• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.563-570
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• 1997

Volatile flavor components in the mash of takjus prepared by using different nuruks such as Mucor racemosus nuruk, Rhizopus japonicus nuruk, Aspergillus oryzae nuruk, Aspergillus kawachii nuruk and nuruk (Korean-style bran koji), were identified by using GC and GC-MS. Twenty alcohols, 26 esters, 10 acids, 10 aldehydes and 6 others were found in the mash of takju after 16 days of fermentation. Takju by Aspergillus oryzae nuruk had the most various components of volatile flavor. Fifty-four flavor components including ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 2,3-butadienol (D,L), benzeneethanol, acetic acid ethyl ester, succinic acid diethyl ester, butanoic acid monoethyl ester, acetic acid and benzene acetic acid 4-acetyloxy-3-methyl ethyl ester were usually detected in all the treatments. The relative peak area of volatile components was as follows: alcohol $(71.28{\sim}90.23%)$, ester $(0.66{\sim}9.05%)$, acid $(0.2{\sim}0.6%)$ and aldehyde $(0.02{\sim}0.09%)$. Specially, 1-pentanol and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were high in takju made of nuruk (Korean-style bran koji). 1-Hexanol, 1-dodecanol, acetic acid and 1,2-benzene-dicarboxylic acid diprophenyl ester were high in takju made of Mucor racemosus nuruk. 4-Acetyloxy, 3-methyl benzeneacetic acid phenyl ester, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, succinic acid diethylester, butanoic acid monoethyl ester and butanoic acid were higher content in takju by Rhizopus japonicus nuruk. Acetic acid ethyl ester, pentanoic acid and 3-methyl butanoic acid were high in takju that was made of Aspergillus oryzae nuruk. 1-Butanol was high in takju by Aspergillus kawachii nuruk.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.53-66
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• 2001

본 실험실에서는 혈당강하효과를 갖는 chiroinositol을 다량 함유하고 있는 식품이나 식용물질을 탐색하여 선발하고, 선택된 식품이나 식용물질에서 chiroinositol을 lab-scale로 분리 정제하여 제조된 chiroinositol의 추출물로 동물실험을 실시하여 혈당강하효과를 증명하고 그 기작을 연구하고 있다. 약 300여종의 식품 및 식용물질을 GC-MS 및 HPLC로 분석한 결과 식품으로 안전한 탈지대두와 두부 순물에서 chiroinositol의 함량이 각각 6.45mg/g, 20mg/g으로 조사되어 선택되었고, chiroinositol의 순도가 40-60%(w/w)인 chiroinositol의 추출물을 이용하여 동물실험을 통한 혈당강하효과를 조사한 결과, 1) steptozotocin(STZ)으로 유발된 고혈당쥐에 경구투여시, 농도 의존적으로 혈당을 감소시키는 탁월한 기능을 나타내었고, 2) 정상쥐의 혈당제거율 검사(glucose tolerance test)에서강한 제거율 및 6시간의 지속시간을 나타내었으며, 3) STZ로 유발된 고혈당쥐의 혈당제거율 검사에서 강한 혈당강하 효과(약 40%)를 나타내었으며 지속시간은 약 12시간이었다. 4) 극심한 고혈당(450 내지 500mg/d)의 경우, 경미한 고혈당(300내지 350mg/d)의 경우보다 혈당 감소율이 20% 가량 높았으며, 지속시간도 1시간 이상 긴 것으로 나타났으며, 5) 인슐린과 복합처리 했을 때 상승작용(synergy)을 나타내었으며, 저혈당증으로 전혀 발전되지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2015

Perilla frutescens var. japonica Hara was collected from farmland in Seongju-gun. Fifteen endophytic fungal strains with different colony morphologies were isolated from roots of P. frutescens. Waito-c rice seedlings were treated with the concentrated culture filtrates (CF) of endophytic fungi for observation of their plant growth-promoting activities. In the results, the CF of Y2H001 fungal strain promoted the growth of the waito-c rice seedlings. The phylogenetic tree of Y2H001 strain was analyzed by the combined sequences of the partial internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and partial betatubulin gene. Molecular and morphological studies identified the Y2H001 strain as belonging to Aspergillus flavus. In gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the CF of Y2H001 strain, gibberellic acid (GA) was detected and quantified. Therefore, we describe Y2H001 strain as a new $GA_3$-producing A. flavus based on morphological, molecular characteristics and analysis of secondary metabolite.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.257-266
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• 2008

