• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 1992

This study was carried out to find out the effect of dietary intake on cognitive function retardation in old age using dietary survey and cognitive function test. The subjects were 332 men of 50-94 years old and their activities of daily living were very similar. The cognitive function was tested by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)-K which was translated from MMSE, and the 24-hour recall method was used for dietary survey. Scoring of MMSE-K was a little different from MMSE, that is, in case of no education, one to four points were added to exclude the effect of education which has been considered as a confounder by many researchers. The number of subjects belonging to below 23 of MMSE-K score was increased by increasing age. Even though points were added in case of no education, the ratio of below 23 MMSE-K score group was diminished by increasing education. Therefore, education seems not to be a confounder but a independent variable on cognitive function. Income, past occupation, family type, self-evaluated health status did not play any effect on cognitive function significantly. On the other hand, the correlation between each nutrients and the score of cognitive function test showed that the more consumption of vitamin A and protein, the higher cognitive function score was obtained. In case of iron and Ca, even though it was not statistically significant, there was a tendency of increasing cognitive function score by increasing the intake of those nutrients. This study suggests that micronutrient intakes might be more related to cognitive function than macronutrients.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.43-64
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide the nutritional education data of the fruit and vegetable eating habits and dietary fiber intake of male and female high school students in the Daegu area. Methods: A survey was conducted on 300 male/female students from four general high schools in the City of Daegu, and the survey included questions ongeneral characteristics, dietary habits, eating behavior patterns and dietary intake. A 24-hour recall method was used for the dietary intake, and the surveyed dietary intake information was analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program (CAN 3.0)--dietary fiber intake, in particular. The data was analyzed using the SPSS window 12.0 program. Results: The average ages of boys and girls were 16.8- and 15.6-years old, respectively. A classification based on BMI showed the following: the low-weight student group was comprised of 10.3% boys and 31.6% girls; the normal-weight group 68.4% boys and 67.5% girls; and the overweight group 21.3% boys and 0.9% girls, whereby showing a significant difference between boys and girls. Vegetable intake showed the following: the ratio of the response of 'taking it once a day' was more than 70%, which showed the low frequency of fruit intake; the ratio of 'taking it more than five times a week' was 53.0% for boys and 68.4% for girls, which showed a higher intake frequency for girls over boys; and the daily dietary fiber per 1,000kcal was 7.1g for boys and 8.2g for girls, whereby showing a significant difference between boys and girls. The meals that contributed most to dietary fiber intake were the school meals, whereas the dietary fiber intake rate through breakfast was the lowest among the three daily meals. The food groups that contributed to dietary fiber intake were vegetable, grains and flavoring matters for boys and vegetable, grains and fruits for girls. Conclusions: In order to increase the daily dietary intake for growing adolescents, who are in an important stage for building the foundation of health, it's recommended that, in addition to the supplement for insufficient dietary fiber through a regular breakfast consisting of high dietary fiber content foods, nutrition-related education about the effects of dietary fiber on the human body be conducted.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.226-235
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• 2020

Objectives: Decreasing muscle strength in old age has become a significant health problem because it increases the risk of falls or fractures and transfers to other diseases. The precise role of dietary protein intake in preventing or reducing muscle weakness is unclear. This study examined the relationship between handgrip strength and protein intake in Korean female elderly. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that used data from the Seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) on female subjects aged 65 years and older. Low handgrip strength (LHGS) was defined as a handgrip strength below than 18 kg. Dietary intake data were obtained using the 1-day 24-hour recall method. Multiple regression was performed to test whether there is an independent relationship between the grip strength and protein intake, and the association between protein intake and LHGS was confirmed through multiple logistic regression. Results: The mean age of the 2,083 elderly females was 73.3 ± 0.1 years, and the prevalence of LHGS was 35% (n=734). Elderly women with an LHGS consumed less energy, total protein, and animal-based protein than those in the normal group. A multiple regression analysis after adjusting for covariate revealed a significant positive association between the handgrip strength and energy, protein, and animal-based protein intake. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio (OR) of LHGS in female elderly with the highest quartiles of consumption of energy [OR, 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.43-0.82; P for trend=0.004], and animal-based protein [OR, 0.59; CI, 0.40-0.87; P for trend=0.037] were significantly lower than those in the lowest quartiles. Conclusions: The energy intake and animal-based protein intake were negatively associated with the LHGS. These results suggest that adequate energy intake and protein intake, particularly those from animal-based sources, for elderly women in Korea are beneficial in lowering the risk of LHGS.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 1999

