• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 2024

Given a domain X and a collection H of functions h : X → {0, 1}, the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension of H measures its complexity in an appropriate sense. In particular, the fundamental theorem of statistical learning says that a hypothesis class with finite VC-dimension is PAC learnable. Recent work by Fitzpatrick, Wyman, the fourth and seventh named authors studied the VC-dimension of a natural family of functions ℋ'²_t(E) : 𝔽²_q → {0, 1}, corresponding to indicator functions of circles centered at points in a subset E ⊆ 𝔽²_q. They showed that when |E| is large enough, the VC-dimension of ℋ'²_t(E) is the same as in the case that E = 𝔽²_q. We study a related hypothesis class, ℋ^d_t(E), corresponding to intersections of spheres in 𝔽^d_q, and ask how large E ⊆ 𝔽^d_q needs to be to ensure the maximum possible VC-dimension. We resolve this problem in all dimensions, proving that whenever |E| ≥ C_dq^d-1/(d-1) for d ≥ 3, the VC-dimension of ℋ^d_t(E) is as large as possible. We get a slightly stronger result if d = 3: this result holds as long as |E| ≥ C_3q^7/3. Furthermore, when d = 2 the result holds when |E| ≥ C_2q^7/4.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

Effect of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) on vitellogenin (VTG) production and estrogen ($E_2$)-estrogen receptor (ER) binding affinity were examined in primary hepatocyte cultures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Hepatocytes were pre-cultured for 2 days; subsequently, $E_2$( 2$\times$$10^{-6}$/ M) and 2,4-D ($10^{-9}~10^{-6}/M$) were simultaneously added to the incubation medium. They were cultured for more than 5 days. VTG and $E_2$-ER binding affinities were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and ELISA, respectively. 2,4-D concentration used had no appreciable effect on the morphology, viability, and DNA content of hepatocytes in culture. It had also no effect on VTG production. However, it interfered with $E_2$-ER binding affinity, which was reduced with increasing concentration of 2,4-D. The affinity was inhibited by 25 and 30% at $10^{-7}$ M and $10^{-6}$ M of 2,4-D, respectively. This result suggested that although 2,4-D had no effect on VTG production, it acted as reno-estrogenic contaminant in ER.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2000

Background : No association between schizophrenia and dopamine D4 receptor polymorphisms have been reported. Despite these results, it is premature to exclude the association. It has been suggested that the susceptibility to develop schizophrenia could result from variation at a number loci which may interact or coact with each other. Therefore, we investigated a possible association of combinations of exon III 48bp polymorphism[D4E3] and exon I 12bp polymorphism of the DRD4 gene [D4E1] with schizophrenia. Methods : 207 unrelated Korean schizophrenic patients and 191 healthy controls were recruited. DRD4 genotype was established using the polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis consisted of ${\chi}^2$ tests for Hardy-Weinberg proportions and genotypic and allelic frequencies in the patients and control groups. Results : There were no statistically significant differences in the each polymorphisms between schizophrenics and controls. And all genotype frequencies were within Hardy-Weinberg expectations. When the combinations of the polymorphism in schizophrenia and controls were compared, however, there were significant differences at $A1A2^*2/4$ in the distributions of the combinations of D4E1 and D4E3(p<0.01). Conclusions : These findings suggest that the certain combination of D4E1 and D4E3($A1A2^*2/4$) has the protective role to a susceptibility for schizophrenia.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of equilibration and dilution methods on the survival rate of vitrified IVM-IVF bovine blastocysts. Vitrification solution was composed with 20% glycerol, 20% ethylene glycol, 3/8 M sucrose and 3/8 M dextrose in D-PBS supplemented with 20% FBS (GESD). Embryos were equilibrated in 1 of 3 methods: 3-step (El), 2-step (E2), or 1-step (E3), and after loading into 0.25-ml straws, were plunged into liquid nitrogen. After warming in water bath at 2$0^{\circ}C$, cryoprotectants were diluted in 1 of 3 methods: 1) D1(VS+1/2 M sucrose, 1/2 M sucrose and l/4 M sucrose), 2) D2 (1/2 M sucrose and 1/4 M sucrose), or 3) D3(1/2 M sucrose only). All procedures except warming were conducted at room temperature. Survival and hatching rates of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts following equilibration methods were 50 and 83.6%, and 27.8 and 67.3%, respectively in El, which were significantly higher (P〈0.01) than those of E2 (16.7 and 23.2%, and 7.4 and 12.5%, respectively) and 23 (0 and 3.7%, and 0 and 0%, respectively). Survival and hatching rates of expanded blastocysts were significantly (P〈0.01) higher than those of blastocysts in El. Survival rates of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts following dilution methods were 52% and 80.6% in D2, which were significantly higher (P〈0.05) than those of D1 (29.6 and 48.3%) and D3 (47.2 and 63.8%). Hatching rates of blastocysts were similar in D1, D2 and D3, however in expanded blastocysts, that of D2(61.3%) was significantly higher (P〈0.01) than that of D1(34.5%). Survival rates of expanded blastocysts in D1 and D2, and hatching rates in D2 and D3 were significantly higher(P〈0.01) than those of blastocysts. These results indicate that the viability of vitrified blastocysts was improved by the several steps of equilibration, and by 2-steps dilution after warming, independently of their stage of development. The results also indicated that the expanded blastocysts are more profitable to vitrification than blastocysts.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2020