PAHs are of mainly anthropogenic origin from urban runoff, oil spill and combustion of fossil fuels. Some PAHs are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic to aquatic organisms. This study was carried out to survey the contamination of PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay. Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO(Pohang steel compony) and Gwangyang container harbor are located near the bay. The column sediments were collected at 4 stations(A, B, C and D) and fractionated at intervals of two-centimeter depth on July 29, 1999. PAHs in colmn sediment samples were extracted in soxhlet extractor and were identified and quantified by GC-MS. PAHs compounds were analyzed and found to be 13 species. Total PAHs concentrations in the column sediments ranged from 275.04 to 2,838.64${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. Naphthalene had the highest concentration in the range of 40.60 to 2,294.06${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. and Anthracene had the lowest concentration in the range of 2.63 to 11.30${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. The correlation coefficients between individual PAHs and total PAHs in the column sediments were relatively higher in the low molecular compounds such as Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene and Phenanthrene. The relationship between the P/A(Phenanthrene/Anthracene)ratio and F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene)ratio showed that P/A ratio was generally above 10 and F/P ratio was above 1 in all sediment samples. These data indicate that PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay seem to be of both pyrolytic and petrogenic origin The values of PAHs in the column sediments were lower than the biological effect guidelines.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 2020

Phenol is frequently present as the hazardous pollutant in petrochemical and pesticide industry wastewater. Because of its high toxicity and carcinogenic potential, a proper treatment is needed to reduce the hazards of phenol carrying effluent before being discharged into the environment. Phenol biodegradation with microbial consortium offers a very promising approach now a day's. This study focused on the formulation of phenol degrading bacterial consortium with three bacterial isolates. The bacterial strains Bacillus cereus strain VCRC B540, Bacillus cereus strain BRL02-43 and Oxalobacteraceae strain CC11D were isolated from detergent contaminated soil by soil enrichment technique and was identified by 16s rDNA sequence analysis. Individual cultures were degrade 100 μl phenol in 72 hrs. The formulated bacterial consortium was very effective in degrading 250 μl of phenol at a pH 7 with in 48 hrs. The study further focused on the analysis of the products of biodegradation with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT/IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The analysis showed the complete degradation of phenol and the production of Benzene di-carboxylic acid mono (2-ethylhexyl) ester and Ethane 1,2- Diethoxy- as metabolic intermediates. Biodegradation with the aid of microorganisms is a potential approach in terms of cost-effectiveness and elimination of secondary pollutions. The present study established the efficiency of bacterial consortium to degrade phenol. Optimization of biodegradation conditions and construction of a bioreactor can be further exploited for large scale industrial applications.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.750-756
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the role of phytohormones in the bulbing of garlic in order to assess the yield and quality. The effect on endogenous plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) content was also examined during growth stage i.e. clove differentiation to bulbing in garlic. More than 18 gibberellins in garlic were identified with extensive gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM) quantitative analysis. The results showed that GAs were biosynthesized by both non C-13 hydroxylation pathway (NCH) and early C-13 hydroxylation pathway (ECH) in garlic plant. It was also revealed that NCH pathway leading to synthesis of bioactive $GA_4$ was the more prominent GA biosynthesis pathway than ECH pathway in which bioactive $GA_1$ was synthesized. Total GAs level was gradually increased from clove differentiation to bulbing and later decreased, which portrays the active role of GA in differentiation. The biosynthesis ratio of bioactive $GA_4$ and $GA_1$ concentration was similar to that of total GAs content, which was closely related with bulb development in garlic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1591-1596
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• 2006

Acaricidal effects of materials derived from Caesalpinia sappan heartwoods against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were assessed and compared with those evidenced by commercial benzyl benzoate and DEET. The observed responses varied according to dosage and mite species. The $LD_{50}$ values of the methanol extracts derived from C. sappan heartwoods were 6.13 and $5.44{\mu}g/cm^3$ against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction derived from the methanol extract was approximately 8.71 more toxic than DEET against D. farinae, and 4.73 times more toxic against D. pteronyssinus. The biologically active constituent from the ethyl acetate fraction of C. sappan heartwood extract was purified via silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the acaricidal component was analyzed by $GC-MS,\;^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR,\;^1H-^{13}C\;COSY-NMR$, and DEPT-NMR spectroscopy, and identified as juglone (5-hydroxy-l,4-naphthoquinone). Based on the $LD_{50}$ values of juglone and its derivatives, the most toxic compound against D. farinae was juglone ($0.076{\mu}g/cm^3$), followed by benzyl benzoate ($9.143{\mu}g/cm^3$) and 2methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone ($40.0{\mu}g/cm^3$). These results indicate that the acaricidal activity of C. sappan heartwoods is likely to be the result of the effects of juglone. Additionally, juglone treatment was shown to effect a change in the color of the cuticles of house dust mites, from colorless-transparent to dark brownish-black. Accordingly, as a naturally occurring acaricidal agent, C. sappan heartwood-derived juglone should prove to be quite 'useful as a potential control agent, lead compound, and house dust mite indicator.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