This study was conducted among the university students to investigate the effects of working in an daytime and studying in an evening class on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes. A 24-hour recall method was used along with food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were composed of three groups : 172 were in the daytime calss regular student group(RS), 178 were evening class students without a job(ESWOJ), and 140 were evening class students with a job(ESWJ). An average age of the ESWJ was 31 years old, which was 9 years older than the RS and 7 years older than the ESWOJ. The types of the residence were significantly different among the groups ; were seif-boarding 74% of the ESWJ stayed at home while 47% of the RS were self-boarding and 61% of the ESWOJ. The survey shows that while a great majority of the RS and ESWOJ has breakfast and supper at home, about 10% and 17% of the ESWJ ate breakfast and supper, respectively, at the cafeteria in their work place. The most frequently skipped meal was the breakfast in all groups. Approximately 9% of the ESWJ tended to skip the breakfast, while 27% of the RS and 33% of the ESWOJ did. It turns out that the mose common reason why ESWJ skipped meals was due to a lack of time. About 71% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ ate out more than once a week compared to 57% and 62% of the RS and ESWOJ, respectively. Approximately 30% of the ESWJ spent less than 10 minutes at meal time, showing a hurried eating habit. The results show that the ESWJ tended to eat a variety of food s and eat less instant foods, but drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. The results also show that in all groups, the intakes of energy, Ca, and vitamin A were lower than the Korean Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA). In addition to these nutrients, protein, vitamin B1, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin were also lower than the RDA in all make students, and Fe was lower than the RDA in all female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA : 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. Among the deficient nutrients, vitamin A showed the lowest % RDA ; 48% in the male and 64% in the female students. The intakes of Ca, Fe, and niacin in the ESWJ were significantly greater than those in the RS and ESWOJ groups, and the vitamin C intake in the ESWJ was greater than that in the ESWOJ(p<0.01). In conclusion, university students in all three groups have a serious imbalance in the nutrient intakes, and the evening class students with a daytime job have unhealthy dietary behaviors in the light of high frequency of eating out and heavy coffee drinking, a rushed eating pattern, and therefore showing a strong need of proper nutritional education for them.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.387-398
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional meal variety of self-selected diet in Korean adults with different age groups. Subjects were recruited and divided info three groups according to the age, which included 20$\sim$49 yrs group(n=129), 50$\sim$64 yrs group(n=134), and $\geq$65 yrs group(n핀8). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for dietary intake. The average age of the subjects were 40.8 years for 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 57.1 years for 50$\sim$64 yrs group, and 70.7 years for $\geq$65 yrs group. The daily food, energy and nutrient intakes ere decreased with increment of age. The intakes of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium were under the 75% of RIs, respectively. The numbers of food items in diet of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 14.2, 17.0, 13.2 for breakfast, 16.3, 15.4, 13.5 for lunch, 13.1, 15.1, 13.9 for dinner, respectively. And the numbers of dish items in these groups were 4.0, 4.6, 3.8 for breakfast, 4.4, 4.2, 3.9 for lunch, 4.0, 4.0, 3.6 for dinner, respectively. The KDDS of 20$\sim$49 yrs group, 50$\sim$64 yrs group and $\geq$65 yrs group were 3.9, 3.6 and 3.4 respectively and there was significant difference(p<0.001). According to these results, it could be suggested aged group take a undesirable meal in the right of insufficient nutrient intake to DRIs and lower food and dish items, and therefore showing a strong need of proper dietary management for them.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.429-444
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• 1997

This study aimed at investigating correlation of nutrients intake and serum lipids in middle-aged korean male and female workers. One hundred sixty eight(male ;105, female ;63) for adult aged 30-59yr(average age male ;36.5yr, female ;44.5yr) were selected as subjects during 2 months, from April to May, 1996. Nutrients intake status was investigated by questionnaire, 24-hour recall method. Antropometric assessments, serum lipids and blood pressure of the subjects were investigated. The results as follows: 1. Nutrients intake status ; male was superior to female. Vitamin A intakes of 40-49yr group were inferior to other group but amounts of intake were above Korean RDA(recommended dietary allowances), Intakes of calcium and vitamin C of 30-39yr and over 50yr group in female were below Korean RDA. In overweights group of male and underweight group of female, most nutrients intake were increased than other groups. 