• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.657-663
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the difference in feeding habits of Red-Tongued Viper Snakes, according to available foods sources and areas. The effects of differences in food sources were found on Red-Tongued Viper Snake inhabited in the Jeju Island and its islet Gapado, from May 2006 to Nov. 2010. The food sources for the Red-Tongued viper snake population in the Jeju Island were found to be as follows: Chinese red-headed centipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans), Jeju Salamanders (Hynobius quelpaertensis), Japanese tree Frogs (Hyla japonica), Narrow-mouthed Toad (Kaloula borealis), Dybowski's Brown Frogs (Rana dybowskii), Black-spotted Pond Frogs (Rana nigromaculata), Smooth Skinks (Scincella vandenburghi), Asian Keelback Snakes (Amphiesma vibakari), Lesser White-toothed Shrews (Crosidura shantungensis), Hallasan Shrews (Sorex caecutiens hallamontanus), and Jeju Striped Field Mice (Apodemus chejuensis). This implies that Red-Tongued Viper Snakes mainly feed on amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals. Among these, amphibians occupied the highest portion at 55.2% followed by mammals at 20.7%, centipedes at 13.8%, and reptiles at 10.3%. On the contrary, Red-tongued viper snake population in Gapado only feed on Chinese red-headed centipedes and Smooth Skinks (S. vandenburghi). Since only a small amount of nutrient can be obtained from Chinese red-headed centipeds or Smooth Skinks, this feeding habit for Red-tongued viper snake would adversely effect on the growth or regeneration. The reason why Red-Tongued viper snake population in the Gapado mainly feed on Lizard and Centipedes in spite of relatively various available food sources, might be due to the low density of other food sources in the Gapado. Red-Tongued viper snake could be feeding on foods that are low in quality but are easily accessible, to minimize energy consumption on searching for other more nutritious foods. A snake tends to select the size of its food depending on the size of its own head. The positive correlation was found between the size of the heads of Red-Tongued viper snakes from the Jeju island and the diameter of their foods. The head size was larger in the males than females in viper snake population from the Jeju Island, which might effect on their selection of foods. However, no significant difference was found between the sizes of the head and the food in the Red-Tongued viper snake population from the Gapado. The findings of this study would provide meaningful data, which directly shows that even within the same viper species they choose different available food sources according to their inhabitance. This leads to their growth and adaptation to their environment which is beneficial for sustaining of its population.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess appropriate time to convert intramuscular progesterone support to oral administration for luteal phase support in in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Seventy-six cycles of IVF in which fetal heart beat was identified after treatment were included. Patients underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH agonist long protocol (n=7) or GnRH antagonist protocol (n=66). Cryopreserved embryo transfer was performed in three cycles. Luteal support was initiated by daily intramuscular injection of progesterone, and after confirmation of fetal heart beat, converted to oral micronized progesterone (Utrogestan, Laboratoires Besins International, France) 300 mg daily before or after 8 gestational weeks. The oral progesterone was continued for 11 weeks. Results: Overall clinical abortion rate was 3.9% (3/76) and mean time to conversion was $8^{+4}$ gestational weeks ($46{\pm}5.8$ days after oocytes retrieval). The abortion rate was 5.6% (1/17) and 3.4% (2/59) in patients with conversion before 7 weeks and after 8 weeks, respectively, which were not statistically significant (p=0.678). The miscarriages were occurred at $9^{+4}$ weeks, $11^{+3}$ weeks and $11^{+4}$ weeks. Conclusion: Sequential luteal support using intramuscular and oral progesterone yields a relatively low clinical abortion rate. If fetal heart beat confirmed, sequential regimen appears to be safe and convenient method to reduce patients' discomfort induced by multiple injections.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1129-1137
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• 2017

