• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2012

엔진성능 분석을 위해서는 기관의 정확한 출력이 기본적으로 중요한 인자이며, 또한 오늘날 엔진의 연소압력 분석 장치는 엔진의 연구와 개발, 환경규제 및 엔진의 유지관리를 위해서 필수 장비로 대두 되고 있다. 디젤엔진에서 성능 분석의 정확도는 TDC의 위치를 정확하게 찾는 것이 무엇보다 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2행정 대형저속의 선박엔진에서 TDC의 위치에 영향을 주는 인자들의 영향을 조사 분석하고, 정확한 TDC 위치를 파악하기 위한 새로운 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 전보에서 정확한 엔진 출력은 TDC위치의 정확도에 의해서 결정이 되며, '시간기준 계측' 방법 보다 '각도기준 계측' 방법이 정확도 측면에서 우수함을 밝혔다. 또한 압축압력의 피크는 열손실 및 Blow by에 의한 가스누설로 실제 TDC와 차이가 발생하는 손실각(Loss of angle)을 확인하였으며, 이를 이용하여 정확한 출력을 측정할 수 있는 '향상된 시간기준' 방법을 고안하였다. 이 방법은 선박의 주기관의 손실각만 보정함으로써 엔코더가 설치된 실린더의 '각도기준 계측' 방법과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 정확한 엔진출력의 새로운 계측 방법을 제시하고, 그 결과에 대한 신뢰성을 검증 하고자 한다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.35-47
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• 2016

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 도로 주행 능력을 향상시키기 위한 운전재활의 방법과 효과에 대해 체계적 고찰을 통하여 추후에 있을 운전재활 연구의 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법: 2014년 12월부터 2015년 1월까지 운전재활에 관한 연구를 CINAHL, Embase, Pubmed, PsycINFO, Riss를 통하여 검색하였다. 선정기준에 따라 최종적으로 15편의 연구를 분석하였으며 주요검색용어로는 "On-road" OR "Driving" AND "Driving rehabilitation"AND "Intervention"을 사용하였다. 결과: 고찰한 연구는 총 15개로 근거 수준은 I, III, V이었다. 연구대상은 뇌졸중 환자(40.0%), 고령 운전자(20.0%), 외상성 뇌손상 환자(20.0%), 후천적 뇌손상 환자(13.3%), 척수환자(6.7%)였으며, 실제 도로 주행 능력을 향상시키기 위한 중재 방법은 시뮬레이터를 이용한 훈련(53.3%), 인지 기술을 훈련(26.6%), 운전을 위한 교육(6.7%), 보조 기기의 적용(6.7%), 운전 연수(6.7%)이었다. 중재 효과는 방법에 따라 차이가 있었지만 시뮬레이터를 이용한 모든 연구에서 중재 후 도로 주행 능력의 유의한 향상을 보고하였다. 결론: 도로 주행 능력을 향상시키기 위한 운전재활은 다양한 방법으로 적용되고 있었다. 특히 시뮬레이터를 이용한 중재는 많은 연구를 통해 효과가 입증되고 있었다. 추후 다양한 연구 대상자와 중재 방법을 통해 도로 주행 능력 향상을 위한 운전재활 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2006

Purpose: Although hypothermia has been used in many clinical situations, such as post cardiopulmonary resuscitation, stroke, traumatic brain injury, septic shock, and hemorrhagic shock, the mechanism by which it works has not been clearly elucidated. We aimed to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration, lung iNOS expression, and histologic changes in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the hypothermia group (HT, n=8, $27{\sim}30^{\circ}C$) and the normothermia group (NT, n=8, $36{\sim}37^{\circ}C$). They underwent 30 min of intestinal ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery, which was followed by 1.5 h of reperfusion. They were then sacrificed. The acute lung injury (ALI) score, the plasma NO concentration, and lung iNOS gene expression were measured. Results: Compared with the HT group, the NT group showed severe infiltrations of inflammatrory cells, alveolar hemorrhages, and interstitial hypertrophies in lung tissues. There were significant differences in the ALI scores between the NT and the HT groups ($8.7{\pm}1.5/HPF$ in NT vs $5.8{\pm}1.2/HPF$ in HT, p=0.008). Although the plasma NO concentration was slightly lower in the HT group, there was no significant difference between the two groups ($0.80{\pm}0.24{\mu}mol/L$ in NT vs $0.75{\pm}0.30{\mu}mol/L$ in HT, p=0.917). Lung iNOS gene expression was stronger in the NT group than in the HT group. The band density of the expression of iNOS in lung tissues was significantly increased in the NT group compared to the HT group ($5.54{\pm}2.75$ in NT vs$0.08{\pm}0.52$ in HT, p=0.002). Conclusions: This study showed that hypothermia in intestinal IR reduces inflammatory responses, ALI scores, and iNOS gene expression in lung tissues. There was no significant effect of hypothermia on the plasma NO concentration.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.105-117
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• 2005

