^$13/C]methionine or [2-$\^$13/C]glycine and was used as a probe to monitor the fate of phosphocholine in this polymer. Addition of purified [methyl-$\^$l3/C]pPxGM to growing cultures in low phosphate medium resulted in the disappearance of [methyl-$\^$13/C]phosphocholine and -N,N'-dimethyl-phosphoethanolamine from the added [methyl-$\^$13/C]pPxGM. Two $\^$l3/C-methyl-enriched cytoplasmic solutes, choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine, were found in mycelial extracts, suggesting that phosphocholine-containing extracellular pPxGM of P.fellutanum is a precursor of intracellular choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine and thus of phosphatydilcholine (l0). $\^$13/C-Methyl-labeled cells grown in 3 M NaCl-containing medium showed 2.6- and 22-fold more accumulation of $\^$13/C-methyl labeled choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine, respectively, originated from the extracellular [$\^$13/C-methyl]pPxGM than those grown without added NaCl. The results suggest that, in addition to glycerol and erythritol, glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate and thus choline are also osmoprotectants and hence that pPxGM is involved in osmotolerance of this fungus (11). Taken collectively, the $\^$l3/C- and $\^$31/P-NMR analyses of cytosolic solute pools and structural modulation of extracellular pPxGM corresponding to environmental stimuli in P. fellutanum, provided evidence that pPxGM is involved in cellular choline metabolism, osmotolerance, and recycling of metabolites.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1995

The crystal structure of P-toluenesulfonanilide, C13H13NO2S is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a=8.777(1)Å, b=9.784(2)Å, c=15.139(2)Å, β=99.00(1)°, Z=4, V=1284.0(6)Å3, Dc=1.28g/cm33, λ(Mo-Kα)=0.71069Å, μ=2.3cm-1, F(000)=520, Temperature : 293±3K, R=0.038 for 711 Fo<3.0σ unique observed reflection. The structure was determuned by direct method and refined by full-matrix least squares refinement. Two benzene rings have the dihedral angle of 68.4°. Moleculs are accumulated according to the c axis with two fold screw and contacted by van der Walls force.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2005

A bench-scale feasibility study was conducted with solid farming feed to evaluate a treatment process for microbiological removal of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Strains, Bacillus sp. CK-10 and Bacillus sp. CK-13, were originally isolated from water samples of shrimp farming pond. Simultaneous removal of N/P in marine media was monitored in the co-cultures, CK-10 and CK-13. As the results, $400\;{\mu}M\;NH^{+}_4$ and $400\;{\mu}M\;NO^{-}_2$ were eliminated within 12 hours and $NO^{-}_3$ within 36 hours, and $500\;{\mu}M\;PO^{-3}_4$ was completely disappeared within 36 hours from the media. Cultures of CK-10 and CK-13 were applied for removal of N/P leached from shrimp farming fred. HPAEC-PAD system was used to analyze sugars in farming feed, resulting in resolution of various sugars including glucose, galactose, galatosamine, mannose, and fucose. $0.2\%$ (w/v) Pulp densities of the farming feed contained approximately $33.3\;{\mu}M\;NH^{+}_4,\;12.9\;{\mu}M\;NO^{-}_2.\;81.5\;{\mu}M\;NO^{-}_3\;and\;248\;{\mu}M\;PO^{-3}_4$ which could dissolved within 72 hours of leaching in aqueous solution followed by bacterial removal. Complete bacterial removal of N/P was achieved within 84 hours at $0.2\%$ of the feed in co-cultures, whereas single cultures removed to incompletion of N/P during the incubation period. This work demonstrated that test cultures, CK-10 and CK-13 showed effective removal of N/P derived from shrimp farming feed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1984

The experiment was made to study the effect of levels of metabolizable energy of basal diets on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) values of corn and soybean meals. The test materials, corn and soybean meals, were substituted with basal diet at 50% and 30%, respectively. The excreta of fed md unfed birds were collected for 30 hours. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The AME values of corn were not significantly different among treatments (P＞0.05) except for 2400 Kcal/13% treatment, The AME values of soybean meals differed significantly between 2,400 Kcal/13% and 2,800 Kcal/15% or 3,000 Kcal/16%, but were not different between 2,400 Kcal/13% and 2,600 Kcal/14 % (probability at 5% level). 2. The energy levels of basal diets did not affect the AME values of corn and soybean meals (P＞0.05) except 2,400 Kcal/13% treatment. This fact indicates that it is not necessary to change energy levels of basal diet according to test materials. 3. That the values of standard error of soybean meals were higher than those of corn was resulted from its low level of substitution with basal diet. 4. The TME values of corn showed significant differences (P＜0.05) between 2,400Kcal/13% treatment and other treatments but those of soybean meals were not different among all treatments (P＞0.05). 5. The reason that the AME values of corn and soybean meals and the TME values of corn reduced significantly in 2,400 Kcal/13% could be explained by the effect of interaction among ingredients in the diet.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

We have conducted in vitro experiments with nano-silver liquid for their effect against various plant pathogenic bacteria. Different types of nano-silver liquid WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R and WA-PR-WB13R were used. These are classified based on different manufacturing processes. The tested bacteria were provided by KACC. We experimented ten bacterial isolates in Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Xanthomonas genera. In order to determine the level of concentrations of control effects, different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of each different nano-silver liquid were added in the culture media. As a result, WA-CV-WA13B showed high inhibition effect against C-1 at 10 ppm, and showed minor inhibition effects against P-6, X-1, and X-2. WA-AT-WB13R showed bactericidal effect against P-6 at 10 ppm. At 10 ppm, WA-AT-WB13R showed relatively high inhibition effects against C-1, X-1, and X-2. WA-PR-WB13R showed bactericidal effects against P-5, P-6 and X-2 at 10 ppm or higher concentrations. All the tested three nano-silver liquid showed bactericidal effects against all the tested plant pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 25 ppm or higher. These results indicated the possible use of nano-silver liquid for the control of plant pathogenic bacteria.