• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.29-46
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• 2000

The clinical application of constitutional Diagnosis is the most important part of Sasang constitutional medicine. It has been studied in various way. The study of morphologic characteristics on the head and face has been identified but didn't considered the Variations of age and sex. For the statistic analysis of the correlation between the sasang constitution and the shape of the face, the head-facial part of 182 cases(the group of throughout the age) and 69 cases(the group of age 30 to 40) were measured by Martin's measurement and analysis of a) the measurement value of height and the component ratio from the Gnathion to each part of face by constitution. b) the measurement value of depth and the component ratio from T-projected to each part of the face by constitution. c) the measurement value of breadth and component ratio between each parts of the facial breadth by constitution. d) the characteristics on each part of face by constitution. e) the result of discriminant analysis about the constitution Authors obtained the results from the study as follows: 1. Taeum-In group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to maximum value in throughout the age, the charateristics that the total group show is the shape of face is wide shape in horizontally and flat, the nasal breadth is wider than other constitutions, the lips is narrower than Soyang-In in horizontally and thick shape in vertically, and the biogonial breadth is more developed than other constitutions, so lower face is developed. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the lips is thicker than Soeum-IN. The projection of inter-eyebrows is more projected than Soyang-IN. 2. Soeum-IN group is characterized by the value of variables had a tendency to minimum value in throughout the age. The characteristics that the total group show is the lips is thiner than other constitutions, the breadth of eyes is wider than other constitutions, the difference between sellion and nasal breadth is to be little. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group show is that the ratio of upper face in physiognomic face is lager than Soyang-IN. 3. The total age group of Soyang-In is characterized by the shape of face is long in vertically and narrow in horizontally, the total eyebrow breadth and lips and philtrun is wider than other constitutions. The charateristics that only the age of 30 40 group is characterized by the projection of sellion is more projected than Taeum-IN. 4. The values which showed significance in both age group V76, V52, V54, V55, V57, V59, V64, V65, V67, V88, V89, V148, V150, V151, V155, V160, V161, V28, V50, V99, V102, V167, V169, V173, V175, V177, V181 are 27 in all. 5. The values which was significant in the age 30 to 40 group V77, V78, V79, V109, V140, V142, V143, V166, V174 are 9 in all.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2000

Estrogen can influence on the expression of behaviors not associated directly with reproduction, including learning and memory. Recently estrogen has received considerable attention for its effects on neuroprotection and neural circuits in brain areas associated with cognition. Although estrogen replacement therapy may be helpful to postmenopausal women, it also results in a number of harmful side effects. Ginseng also has steroidal qualities and contains several ginsenoside components which have similar backbone structure to estrogen. The objectives of this experiment were 1) to examine the effects of estrogen and 2) to investigate the effects of ginsenosides as estrogenic agent on learning and memory using the Morris water maze, a traditional experimental task for spatial memory. In the experiments designed here, ovariectomized mice were implanted subcutaneously with Sila, itic capsules containing 17${\beta}$-estradiol (100∼250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$), panaxadiol (PD) and panaxatriol (PT) saponins (15∼100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$) diluted with sesame oil. In the first set of experiment, the effects of estradiol on learning and memory during the Morris water maze was examined. When estradiol was delivered via Silastic capsules following training improved spatial memory performance in ovariectomized female mice. In the second set of experiment, three different PD and PT saponin concentrations were delivered via Silastic implants to ovariectomized female mice and their effects were compared with estrogenic effects. Results of three separate experiments demonstrated that estradiol, PD and PT administrated by Silastic implants for 2 weeks prior to water maze training significantly improved spatial memory performance compared to ovariectomized (OVX) mice, as indicated by lower escape latency over trial. The positive effect of estradiol suggests that estrogen can affect performance on learning and memory. In addition, the positive effect of PD and PT saponins suggest that ginsenosides have an estrogen-like effects in mediating learning and memory related behavior action.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.24-36
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• 2000