Following intracoronary stenting, antiplatelet therapy lead to greater protection from thrombotic complication. A few data are available about the effect of clopidogrel versus cilostazol, an antiplatelet commonly used after intracoronary stenting. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin compared with those of cilostazol plus aspirin in coronary stenting and to evaluate the efficacy of clopidogrel loading dose prior to coronary stealing in clopidogrel group. Data were retrospectively collected from medical charts of patients who had undergone coronary stenting and received either clopidogrel with or without loading 300 mg followed by 75 mg/d (n=58), or 200 mg/d cilostazol(n=72) for 1 year, between January 2000 and May 2002. All patients in both groups received aspirin 200 mg/d throughout the study. The primary endpoints at 7, 30, 180 and 365 days after stealing were the composite of death, Myocardial Infarction, stroke, angina, and revascularization in the intent to treat population and restenosis at follow up angiography. The secondary endpoints were the incidence of bleeding complications at 7, 30, and 365 days, and durg adverse effects at 365 days after stenting. At 180 and 365 days after stenting, the combined primary endpoints were significantly reduced in clopidogrel plus aspirin group (relative risk 0.39; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.92; p=0.021, RR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.84; p=0.0085, respectively). However, the combined primary endpoints were not significantly different between the two groups at 7 and 30 days (p:1.00, p=0.79, respectively). Angiographic restenosis rate was 14.3% in clopidogrel plus aspirin uoup and 32.1% in cilostazol plus aspirin group (p=0.19). 300mg of clopidogrel loading dose did not significantly reduce the combined primary endpoints at 30 days after stenting (RR 0.14; 95% CI 0.01 to 2.65; p=0.23). The rate of bleeding complications and drug adverse effects were not different between the two groups. In patients undergoing intracoronary stenting, clopidogrel plus aspirin therapy is more beneficial than cilostazol plus aspirin in reducing major adverse cardiac events with similar rate of bleeding complication. A loading dose of clopidogrel did not lead to a statistically significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2006

Background: Calcineurin plays a crucial role in T cell activation, cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and its over-expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy and stroke. However, the expression and function of calcineurin in the pathologic lesion of chronic inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid synovium, remain to be defined. This study was aimed to determine the role of calcineurin in inflammatory arthritis and investigate the expression and function of calcineurin in the rheumatoid synovium and synoviocytes, the actual site of chronic inflammation. Methods: Immuno-histochemical staining using specific antibody to calcineurin was perfomed in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were isolated from RA and OA patients, and cultured with IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the presence or absence of cyclosporin A, a calcineurin inhibitor. The calcineurin expression was assessed by phosphatase assay and Western blotting analysis. IL-6, -10, -17, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, and -9 released into the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. After transfection with GFP-Cabin 1 gene into synoviocytes, the levels of IL-6 and MMPs were measured by ELISA. Results: Calcineurin was highly expressed in the lining layer of synovium and cultured synoviocytes of RA patients. The elevated calcineurin activity in the rheumatoid synoviocytes was triggered by proin flammatory cytokines such as IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$. In contrast, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, failed to increase the calcineurin activity. The targeted inhibition of calcineurin by the over-expression of Cabin 1, a natural calcineurin antagonist, inhibited the production of IL-6 and MMP-2 by rheumatoid synoviocytes in a similar manner to the calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin A. Conclusion: These data suggest that abnormal activation of calcineurin in the synoviocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis, and thus provide a potential target for controlling inflammatory arthritis.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2009