2. Antropometric assessments ; female was higher than male in BMI (body mass index). All subjects increasingly with age were increased in BMI. 3. Blood components were above normal range in triglyceride in both sexes and all subjects increasingly with age were increased In level of serum lipids and blood pressure, especially in male's forty and in female's fifty were higher than other groups In serum lipids and blood pressure. In overweights group, serum lipids and blood pressure had a significantly($\alpha$=0.05) increasing tendency in both sexes. 4. Serum lipids and connected factors; atherogenic index correlated positively with triglyceride, total-chol(total cholesterol), LDL-chol(low density-lipoprotein cholesterol) and negatively with HDL-chol(high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol) significantly(P＜0.001). Systolic blood pressure correlated positively with total-chol and diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with total-chol, LDL-chol significantly(P＜0.05). 5. Serum lipids and nutrients intake status: energy correlated positively(P＜0.05) with BMI, dietary fiber correlated positively with LDL-chol(P＜0.05), calcium correlated positively with triglyceride, atherogenic index and dietary fiber correlated negatively with BMI in male significantly(P＜0.05). Triglyceride correlated positively with vitamin C and phosphorus correlated negatively with BMI in female significantly(P＜0.05). Above results, in male's forty and in female's fifty were liable to variation in terms of serum lipids and blood pressure. As increasing triglyceride, total-chol, LDL-chol and decreasing HDL-chol Increased atherogenic index that suggest increasing risk of atherosclerosis. But, this point will be considered more subdivided study.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 1999

This study aimed at investigating correlation of nutrients intake and serum lipids of industrial workers. 226 for adult aged 20yr~59yr (average age 35.9yr) were selected as subjects during 6 months, from June to December, 1997. Nutrients intake was investigated by questionnaire, 24-hour recall method. Antropometric assessments, serum lipids and blood pressure of the subjects were investigated. The results as follows ; In total subjects, calories, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, and vitamin $B_2$ were below Korean RDA(recommended dietary allowances) and protein, iron, vitamin C, niacin and phosphorus were above Korean RDA. Distribution of BMI groups were underweight groups(7.9%), normalweight groups(63.3%) and overweight groups(28.8%). In BMI groups, intakes of calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, iron, niacin and potassium of overweight groups were higher than those of other groups, significantly(P<0.001). Intakes of calcium of underweight groups were lower than those of other groups, significantly(P<0.05). BMI increased with age. Total cholesterol, triglyceride, apo(b) and atherogenic index of overweight groups were higher than those of other groups, significantly(P<0.001). Calories, carbohydrates, protein, fats, iron, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, natrium and potassium were positively correlated with BMI, significantly(P<0.001). Calcium and vitamin C were positively correlated with BMI, significantly(P<0.01). vitamin A and phosphorus were positively correlated with BMI, significantly(P<0.05). Total lipid, total-chol., triglyceride, apo(b) and atherogenic index were positively correlated with BMI, significantly(P<0.001). HDL-chol. were negatively correlated with BMI, significantly(P<0.001). Above results, the more BMI and age increased, the worse patterns of serum lipid, so that increased atherogenic index that increased risk of atherosclerosis and degenerative chronic disease connected with serum lipid. After classified by BMI, age and lipid pattern, it will be managed individually for health management of industrial workers. Development and application of efficient program will be urgent for harmonious nutrition counseling and guidance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in daily nutrient intakes, dietary habits and nutrition knowledge between male and female college students. Male undergraduate students 004 subjects) and female undergraduate students (229 subjects) , enrolled at H University in Daejeon, were recruited for this study. The mean age of the subjects was 22.9 year in male and 20.4 year in female students. Daily intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated from the records of one day of dietary food intakes by 24-hour recall method, and general information, dietary habits and attitudes, food intake frequency and food preferences and knowledge for food and nutrition were surveyed through a questionnaire. About $70.1\%$ of male and $66.1\%$ of female students were in the normal range of BMI (18.5 - 23), and $25.2\%$ of male students were over-weighted in contrast to $27.7\%$ of female students were underweight. Males and females were taking $77.2\%$ and $77.9\%$ of RDA for energy, respectively, and $54.8\%$ of male and $48.0\%$ of female students were taking energy under $75\%$ of RDA. Many of them showed deficient intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin. Average of MAR was 0.75 in male and 0.72 in female students. NAR for calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin in male students were 0.55, 0.69,0.75 and 0.61, respectively, compared to 0.53, 0.51, 0.70 and 0.67 in female students. The nutrients, which have INQ less than 1, were calcium and riboflavin in male, compared to calcium, iron, and riboflavin in female students. There were no gender differences in meal regularity and meal skipping rates, but female students showed higher rates of skipping dinner than males (p < 0.001) About $50.8\%$ of female students were ingesting snacks 1 - 2 time/day, compared to $27.1\%$ of male students. For the food intake frequency, fruit group was significantly eating more for female than male students (p< 0.001) Though female students got higher scores for nutritional knowledge test (p < 0.001) than male students, they did not show better dietary habits or dietary attitudes than male students actually. Therefore, a more active and actual education program accustomed to the different genders and ages with focus on real changing of dietary behaviors needs to be developed and run in schools and local departments.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.603-614
