• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2004

In general, the patients who transferred to the hospital by 119 rescue service at night go to the emergency room(ER) of general hospital rather than that of their nearby the 1st(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital. And the hospital is mainly selected not by 119 EMST but by patients or his/her conservators. Therefore we had studied retrospectively with emergency situation diary and medical chart for 697 patients of being transferred to one emergency medical center for 6 months since January 2004, and results are as follows. 1. The 280 patients(42.5%) of being transferred hospital at night by 119 rescue service were not emergency case and their average staying time in hospital was about $7.15{\pm}10.06$ minutes. 2. Transfer time was distributed in each time intervals of 1819, 2021, 2223, and 2401 and patients ratio in each intervals were 15.1%, 17.8%, 16.4%, and 15.2%. 3. In response of ambulance, the average time from the spot to the hospital was $14.53{\pm}9.27min$. and average distance of that was $7.95{\pm}9.21km$. 4. Diseases rather than traffic accidents or traumatic injury were main causes of ambulance calling and its value was 533(76.5%), and accidents were mainly occurred in patients' house and its value was 479(68.7%). 5. In time of transfer by 119 rescue service, hospital was mainly selected by patient/conservator and its value was 648(93.0%). In result. the hospital was selected not by EMST but by patient/conservator. 6. The case that the 1st grade EMT was rode in ambulance was 161(23.1%), and the case that 2nd EMT and emergency team member who educated for emergency were rode in ambulance were 504(72.3%). So the number of the 1st grade EMT was short in fire station of Kwangju metropolitan city than other city. 7. The first aids for patients before reaching hospital were limited to oxygen inhalation, airway control, and BLS for maintaining limbs and spine. So it seems to be a simple patients transfer. Consequently, to establish an efficient emergency medical system, it has been thought that it should be advanced a moderate education and public information about the appropriate use of emergency medical system toward citizen, and also need the hospital selection by the patients categorizing standards for 119 rescue service member, securing the 1st grade EMT, appropriate first-aids education, and securing professional human power in emergency room of the Ist(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital at night.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2214-2223
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• 2016

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. The aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink TLRs (mTLRs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mTLRs in the antiviral immune response process. The results indicated that the mTLR partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nucleotide identity with ferret sequences (95-98%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that mammalian TLRs grouped into five TLR families, with a closer relationship of the mTLRs with those of ferret than the other mammalian sequences. Moreover, all the mTLRs were ubiquitously expressed in lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes) and PBMCs. Interestingly, the mTLR expression patterns in lung, uterus, and heart showed quite a lot of similarity. Another remarkable observation was the wide expression of mTLR1-3 mRNAs in all tissues. Among the analyzed tissues, skeletal muscle was revealed to being the lowest repertoire of mTLR expression. Additionally, mink PBMCs exposed to the canine distemper virus revealed significant upregulation of mTLR2, mTLR4, mTLR7, and mTLR8 mRNAs, indicating that mTLRs have a role in innate immunity in the mink. Collectively, our results are the first to establish the basic expression patterns of mTLRs and the relationship between mTLRs and a virus, which will contribute to better understanding of the evolution and the functions of mTLRs in the innate immune system in minks.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 1996

Previously, we have proposed a two-cell type model for follicular steroidogenesis inamphibians with Rana nigromacu lota. Present experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the model Is applicable to R. dybowskii. The role of theca layer were also reassessed by using granulosa cell-free pure theca layer (P-THEP). Theca/epithelium (THEP) layers, P-THEP layers, and granulosa cell enclosed-oocytes () were obtained from ovarian follicles of R. dybowskii by microdissection. Intact follicles (IFs) and different types of tissues were cultured for 6 hour in amphibian Ringer's m the presence or absence of FPII (0.05 gland/mi) or various steroid precursor (100 ng/ml). The amounts of product steroids converted by the components were measured by RIA. Exogenously added pregnenolone (P5) resulted in a marked increase in progesterone (P$_4$) by GCEOs (2143 pg/follicle) and IFs (2346 pg/follicle) but a smaller increase in P4 by THEP layer (495 pg/follicle). Addition of P$_4$ increased 17 a-hydroxyprogesterone (17 $\alpha$-OHP$_4$) levels by GCEOs (1118 pg/follicle) and IFs (1333 pg/follicle) but less by THEP layer (290 pg/follicle). However, much less amounts of P$_4$ or 17 $\alpha$-OHP$_4$ were producad by P-THEP layers than THEP in the presence of P5. Exogenous 1 7$\alpha$-OIIP$_4$ increased androstenedione (AD) levels by GCEOs (1415 pg/follicle) and IFs (561 pg/follicle) but not by THEP layers. In contrast, addition of AD resulted m a marked increase in testosterone (T) levels by TIIEP (2594 pg/follicle) and IFs (2223 pg/follide) but much less by GCEOs (339 pg/follicle). Exogenous T increased estradiol (E$_2$) levels by GCEOs (551pg/follicle) and IFs (887 pg/follicle), but not by THEP layer (<10 pg/follicle). Without addition of FPH or steroid precursors, very low or nondetectable levels of steroids were produced (< 20 pg/follicle) by all the types of follicular components examined. The data presented here indicate that the two-cell type model based on the study with R. nigromacu Iota is applicable to R. dybowskii and also suggest that the minor pathway, which convert P5 to 17$\alpha$-OHP$_4$, is not present in theca layer.