Background : Eye diseases refer to a wide range of disconveniences from conjunctivitis, pterygium, glaucoma to even blindness. Acupuncture has been widely used in Korea throughout the history and provides an efficient method in the treatment of them. Objectives : Establish a distinctive and efficient acupuncture method for the treatment of eye diseases based in literature research. Method : We reviewed four Korean medical literature, "Guide to Swollen Sore Treatment[治腫指南]", "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine[東醫寶鑑]", "Experiential Prescriptions of Acupuncture and Moxibustion[鍼灸經驗方]", and "Essential Rhymes on Acupuncture and Moxibustion by Master Saam[舍岩鍼法]", and analyzed the therapeutic characteristics in the treatment of eye diseases. Result : 1. According to "Guide to Swollen Sore Treatment[治腫指南]", various methods were applied in the treatment of eye diseases. We can cite salt water washing method after needling, pricking bloodletting method using three-edged needle, surgery method using bent needle and lance needle, or sore treatment using sliced bean-curd and ground Aristolochiae Fructus among others. Acupuncture points like GV20[百會], BL1[睛明], EX-HN5[太陽], GB20[風池], GV24[神庭], GB1[瞳子髎], and GB15[臨泣] were mostly needled. 2. In "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine[東醫寶鑑]", pricking bloodletting method were most frequently used in comparison to single acupuncture or moxibustion methods. Applied points were GV20[百會], BL1[睛明], LI4[合谷], EX-HN5[太陽], GB37[光明], BL18[肝兪], GB20[風池], BL2[攢竹], GB1[瞳子髎], and ST36[三里]. Also selections of adjacent points were considered important. 3. In respect to treatment methods "Experiential Prescriptions of Acupuncture and Moxibustion [鍼灸經驗方]" has some similarity to "Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine[東醫寶鑑]" as pricking bloodletting method were mostly used. Also focused on normal Qi flow through meridian. Points like BL18[肝兪], BL1[睛明], LU5[尺澤], EX-HN5[太陽], LI4[合谷] were used. 4. "Essential Rhymes on Acupuncture and Moxibustion by Master Saam[校勘舍岩道人鍼法]" considered visceral pattern identification method fundamental in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Specifically, Liver, Heart, Stomach, Lung, Kidney identification methods are presented. Combined both corresponding and connecting meridians supplementation and draining methods according to mother-child relation. Also Saam master's own experiential prescriptions are noted. Conclusions : After previous study on stroke, we could also find various efficient methods according to eye diseases, through literature research of korean medical classics. This study will concurrently result in establishing distinctive therapeutic method characteristic of Korea.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between heat-related illnesses developed in the summer of 2012 and temperature. Methods: The study analyzed data generated by a heat wave surveillance system operated by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the summer of 2012. The daily maximum temperature, average temperature, and maximum heat index were compared to identify the most suitable index for this study. A piecewise linear model was used to identify the threshold temperature and the relative risk (RR) above the threshold temperature according to patient characteristics and region. Results: The total number of patients during the 3 months was 975. Of the three temperature indicators, the daily maximum temperature showed the best goodness of fit with the model. The RR of the total patient incidence was 1.691 (1.641 to 1.743) per $1^{\circ}C$ after $31.2^{\circ}C$. The RR above the threshold temperature of women (1.822, 1.716 to 1.934) was greater than that of men (1.643, 1.587 to 1.701). The threshold temperature was the lowest in the age group of 20 to 64 ($30.4^{\circ}C$), and the RR was the highest in the ${\geq}65$ age group (1.863, 1.755 to 1.978). The threshold temperature of the provinces ($30.5^{\circ}C$) was lower than that of the metropolitan cities ($32.2^{\circ}C$). Metropolitan cities at higher latitudes had a greater RR than other cities at lower latitudes. Conclusions: The influences of temperature on heat-related illnesses vary according to gender, age, and region. A surveillance system and public health program should reflect these factors in their implementation.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2013

