• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.775-784
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• 1998

This study was conduced to investigate the seasonal variation of dietary intake and quality obtained by 24 hour recall method in Korean adults living in rural area. The mean daily intakes of 4 seasons were 1,692kcal for energy, 63g(14.8% of energy) for protein, 30g(15.7% of energy) for fat, 257g(60.7% of energy) for carbohydrate. Mean daily intakes were significantly highest in winter for most of the nutrients, and lower in summer for energy, fat, calcium, iron. Mena adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality was 0.65 in winter, 0.67 in spring, 0.65 in summer and 0.72 in autumn and nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR) was significantly different fro vitamin C agmong different seasons. Subjects consumed usually 15.3 different foods in winter, 14.5 in summer, 13.9 in spring and 13.7 in autumn. The number of food consumed was positively correlated with intake of most nutrients, especially in autumn. For variety among the five major food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable) with a dietary diversity scores(DDS) calculated, the average socre of DDS was 3 in all seasons and omitted food groups were usually dariy and fruit. In conclusion, dietary intake and quality of Korean adults were different according to seasons.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.539-547
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• 2015

This study investigated elementary school students' perception and recognition of soybean foods and assessed their intake levels of isoflavones. A survey was administered to 300 sixth grade students in Daegu. The amount of isoflavones consumed by students was estimated by food intake frequency and the 24-hour recall method based on their general dietary habits and perception of soybean foods. Subjects' mean height was 152.2 cm, mean weight was 45.2 kg, and body mass index was $19.4kg/m^2$. All subjects had knowledge of soybeans and most preferred bean-paste pot stew of all soybean-based foods. Students typically ingested isoflavones two or three times per week in the forms of tofu, bean-paste pot stew, and bean sprouts. The average amount of isoflavones consumed from soy foods was 26.43 mg/day (daidzein 9.27 mg/day and genistein 17.16 mg/day) as assessed by food frequency questionnaire and 30.83 mg/day (daidzein 13.63 mg/day and genistein 16.40 mg/day) by the 24-hour recall method, showing that the 24-hour recall method assessment amount was 4.4 mg higher than that of the food frequency questionnaire. The major food sources of isoflavones were soybean paste and soybeans. Those who were especially knowledgeable about soybean foods expressed the view that these sources were a good or affordable enriched source of isoflavones.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 ${\mu}g$ during the summer, 3.3 ${\mu}g$ during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= $23.8{\pm}23.6$ min) were much longer than that in the winter (= $10.8{\pm}13.4$ min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were $17.5{\pm}7.5$ ng/mL in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3$ ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p<0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r=0.315, p<0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r=0.252, p<0.05) during the winter. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary habits and assess the dietary intake of preschool children. Food habit, preference and nutritional supplement status were investigated using a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 453 subjects aged 3 to 6 years old. Also, a dietary intake survey using a 24-hour recall method was performed by mothers of the children. It was found that 81.2% of subjects had milk, dairy products, cookies, fruit and bread between meals once or twice per day. As well, 60.3% of subjects had an unbalanced diet and 20.7% had an overeating habit. Thus, unbalanced diet was a serious problem for many of the subjects. Due to weight controls, digestion problems and allergies, 11.7% of subjects had special dietary consideration. And 26.4% of subjects were using nutritional supplements. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrient intakes were higher than the Korean RDA except calcium and vitamin A. Nutrient intakes for protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B2 were significantly different by sex, and also increased with age but not significantly. Children received 35% of daily energy, 44% of daily fat and 52% of daily calcium from snacks, so snacks clearly play an important role in dietary intake. The average number of foods consumed per day by subjects was 17.6 and that dishes was 11.0. Most children consumed 4 or 5 food groups per day. In conclusion, the dietary intake of children aged 3 to 6 were deemed adequate judging from nutrient intake and dietary diversity. More attention should be paid to the nutritional value of snacks in this age group.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2002

The objective of this study is to establish outcome validity for three instruments that assess whether subjects met recommendations for daily servings of fruits and vegetables for“Stage of Change”research. A convenience sample of 294 college students was recruited from introductory nutrition classes at Michigan State University in the United States. To measure servings of fruits and vegetables, separately, three types of methods (self-rated intake, 24-hour recall and food frequency) were used in comparison to the servings from a three-day food record, the criterion used. The outcome validity was assessed based on whether or not at least two servings of fruits and three servings of vegetables were reported. Validity was assessed by sensitivity, to measure the ability to detect low intakes, and by specificity, to measure ability to detect adequate intakes. Cohen's kappa was used as well to examine the agreement between the three methods and a three-day food record. The results showed, for fruits, the 24-hour recall had the best agreement (recall 0.54, self-rated : 0.31, food frequency : 0.29) with a three-day food record for servings consumed by people in pre-action or post-action stages. Sensitivity for fruit was also best using a recall (0.81). For vegetables, however, all three methods had low agreement (food frequency : 0.27, recall : 0.21, self-rated : 0.17) with the results of the three-day food record. Self-rated intakes for vegetables had the best sensitivity (0.66) and the food frequency had the best specificity (0.73). Therefore, researcher can use the 24-hour recall method to identify people who consume inadequate servings of fruit. To detect adequate vegetable intake, the food frequency was best of the three methods. Accuracy may be improved by probing for vegetables in mixed dishes and on sandwiches. (J Community Nutrition 4(3)： 143∼150, 2002)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.927-934
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• 1999