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and nutritional intake, blood composition of female students. One hundred and one female students were selected as the experimental subjects at Gyeongsang National University. To assess the PMS symptoms of the subjects, a questionnaire (PAP) score based on the methods of Halbreich, Endicor and Nee was prepared with 34 different items. Dietary survey was conducted by 24­hour recall method for 3 days and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the CAN-Pro. Blood composition of WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, Ca and Mg was measured. The average height, weight and BMI of subjects were $160.7\pm4.6cm,\;54.1\pm5.7kg\;and\;21.2\pm1.9$, respectively. Average intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vit $B_2$, and folic acid per day were $1810.2\pm344.9kcal(90.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;621.1\;197.3mg(88.7\%\;of\;RDA),\;15.9\;pm4.9mg\;(99.3\%\;of\;RDA),\;8.1\pm3.4mg(80.5\%\;of\;RDA),\;1.1\pm0.6mg(88.3\%\;of\;RDA)\;and\;234.3\pm78.6{\mu}g(93.7\%\;of\;RDA)$, respectively. Score of the behavioral symptoms, psychologic symptoms, physical symptoms and other symptoms were recorded $1.79\pm0.86,\;2.11\pm1.08,\;2.31\pm1.11\;and\;1.58\pm0.86$, respectively. The relation between PMS and menstrual cramps was significant. A significant difference was observed for menstruation amount in physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.05). The group who drinks alcohol over 30g per day showed higher scores at total PAP (p<0.05), psychologic symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05), and other scores (p<0.05) than those who don't drink alcohol. Calcium in the blood showed a negative correlation with total PAF score (p<0.05), behavioral symptoms (p<0.05), physical symptoms (p<0.05) and other scores (p<0.01). Magnesium in the blood showed a negative correlation with physical symptoms (p<0.05), other score (p<0.05). WBC was negatively associated with psychologic scores (p<0.05). Hb and Hct were negatively associated with other scores (p<0.05). In conclusion, calcium intake showed a level of $88.7\%$ of RDA and this study revealed that there is a correlation between PMS and blood composition in female college students. Therefore, calcium and magnesium supplements can be beneficial to relieve PMS symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.382-393
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to estimate changes on the flood and nutrient intake patterns of men over thirty years old in Jeon-Ju area. The first survey was conducted from December in 1991 to January in 1992, tile second one from January to February in 1994 and the third one from July to August in 1997. The nutrition survey using 24-hour recall method was executed to 303 subjects : 89, 82, 132 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Results of the study are as follows : Kimchi, rice, garlic and onions were the most frequently eaten food items. Total daily intakes of foods were 85 : 15, 81 : 19 and 81 : 19 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. The average numbers of foods per person were 15.7, 20.1 and 21.9 daily in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively and tends to increase significantly(p<0.05). The minimum numbers of foods per person were 4, 7 and 9 and the maximum numbers of foods per person were 27, 35 and 39 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(Korean\`s Dietary Diversity Score) is determined by how many among the five food groups (cereals, vegetables, meats, milks, oils groups)were consumed per day. Most subjects earned the KDDS "3" ; 61, 46 and 42% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Average daily energy intakes wee 1,62㎉(72% of RDA), 2,063㎉(89% of RDA) and 1,818㎉ (79% of RDA) in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Energy intake rates of cereals : total energy intake were 65, 59, and 60% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively, which were decreasing. Protein intakes were 58g(72% of RDA), 79g(107% of RDA) and 71g(97% of RDA), respectively and animal protein comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively and animal protein comprised 38, 46, and 48% ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively, of which animal fat comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased, too. Malnourished (under 75% of RDA) rates were respectively 64, 34, and 47% in terms of energy ; 64, 31 and 33% in protein ; 67, 51, and 61% in calcium ; 53, 26, and 18% in iron ; 85, 74 and 84% in Vitamin A. Super-nourished(above 125% of RDA) rates were respectively 1, 13, and 3% in energy ; 1, 29, and 21% in protein ; 5, 18, and 7% in calcium ; 16, 31, and 7% in iron ; 16, 31, and 7% in Vitamin A, 42, 76, and 62% in Vitamin C. The percentages of calories from protein : fat : carbohydrate were 14 : 12 : 74, 15 : 16 : 69 and 16 : 17 : 67 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(number of five food groups per day), Meal Balance(number of five food groups per meal), DVS(average numbers of foods per person), amount of foods correlated positively with all the nutrient intakes(p<0.05). KDDS was positively correlated with energy, protein, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin(p<0.05)in(p<0.05)