Purpose : Many believe that the Sasang mentioned in the I Ching and the Sasang of Sasang Medicine (as expounded by Dr. Lee Je-ma in the book Longevity and Life Preservation in Oriental Medicine) refer to different concepts. This is untrue. In order to understand the thought patterns of Dr. Lee Je-ma and his book, it is necessary to first understand the concepts of the I Ching. The I Ching was the most respected text in Dr. Lee Je-ma time, and served as the foundation upon which his medicine stood. The purpose of this research is to understand the concept of Sasang in the I Ching and how it applies to the Sasang medicine. Method : The authors first defined the term Sasang according to the theory of I Ching. It was then discussed in relation to theories of modern science. Inferences were made as to how Sasang corresponds to the terminologies and concepts of modern science. The characteristics of Sasang interpreted through modern science were then applied to the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of Sasang Medicine. Results and Conclusion : 1. The Sasang theory of the I Ching organizes seemingly random and isolated natural phenomena into four distinct groups according to various attributes. The particular characteristics representing each of these four categories are known as Sasang. 2. The Sasang theory of I Ching has a strong correlation to the Theory of Relativity and the Theory of Complementarity, as well as the Digital and Fractal Theories. 3. By applying the Sasang Theory to various fields, the seemingly unrelated principles of physics, chemistry, biology and medicine can be seen as parts of a whole. 4. Sasang Medicine categorizes human morphology, physiology and pharmacology into four categories according to the characteristics defined by the Sasang Theory of the I Ching. 5. Grouping new discoveries of modern physics, chemistry, biology and medicine according to the Sasang Theory will bring to light the intricacies of the Sasang Theory while facilitating the incorporation of modern science into Sasang Medicine.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.84-100
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• 2000

Are the body and th spirit to different things? How individual ability and feeling displays in a human being and what correation between the two lise physiologically? Namely, what determines the external and the internal world? By what physiological functions and circulations, it makes possible to indciate individual's characteristic? These kinds of questions in constitutional medicine is able us lead to the following approach.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.51-62
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to reevaluate current Korean design values for lane width widenings on horizontal currie sections and to develop a new method for derivation of design values based on low-speed offtracking. For this purpose, earlier research were reviewed and necessary equations were derived. Also, the method for derivation of widening values of Korea was compared with that for other countries. The result showed that present Korean method could not consider the variation of lane widths and design speeds of roads. In this Paper, to solve such problems, the new concept of widening was developed. That is the current concept of widening which concerns only the dimension of vehicles and radius of curves was replaced by a new concept that lane width widenings on horizontal curve sections is the difference between the width required on curries and tangents. The width required on a curve consists of the swept Path of a vehicle, lateral clearance, and additional allowance. The width of a tangent is calculated by multiplying lane width by the number of lanes The result of applying new concept shows that the values derived from new concept are higher than current design values for curries have same radius. This study was based only on low-speed offtracking. Therefor, it is recommended that further studies which consider the superelevation and high-speed effect on offtracking be made to derive more accurate widening values .

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2000

Purpose : To clinically analyze 62 patients who had meniscal repair and compare the results according to methods of repair. Materials and Methods : Between May 1997 and June 1998, we repaired 68 torn menisci in 68 patients. There were 52 male and 10 female with an average age of 26.9 years(ranging from 6 to 51 years). We used Linvatec suture in 46 knees(group A)and meniscal arrow in 16 knees(B group). In six knees we used Linvatec and meniscal arrow both. These 6 knees were excluded and 62 of 68 repaired meniscus were analyzed in this study. Average follow-up period was 18.5 months(ranging 12 to 26 months). We evaluated clinical results by Tapper and Hoover's grading system and subjective symptoms of the patients. Results : There were excellent in 47 cases$(76\%)$, good in 12$(19\%)$ and fair in 3$(5\%)$. In group A, there were excellent in 35 cases$(76\%)$, good in 9$(20\%)$ and fair in 2$(4\%)$. In group B, there were excellent in 12 cases$(75\%)$, good in 3$(19\%)$ and fair in 1$(6\%)$. There was no significant differences in clinical results between two groups. But mean operative time taken for meniscus repair was 40 minutes in group A and 25 minutes in group B. Conclusion : We can obtain good clinical results with short operation time in meniscal repair by proper selection of methods of repair according to the type, location, and size of meniscal tear and associated lesions.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 2000