Dietary and other factors affecting serum lipid levels of 103 rural women aged 30-76 years were assessed. Data for dietary intakes were obtained by 24-hour recall method. Body weight, height and blood pressure were measured and BMI was calculated from the anthropometric data. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for TG and lipoprotein fractions. Relation of the factors with serum lipid concentration was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient(r). The results were summarized as follows: The weight, hight and BMI of the subjects were 56.8kg, 152.4cm and 24.5k/==, respectively. 31.8% of the subjects under 50 years of age($\leq$49yr group) and 61.0% of the subjects from 50 years up(==50yr group) were classified as hyperlipidemia. Most of the subjects had normal blood pressure but 8.5% were hypertensive. Total food intake of hyperlipidemic subjects was more than those of normal subjects in both age groups. Nutrients intake also tended to be higher in hyperlipidemic subjects of $\geq$50yr group. Intake of some foods like nuts, milk, or meat affected serum lipid profile even though the effects was somewhat different between two age groups. Body weight was positively related with serum TG and VLDL-cholesterol in $\leq$49yr group, and body weight as well as height and BMI affected serum lipid level in $\geq$50yr group. In summarization, it appeared that hyperlipidemia was a serious health problem in rural women. Hypertriglyceridemia due to sharp increase after 50 years old was remarkable and further research should be performed to determine the related factors in the near future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2003

Improving dietary patterns, na, in turn, improving nutritional status, is now viewed as a key to improve public health and to prevent chronic diseases. There has been a peat needs to assess diet quality to identify nutritional risk group, however, little research has been done on methods to assess overall diet quality. The purpose of this study was to develope a mini dietary assessment (MDA) index for evaluation of overall dietary quality. A 10-component system was devised based on dietary guidelines and food Tower for Koreans. The system contained 4 food elements of which use is encouraged, such as milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, and 3 food elements of which use is limited, such as fat, salt, or sugar. Also the included were elements on dietary regulation and variety. A subject is to check one of ‘always' 'generally'seldom', which has score of 5, 3, and 1, respectively, so the total possible index score is 50. This index is to use without dietary survey and is to use even by non-nutritionist. A sample of 432 healthy males and females in their 30's and 40's contributed diet intake data based on 24-hour recall for the validation of MDA. The mean MDA score was 31.34 of a possible 50 points. The main nutrients for each MDA component was correlated very well with the results of 24-hour recall. Also, very good correlation was found between healthy eating index (HEI) score and MDA score. However, some of MDA components were needed a modification of term or/and statement. So the Uh was revised and another effort for validation was made with new sample of 169 subjects and even better correlation was found. The revised MDA could be used with minor modification to assess diet quality and to screen nutritional status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 83-92, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.78-89
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyse some rick ffactors for chronic degenerative diseases of the Korean dict. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classfied to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. The dietary risks for chronic degenerative disease such as food sources of fat consumption, high cholesterol intake, low dietary fiber intake, and low calcium intake and high protein intake were analyzed. Younger subjects had more animal fat proportion than older subjects did. HS and CS had the least fat proportion from fishes and shellfishes. Each mean cholesterol intake of PC, EC, HS, and CS was over 300mg/day, and HS load the highest level of 415mg/day. Cholesterol density of the diet of PC was the highest of 175mg/1000kcal and the level decreased when the age increased. The subjects consuming cholesterol over 100 mg/1000kca1 were about 70% of PC and HS. More than 20% of PC, EC, and HS consumed calcium under 75% of RDA with protein consumption over 125% of RDA. Dietary fiber intakes were 18g for HS, CS, 30-49 years, and 50 ∼ 69 years, 14g for EC and over 70 years, and 12g for PC. Ninety percent of PC and EC, 80% of HS and CS, and 70% of tole subjccts over 30years consumed dietary fiber under the level of 10g/1000kca1. The major food sources of dietary fiber were vegetables and grains. From these results, children and adolescents had ricks for chronic degenerative diseases on all the analyzed items. The results of this study would provide the basic information for development of dietary interventions to improve diet find health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.760-775
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the validity of food photographs for estimating individuals' dietary intakes and compare it with other dietary assessment methods. Subjects were 7 professors, 2 researchers, 12 dietitian and 16 graduate students majoring in food and nutrition. Among the subjects, 20 subjects had research experiences in the dietary intake survey more than one year while 17 had not. Each subject estimated 50 food portions displayed in computer monitor by comparing with standard food photographs, which were weighed portions of 28 foods from typical Korean diet. No significant differences between the estimated value and the weighed value of 17 (34%) food portions were shown in research-experienced group and those of 14 (28%) food portions were shown in no-researchexperienced group. 24-hour recall was the most frequently-used method for dietary assessment followed by in the order of food frequency questionnaire, dietary record, diet history and weighing method. After estimating food portions by photographs, 30 subjects (81%) were willing to use the method for dietary assessment because of its convenience and easy communication between researcher and subject. This study suggests that digital photography method would be a useful and convenient new instrument for estimating individuals' dietary intake. However, it is necessary to create standard database for food portions and carry out systematic education for food estimation in order to apply this method in the fields.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 1989

This study was designed to compare various dietary assessment methods and to determine the appropriate method that would be reliable for monitoring the adherence to a fat-modified diet. Dietary intake data was collected from the twenty-two (12 males, 10 females), type IIa hypercholesterolemic patients by the 24-hour dietary recall and the food records of various durations(9, 7, 4, 3days). Intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, P/S ratio, and alcohol were analyzed by a computer-assisted method using the Natinal Heart, Lungand Blood Institute Nutrition Data System. The nutrient intake data of the 24-hour recall method were consistently higher than tat of the food record method. In all subjects, food record keeping of the 7 consecutive days provided acceptable dietary data (within 5% difference) when compared to that of the 9 consecutive days. Food records of 4 consecutive days however, were found to be adequate for female subjects, showing a sex difference. Except for P/S ratio, nutrient intakes did not vary significantly between weekdays and weekend-days. Among other components, alcohol and P/S ratio were shown to be the two most varied components in this study.