The aerial parts of garland (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) were extracted in 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH) and the concentrated extract was then partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions resulted in 4 glycerides with the application of octadecyl silica gel and silica gel column chromatography. The chemical structures of the glycerides were determined using several spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) as (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol (1), (2S)-1-O-oleoyl-2-O-oleoyl- 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol (2), (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-linoleoyl-3-O-phosphorouscholine-sn-glycerol (3), and (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl-2-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[$\alpha$-D-galactopyrasyl-($1{\rightarrow}6$)-$\beta$-D-galactopyranosyl]-sn-glycerol (4). The free fatty acids of these glycerides were determined with gas chromatography (GC)-MS analysis following alkaline hydrolysis and methylation. These glycerides demonstrated an inhibitory effect on acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, compound 1: $45.6{\pm}0.2%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, compound 1: $59.1{\pm}0.1%$ at $25{\mu}g/mL$), farnesyl protein transferase (FPTase, compound 2: $98.0{\pm}0.1%$; compound 3: $55.2{\pm}0.1%$ at $100{\mu}g/mL$), and $\beta$-secretase ($IC_{50}$, compound 4: $2.6{\mu}g/mL$) activity. This paper is the first report on the isolation of these glycerides from garland and their inhibitory activity on ACAT, DGAT, FPTase, and $\beta$-secretase.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.28-36
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to elucidate the sugar composition of polysaccharides and the structural features of water-soluble polysaccharides(WSP) isolated from Korean oak mistletoe, Loranthus yadoriki Sieb. The 48-hours ball-milled meals of extractive-free dried mistletoe sawdusts were extracted with distilled water for $24hrs{\times}2$ at room temperature. The extracts poured into 95% ethyl alcohol to precipitate. The separated precipitate of WSP, in form of yellowish white powder by lyophilization, was fractionated into four subfractions of WSP-1, WSP-2, WSP-3 and WSP-4 by anion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column. The sugar composition of WSPs was analyzed by GLC in form of their glycitol acetates, and the structure of polysaccharides in Fractions WSP-1 and WSP-2 was determined by FT-IR and GC-MS after methylation through and acetylation. The sugars of WSPs from Korean oak mistletoe, Loranthus yadoriki, are majorly arabinose and galactose in stem, galactose in leaves very high in content and showed difference in composition and monomeric units between stems and leaves. D-galactose, D-glucose and L-arabinose are the simple sugars consisting of polysaccharides in WSP-1. ($1{\rightarrow}3$)-Linked galactan is the bakcbone with side chain of ($1{\rightarrow}5$)- -L-arabinofuranosyl residues and ($1{\rightarrow}6$)- -D-galactopyranosyl residues, and ($1{\rightarrow}4$)-linked glucan also presents. ($1{\rightarrow}4$)-Linked rhamnogalacturonan and ($1{\rightarrow}4$)- and ($1{\rightarrow}3$)-linked galactan present in WSP-2.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2000

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, is a main building block of epoxy resin which is widely used as a coating agent in residential water storage tanks. Therefore, BPA leaching from the epoxy resin may have adverse effects on human health. The possibility of BPA leaching from three epoxy resins were tested with a modified KS D 8502 method at 20, 50, 75 and $100^{\circ}C$ in deionized water and the specified test water, respectively. BPA leached to the test water was identified using GC-MS and quantified with GC-FID after a sequential extraction and concentration. The results showed that BPA leaching has occurred in all three samples tested. The quantify of BPA leaching from unit area of epoxy resin coating was in the range of $10.677{\sim}273.120{\mu}g/m^2$ for sample A, 29.737~1734.045 for sample B and 52.857~548.778 for sample C depending on the test temperature, respectively. In general, the amount of BPA leaching increased as the water temperature increases. This result implies a higher risk of BPA leaching to drinking water during a hot summer season. In addition, microbial growth, measured by colony forming units, in epoxy coated water tanks was higher than that in a stainless steel tank suggesting that compounds leaching from epoxy resin may support the growth of microorganisms in a residential water holding tank.