• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.855-862
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• 2003

This paper suggests the PIFA structure modified antenna in which short-circuit plate is located between planar element and ground plane, in order to solve the problem of narrow band of existing internal antenna, PIFA. It is also suggested that internal antenna has the perturbation in the patch to broaden the frequency bandwidth. It is possible that the antenna is installed into the mobile telephone with a low profile condition(h=0.015 λ) to use internally, and acquired desired bandwidth(5.2 %) through double resonance structure, remodeling the PIFA that is already well-known as an internal antenna. This paper investigated how characteristic is affected by the feeding point(Yf, Zf), short strip plate(Zs), short strip width(Ws), perturbation width(w), length(d), short plate height(h), dielectric($\varepsilon$$\_$r/) to be slim type antenna. It is compared with existing PIFA bandwidth, and is suggested pattern as the H.E plane. It is simulated using the Microwave Studio of the CST Inc. based on FIM(Finite Integration Method) method and analyzed antenna characteristic following the variation each parameters. The result proved the practical use of PIFA antenna by comparing the measured and simulated data of the antenna.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.250-267
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• 1997

The wife-abuse is a seriously threatening factor with victim's wellbeing and health. This study was performed to analyze the victims' experiences of wife-abuse to prepare the basis of nursing intervention for them. The participants of study were 96 women who counseled with W counselling center for wife-abuse from January 1996 to August 1997 in Cheju. Data were gathered through the unstructured interviews(telephone, face-to-face and letter) by trained 3 members of the center. The collected data were analyzed to reveal the characteristics of wives and husbands, the modes of wife-abuse, the influences of abuse to wives and the coping styles of wives. The modes of wife-abuse were analyzed and classified using the power and control wheel model of Pence et al. The results of study unveiled that the wife-abuse behaviors were used to control the wife physically, sexually, economically, and psychologically and to maintain the abuse situation. We have to understand the dominant regime of our society, ie the patriarchy that controls the women's labor power, production power and personality, to approach the victims' of wife-abuse and to provide the proper nursing interventions for them.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Cable voltage was measured simultaneously at Hamada, Japan and Pusan, Korea, using an inservice telephone cable from March to December 1990. The spectral and harmonic analyses of these data sets show that tidal signals are dominant, and that tidal constituents $M_2$ and $O_1$, which are not affected by solar geomagnetic variations, have almost the same amplitude and are of opposite phase to each other. comparing the voltage difference in 1990 with that measured using the now abandoned cable in 1998, there are dominant tidal signals at the same periods in both data sets. They have approximately the same amplitude and phase for $M_2andO_1$. The relationship between the observed voltage and the volume transport through the Korea Strait can be considered robust and stable over time. The conversion factor from voltage to transport is estimated to be $11.9{\times}10^6m^3S^{-1}volt^{-1}$ by comparing the amplitude of model-derived $M_2$ tidal transport with that of the voltage difference in 1998. This value changes to $8.6{\times}10^6m^3S^{-1}volt^{-1}$ when taking into consideration the horizontal electric current effect. This effect depends on the downstream length scale of the flow. To obtain a more reliable and stable conversion factor from voltage to transport, the voltage should be compared with observed sub-tidal transports, which may have long downstream length scales.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1851-1856
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• 2012

Immigration to a nation with a stronger anti-smoking environment has been hypothesized to make smoking less common. However, little is known about how environments influence risk of smoking across the lifecourse. Research suggested a linear decline in smoking over the lifecourse but these associations, in fact, might not be linear. This study assessed the possible nonlinear associations between age and smoking and examined how these associations differed by environment through comparing Koreans in Seoul, South Korea and Korean Americans in California, United States. Data were drawn from population based telephone surveys of Korean adults in Seoul (N=500) and California (N=2,830) from 2001-2002. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (lowess) was used to approximate the association between age and smoking with multivariable spline logistic regressions, including adjustment for confounds used to draw population inferences. Smoking differed across the lifecourse between Korean and Korean American men. The association between age and smoking peaked around 35 years among Korean and Korean American men. From 18 to 35 the probability of smoking was 57% higher (95%CI, 40 to 71) among Korean men versus 8% (95%CI, 3 to 19) higher among Korean American men. A similar difference in age after 35, from 40 to 57 years of age, was associated with a 2% (95%CI, 0 to 10) and 20% (95%CI, 16 to 25) lower probability of smoking among Korean and Korean American men. A nonlinear pattern was also observed among Korean American women. Social role transitions provide plausible explanations for the decline in smoking after 35. Investigators should be mindful of nonlinearities in age when attempting to understand tobacco use.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.253-276
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• 2002

Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's developments. Expecially, mother and infant relationship is affected by mother and infant interactions during one year after birth and an omen of mother-infant interaction after birth is mother-fetus interaction. This study was conducted to develop mother-fetus interaction promotion program of talking and tactual stimulation aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas and to evaluate the effect of the nursing intervention program on mother-fetus interaction and mother-infant play interaction. Non-eguivalent control group posttest design was used, and Blumer's symbolic interaction theory and Barnard's mother-infant interaction model was used a conceptual framework of this study. Fifty primiparas and infant(26 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 24 dyads for control group) were recruited from three general hospital and an OBGY clinic located in Kwang Nung city. Data was collected from January 30th to December 20th in 2001. For the intervention group, programed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction in the 1st trimester. Telephone counselling was provided with interval of two weeks. For two groups, home visiting for data collection of mother- fetus interaction was conducted at 36 to 38 weeks of gestational age. And mother-infant play interactions were assessed at 4 to 6 weeks after birth using videotapes. Play situations were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher's Exact Test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effect of intervention progrom was determined with t-test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. The results were as follows: 1. The significant difference was found in mother-fetus interaction between two groups(t=2.085, P=0.0425). It indicated that intervention progrom was effective in improving mother-fetus interaction. 2. The significant difference was found in mother-infant play interaction between two groups(W=347.5, P=0.0001). In subscale analysis, three subscales showed significant differences between the groups: interactional behavior of mother(t=5.921, P=0.0001), interactional behavior of infant(t=5.736, P= 0.0000), and synchronic interactional behavior of mother and infant(t=7.940, P= 0.0000). In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas promoted mother-fetus interaction and mother-infant play interaction. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing interventions to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus's movement should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial for formation of mother - infant relationship, and for promotion the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.