As the country's elderly people who are 65 years or older recently exceeded 10% of the total population with development of medical technology and improvement of living standards, Korea has turned into an aging society. Especially in Gyeonggi-do, as of late December 2012, elderly people who were 65 years or older were 1,135,242 persons, taking up 18.98% of the region's population and registering the largest number of elderly people in the nation's cities or provinces. Due to such a sharp rise in elderly population, support for the elderly is increasing the burden on families and communities. The study aims to take as its subjects elderly people staying at authorized elderly welfare facilities, who are weak in mind and body and have difficulty in daily life with disabilities, or adult day care facilities that take care of elderly people during the day or at night, examine the concept of adult day care facilities and instances in foreign countries, and study the status of the adult day care facilities located in Gyeonggi-do, their services, and safety by figuring out space arrangement based on program implementation. Spacial arrangement in program operation should satisfy fuction and purpose from the manager and user's perspective, and a desirable program operation should provide separate spaces for the elderly with Alzheimer's and those without Alzheimer's. Compared to residential care facilities, adult day care facilities incur less financial burden and, compared to other authorized services, have many right functions that can upgrade the quality of users and satisfy their desires. Major countries like Japan, the UK, and Sweden recognize the right functions of day and night care services and aggressively support and utilize adult day care facilities. For adult day care facilities, quality services should be developed and use and choices should be enhanced as regards services. Development of special programs for the elderly with dementia and stroke, instead of simple protective functions of a program, must be actively promoted, while manpower training is required for program operation, conveniences, and safety. By developing and providing space arrangement models that focus on efficiency, convenience, and safety of program operation, adult day care operation can be revitalized, while quality of elderly care may be enhanced and welfare budget can be saved.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Objectives : This paper serves to explore current trends of systems biology in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and examine how it may influence the Traditional Korean medicine. Methods : Literature review method was collectively used to classify Introduction to systems biology, diagnosis and syndrome classification of systems biology in TCM perspective, physiotherapy including acupuncture, herbs and formula functions, TCM systems biology, and directions of academic development. Results : The term 'Systems biology' is coined as a combination of systems science and biology. It is a field of study that tries to understand living organism by establishing a theory based on an ideal model that analyzes and predicts the desired output with understanding of interrelationships and dynamics between variables. Systems biology has an integrated and multi-dimensional nature that observes the interaction among the elements constructing the network. The current state of systems biology in TCM is categorized into 4 parts: diagnosis and syndrome, physical therapy, herbs and formulas and academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology. Diagnosis and syndrome field is focusing on developing TCM into personalized medicine by clarifying Kidney yin deficiency patterns and metabolic differences among five patterns of diabetes and analyzing plasma metabolism and biomarkers of coronary heart disease patients. In the field of physical therapy such as acupuncture and moxibustion, researchers discovered the effect of stimulating acupoint ST40 on gene expression and the effects of acupuncture on treating functional dyspepsia and acute ischemic stroke. Herbs and formulas were analyzed with TCM network pharmacology. The therapeutic mechanisms of Si Wu Tang and its series formulas are explained by identifying potential active substances, targets and mechanism of action, including metabolic pathways of amino acid and fatty acid. For the academic development of TCM systems biology and its technology, it is necessary to integrate massive database, integrate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as systems biology. It is also essential to establish a platform to maximize herbal treatment through accumulation of research data and diseases-specific, or drug-specific network combined with clinical experiences, and identify functions and roles of molecules in herbs and conduct animal-based studies within TCM frame. So far, few literature reviews exist for systems biology in traditional Korean medicine and they merely re-examine known efficacies of simple substances, herbs and formulas. For the future, it is necessary to identify specific mechanisms of working agents and targets to maximize the effects of traditional medicine modalities. Conclusions : Systems biology is widely accepted and studied in TCM and already advanced into a field known as 'TCM systems biology', which calls for the study of incorporating TCM and systems biology. It is time for traditional Korean medicine to acknowledge the importance of systems biology and present scientific basis of traditional medicine and establish the principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases. By doing so, traditional Korean medicine would be innovated and further developed into a personalized medicine.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.32-41
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 직렬 배치된 익형이 동시에 플래핑 운동을 할 때의 추력 생성 과정과 유동특성에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 익형의 운동 주파수, 진폭 및 전후방 익형 간의 상대거리 등에 대한 계산을 체계적으로 실시하여 다음과 같은 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 먼저, 위상차 없이 전후방 익형이 동시에 병진운동을 할 경우 대부분의 주파수와 진폭 영역에서 후방익형의 추력과 추진효율이 최대화됨을 알 수 있었다. 플래핑 진폭이 0.2 코드, 무차원주파수가 0.75일 경우, 후방익형의 추진효율이 전방익형보다 37% 이상 개선되는 것으로 계산되었다. 단, 익형의 운동 진폭과 주파수가 임계치를 초과할 경우 전방익형의 뒷전와류에 의해 후방익형의 앞전와류의 강도가 강화되면서 전체적인 추력과 효율이 저하될 수 있다. 둘째, 전후방익형이 180도의 위상차를 갖고 운동을 할 경우에는 전방익형의 후류와 후방익형이 서로 반대방향으로 상호작용을 함으로써 결과적으로 공력특성이 악화되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 후방익형의 배치 위치에 따른 특성은 수평방향으로는 두 익형사이의 거리가 멀어질수록 추력과 효율이 동시에 떨어지며, 수직방향 위치변화에 따른 차이는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다.