Objects：This study was designed for studying of current Korean adolescents computer game playing habits and exploring associations with parental rearing patterns and individual psychopathology. Methods：One hundred twenty four adolescents(age 13-15) who reside in urban area completed self-report questionnaires containing Questionnaires designed by authors, Symptom Checklist-90-Revision of Korean Version(SCL-90-R) and Parental Bonding Instrument(PBI). Results：1) Computer game playing appears to be one of the social and leisure phenomena in these days. Although Adolescents spend a lot of times on computer game, Many of them perceive not problematic. 2) Compared with females, Male play computer games more regularly, more longer, spent more times in gamebang. 3) There was positive relationship between anxiety subscale in SCL-90-R and detrimental effects of computer game. 4) There was positive relationship between game frequency and maternal overprotection. 5) The main reasons for playing are 'for an avoidance of stressful life events', academic burden was the most troublesome issues in korean adolescents. 6) Many adolescents use gamebang as a social place, but they thought that gamebang is not good places to have a good time. Conclusion：This papers shows that computer game playing is a popular social leisure activity in Korean adolescents. And, Most of korean adolescents reported that they are suffered from pressure of academic achievements. They use computer game mainly by means of relieving academic pressures. In a heavy game users who have many conflicts with parents, teacher and who has frequent truancy and social withdrawal show significant anxiety. Maternal overprotection was observed in heavy game users. Authors recommended that clinicians should be careful in examining heavy computer game behaviors. Both underlying affective states and environmental influences, including family situations should be vicariously examined.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2000

In these respects the purpose of this research is manufacturing Co-W-P alloy thin film on the corning glass 2948 by electroless plating method using $NaH_2PO_2H_2O$ (sodium hypophosphite) as a reductant, and analyzing deposition rate, alloy composition, microstructure, and magnetic characteristics at various pH's and temperatures. For Co-P alloy thin film, the reductive deposition reaction occurred only in basic condition, not in acidic condition. The deposition rate increased as the pH and temperature increased, and the optimum condition was found at the pH of 10 and the temperature of 8$0^{\circ}C$. Also magnetic characteristics was found to be most excellent at the pH of 9 and the temperature of 7$0^{\circ}C$, resulting in the coercive force of 870Oe and the squareness of 0.78. At this condition, the contents of P was 2.54% and the thickness of the film was 0.216$\mu\textrm{m}$. For crystal orientation, we could not observe fcc for $\beta$-Co. On the other hand, (1010), (0002), (1011) orientation of hcp for $\alpha$-Co was observed. We could confirm the formation of longitudinal magnetization from dominant (1010) and (1011) orientation of Co-P alloy. For Co-W-P alloy thin film, coercive force was 500Oe and squareness was 0.6. For crystal orientation, (0002) orientation of $\alpha$-Co was dominatly found. Then we could confirm the formation of perpendicular magnetization. The content of P was constant at 0.8$\pm$0.2% and the content of W increased as the concentration of Na$_2$WO$_4$increased. When the concentration of Na$_2$WO$_4$was 0.1mol/L, the composition of W was 20%. We observed the changes of magnetic characteristics and microstructure of thin film depositions of Co-W-P by the heat treatment. For heat treatment, the temperature was increased step by step to 10$0^{\circ}C$, 20$0^{\circ}C$, 30$0^{\circ}C$, and 40$0^{\circ}C$ and it took 1 hour at each step in the reductive condition of hydrogen gas. By the heat treatment, flatness of surface was improved, but there were no changes on the magnetic characteristics and the microstructures.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2000