Ischemic and traumatic brain injuries are the major acute central nervous system disorders that need to be adequately diagnosed and treated. To find biomarkers for these acute brain injuries, plasma levels of some specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs, i.e., lipoxin A4 [LXA4], resolvin [Rv] E1, RvE2, RvD1 and RvD2), CD59 and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured at 0, 6, 24, 72, and 168 h after global cerebral ischemic (GCI) and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in rats. Plasma LXA4 levels tended to increase at 24 and 72 h after GCI. Plasma RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 levels showed a biphasic response to GCI; a significant decrease at 6 h with a return to the levels of the sham group at 24 h, and again a decrease at 72 h. Plasma CD59 levels increased at 6 and 24 h post-GCI, and returned to basal levels at 72 h post-GCI. For TBI, plasma LXA4 levels tended to decrease, while RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, and RvD2 showed barely significant changes. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly increased after GCI and TBI, but with different time courses. These results show that plasma LXA4, RvE1, RvE2, RvD1, RvD2, and CD59 levels display differential responses to GCI and TBI, and need to be evaluated for their usefulness as biomarkers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.299-305
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• 2005

Structure-activity relationship studies of allylamine type of antimycotics were carried out to evaluate the effect of naphthyl and methyl portion of naftifine. Compounds with 3,4-difluorophenyl (2a-5a), 4-hydroxyphenyl (2b-5b), 3-nitro­phenyl (2c-5c), 4-chlorobenzothiazoly (2d-5d) and 5-methylfurfural (2e-5e) instead of naphthyl group, and with hydrogen (3a-3e), methyl (4a-4e) and ethyl (5a-5e) in the place of methyl in naftifine were synthesized and tested for their in vitro anti-fungal activities against five different fungi. Fourteen compounds (3a, 4a, 5a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 3c, 4c, 5c, 3d, 4d, 3e, 4e and 5e) showed significant anti-fungal activities against T. mentagrophytes. (E)-N-(3-Phenyl-2-propenyl)-3,4-difluoro-ben­zenemethaneamine(3a), (E)_N_(3_phenyl_2_propenyl)_4_hydroxy_benzenemethaneamine(3b) and (E)-N-ethyl-N-(3-phenyl­2-propenyl)-3-nitro-benzenemethaneamine (5c) displayed moderate anti-fungal activities against all five different fungi.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine the electrical properties of the buccal area using facial surface electromyography (sEMG). Methods : This research was conducted on 44 healthy participants irrespective of their sex. Surface electrodes were attached to the midpoints of three imaginary lines connecting ST4 (Dicang) to ST6 (Jiache), ST4 to SI18 (Quanliao), and ST4 to the center point of SI18 and ST6. Then, the participants were trained in the movement that included a comprehensive action of buccal area. While the participants were performing the motion, sEMG values ($E_1$, $E_2$, $E_3$) and the distance change of the three imaginary lines ($D_1$, $D_2$, $D_3$) were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0. Results : Significant differences were observed in the distance changes ($D_1$>$D_3$, $D_2$>$D_3$) and sEMG values ($E_1$<$E_2$<$E_3$). Moreover, there were positive correlations between $D_1$ and $E_1$, $D_2$ and $E_2$. Conclusion : We suggest that the measurement at ST4 to the center point of ST6 and SI18 with this motion would be adequate to check the electrical characteristics of the buccal area.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.43-49
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• 2018

Computer simulation was performed using the SIMION program to develop an electron gun for MCP cleaning. The target, MCP, is located 180mm from the source of the electron gun, and the diameter of the MCP is approximately 20mm. Therefore, we tried to find the condition that the beam diameter of electrons reaching the MCP is to be 20mm using four variables such as E, ${\phi}$, d1, d2, where the E is the energy of the electron reaching the MCP, the ${\phi}$ is the diameter of the extractor, and the d1 and the d2 are the distance from the electron source to the end of the extractor tube, and to the wall of chamber, respectively. As a result of simulation, we figuried out that the E and the d2 have little effect on the beam diameter. On the other hand, we also found that the beam diameters were very sensitive to the d1 and varied relatively large with respect to the ${\phi}$, and the d1 was the secondary order function of the ${\phi}$. Therefore we found that this function will allow us to design electron guns that are suitable for the purposes of this study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.157-162
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• 2009

As the improvement of computer performance and the development of IT technology have influence upon publishing industry, the e-Book system, a type of electronic resources, has come out. This is a method to use both texts and 2D image illustrations. Nowadays, there are more and more users who want high quality contents and a variety of contents such as the illustrated fish book using the 3D system. This article adds 3D animation objects to the current e-Book system and designs and realizes the 3D fish simulation system to which e-Book technology is applied so as to improve the comprehension of texts and readability of detailed information and increase readers' immersion as well.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 1984

Kochujangs (red pepper pastes) were mashed with the variation of seed content in the red pepper powder, i.e. none (plot A), 10%(B), 20%(C), 40 %(D) and 50%(E), and chemical compositions and qualities of the products were analysed and compared. Contents of amino nitrogen, reducing sugar and ethanol were high in the plot A and B, whereas lower levels were detected in the plot C, D and E. Differences in the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fiber and sodium chloride were not significant among the plots, however, the plot D and E showed higher crude oil contents and pH as compared with the others. The plot B and A showed higher acidic protease and saccharogenic amylase activity as compared with the others. Taste, flavor and color were evaluated for the products which aged for 3 months, and better results were obtained in the plot A and B than in D and E. Especially the products of D and E were inferior in color.