The p16 protein is a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression from $G_1$ phase to S phase in cell cycle. Many p16 gene mutations have been noted in many cancer-cell lines and in some primary cancers, and alterations of p16 gene function by DNA methylation have been noticed in various kinds of cancer tissues and cell-lines. There have been a large body of literature has accumulated indicating that abnormal patterns of DNA methylation (both hypomethylation and hypermethylation) occur in a wide variety of human neoplasma and that these aberrations of DNA methylation may play an important epigenetic role in the development and progression of neoplasia. DNA methylation is a part of the inheritable epigenetic system that influences expression or silencing of genes necessary for normal differentiation and proliferation. Gene activity may be silenced by methylation of up steream regulatory regions. Reactivation is associated with demethylation. Although evidence or a high incidence of p16 alterations in a variety of cell lines and primary tumors has been reported, that has been contested by other investigators. The precise mechanisms by which abnormal methylation might contribute to carcinogenesis are still not fully elucidated, but conceivably could involve the modulation of oncogene and other important regulatory gene expression, in addition to creating areas of genetic instability, thus predisposing to mutational events causing neoplasia. There have been many variable results of studies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC). This investigation was studied on 13 primary HNSCC for p16 gene status by protein expression in immunohistochemistry, and DNA genetic/epigenetic analyzed to determine the incidence, the mechanisms, and the potential biological significance of its Inactivation. As methylation detection method of p16 gene, the methylation specific PCR(MSP) is sensitive and specific for methylation of any block of CpG sites in a CpG islands using bisulfite-modified DNA. The genomic DNA is modified by treatment with sodium bisulfate, which converts all unmethylated cytosines to uracil(thymidine). The primers designed for MSP were chosen for regions containing frequent cytosines (to distinguish unmodified from modified DNA), and CpG pairs near the 5' end of the primers (to provide maximal discrimination in the PCR between methylated and unmethylated DNA). The two strands of DNA are no longer complementary after bisulfite treatment, primers can be designed for either modified strand. In this study, 13 paraffin embedded block tissues were used, so the fragment of DNA to be amplified was intentionally small, to allow the assessment of methylation pattern in a limited region and to facilitate the application of this technique to samlples. In this 13 primary HNSCC tissues, there was no methylation of p16 promoter gene (detected by MSP and automatic sequencing). The p16 protein-specific immunohistochemical staining was performed on 13 paraffin embedded primary HNSCC tissue samples. Twelve cases among the 13 showed altered expression of p16 proteins (negative expression). In this study, The author suggested that low expression of p16 protein may play an important role in human HNSCC, and this study suggested that many kinds of genetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may play the role in carcinogenesis.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.3 s.80
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• pp.367-375
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• 2000

If a mandibular prognathic patient has an extremely unnatural anteroposterior and vertical maxilla or keen esthetical perception for facial profile, orthognathic surgery must be performed along with orthodontic treatment, which alone cannot provide satisfactory results in this case. Esthetical improvement becomes an important factor in the satisfaction level of the patient's treatment result, but an attempt to objectively measure beauty holds many problems. Therefore, in the end, the patient submits the final esthetical evaluation based on his/her subjective viewpoint. Because Korean people have a tendency to prefer the facial appeareance of westerners, they favor an oval shaped face over the traditional round face. This research was conducted in response to the complaints raised by patients who claim that their face had become more round from widening of facial width after the orthognathic surgery for manidibular prognathism than before the surgery. The following results were obtained on the changes in facial appearance and patient satisfaction level by analyzing the skull P-A analysis of total of 14 patients (8 male and 6 female) who underwent orthognathic surgery primarily chief complaint for manidibular prognathism and from their responses on questionnaires. These results are to be used in the research on the pre- and post- operative changes in facial height and width from orthognatic surgery. 1. Three ($21.4\%$) of 14 patients said that their face had widened. 2. The A group showed no change in mandibular width but B group showed a 0.7mm reduction. The facial width increased by 0.45mm and 0.66mm in groups A and B, respectively, after the orthognathic surgery 3. After the surgery the facial length changed by an 0.52mm increase in upper facial height , 1.19mm reduction in lower facial height, and 0.7mm reduction in mandibular height in group A. In group B group, there was a 0.67mm reduction in upper facial height, 3.66mm reduction in lower facial height, and 5mm reduction in mandibular height. 4. In reference to facial width, the facial height showed $1.5\%$ reduction in group A and $3.6\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 5. In reference mandibular height-to-facial width ratio, there was a $1.3\%$ reduction in group A, and $4.4\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 6. In reference to the mandibular height-to-width ratio, there was a $1.3\%$ reduction in group A and $4.3\%$ reduction in group B after the surgery. 7. Although the change in the facial width due to surgery can be ignored, sufficient explanation should be Provided to the patient before surgery on the fact that the face can appear to be relatively wide because of the reduced facial length as result of the surgery.