The fringe tree, Chionanthus retusus (Oleaceae) has been used as a natural remedy that helps a paralytic stroke, dementia, phlegm and malaria. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of water extracts obtained from the flesh of C. retusus by reflux extraction at room temperature and $80^{\circ}C$, and pressure heating extraction at $110^{\circ}C$, for an increment of their practical use. The highest extraction yield from the flesh of C. retusus was 67.94% extract by pressure heating extraction at $110^{\circ}C$. The content of total polyphenol compounds was the highest by 72.71 mg/g in $80^{\circ}C$ extract by reflux extraction. The highest content of total flavonoid compounds was 7.60 mg/g at $110^{\circ}C$ extract. The results of soluble protein and reducing sugar contents showed the highest content of 4.93 mg/g and 46.77 mg/g in $110^{\circ}C$ extract, respectively. In the analysis of DPPH radical scavenging activity, all extracts showed an excellent effect of 92% in 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The highest effect of ABTS radical scavenging activity was 88.67% at $110^{\circ}C$ extraction in 1.0 mg/mL concentration. Nitrite scavenging ability was the highest as 66.16% at $110^{\circ}C$ extract at pH 1.2 and 1.0 mg/mL concentration. The results of SOD-like activity and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities showed the highest effect of 14.95% and 59.45% at $110^{\circ}C$ extract in 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition activity for whitening effect was the highest of 35.31% at $85^{\circ}C$ in 1.0 mg/mL. In the analysis of anti-aging effect, collagenase and elastase inhibition activity showed the highest effects of 37.78% at $110^{\circ}C$ and 20.39% at $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. All results of antioxidant activities and anti-aging effects increased along with the concentration increases. These results indicated that the extracts extracted from the flesh of C. retusus at $80^{\circ}C$ and $110^{\circ}C$ have a large amount of useful ingredients, an excellent antioxidant activity, like as DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, and anti-aging effects to develop functional products than those of $25^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1103-1112
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different cooking methods (boiling, roasting, stir-frying, and deep-frying) on folate retention in 6 kinds of mushrooms (Beech-, button-, Juda's ear-, oak-, oyster-, and winter-mushrooms) frequently consumed in Korea. In order to assure reliability of analytical data, trienzyme extraction-L casei method was verified and analytical quality control was also evaluated. Folate contents of mushrooms varied by 6.04-64.82 g/100 g depending on the type of mushrooms. and were significantly affected by cooking methods. Depending on cooking methods, folate contents of mushrooms decreased by 22-48%, 2-31%, and 17-56% for Juda's ear-, oak- and oyster-mushrooms, respectively, while 17-90% of folate was increased in Beech mushroom. Overall, the largest weight loss was found in boiled mushrooms, but the lowest one in deep-fried samples. True folate retention rates considering processing factor were less than 100% for all cooked mushrooms except for Beech samples. Overall, folate loss was the largest by boiling with water but the smallest by deep-frying. Both accuracy and precision of trienzyme extraction-L-casei method were excellent based on a recovery close to 100% and coefficient variations less than 3%. Quality control chart of folate analysis (n=26) obtained during the entire study and an international proficiency test (z-score=-0.5) showed that trienzyme extraction-L casei method is reliable enough for production of national folate database.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.5 s.94
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• pp.327-342
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• 2002

Soft tissue profile is a critical area of interest in the development of an orthodontic treatment and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the facial profile preference of diversified group and to investigate the relationship between most Preferred facial Profile and existing soft tissue reference lines. A survey instrument of constructed facial silhouettes was evaluated by 894 lay person. The silhouettes had varied nose, lips, chin and soft tissue subnasale point. Seven sets of facial type were computer-generated by an orthodontist to represent distinct facial types. The varied facial profiles were graded on the basis of most preferred to least preferred. Every facial profile were measured by soft tissue reference lines(Ricketts E-line, Burstone B-line) to observe the most preferred facial profile. The results as follows: 1. In reliability test, the childhood group showed lower value than other groups, which means that this group has no concern on facial profile preference. 2. It appears that sexual and age difference made no significant difference in selecting the profile 3. An agreement to least preferred facial profile was higher than an agreement to most preferred facial profile. 4. Coefficient of concordance (Kendall W) was higher in the twentieth group. It means that a profile preference of the twentieth is distinct. 5. A lip protrusion (to Ricketts E-line and Burstone B-line) of most preferred facial profile was similar to measurements of previous study that investigate skeletal and soft tissue of esthetic facial profile of young Korean. So these reference lines can be used valuably in clinics. 6. Profile of excessive lip protrusion or retrusion to E-line & B-line was least preferred. 7. Most preferred profile of all respondents group was straight profile. Profile that showing convex profile was not pre(erred and the least preferred profile was concave profile.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.474-483
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• 1992

Background: Regardless of its causes, acute lung injury is characterized pathophysiologically by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and the protein-rich edema. Many inflammatory mediators are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, including oxygen free radicals (OFR). But the changes in pulmonary capillary pressure in the OFR-induced acute lung injury is not clear. While the pulmonary edema characterized by the movement of fluid and solutes is dependent on the pressure gradient and the alveolar-capillary permeability, the role of pulmonary capillary pressure in the development of pulmonary edema is also not well understood. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control (n=5), xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-treated group (n=7), catalase-pretreated group (n=5), papaverine-pretreated group (n=7), and indomethacin-pretreated group (n=5). In isolated perfused rat lungs, the sequential changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure by double occlusion method, and lung weight as a parameter of pulmonary edema were determined. Results: Pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure were increased by X/XO. This increase was significantly attenuated by catalase and papaverine, but indomethacin did not prevent the X/XO-induced increase. Lung weight gain was also observed by X/XO perfusion. It was prevented by catalase. Papaverine did not completely block the increase, but significantly delayed the onset. Indomethacin had no effect on the increase in lung weight. Conclusion: These data suggest that increased pulmonary capillary pressure by OFR may aggravate pulmonary edema in the presence of increased alveolar-capillary permeability and this may not be mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.299-313
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• 2002

A web-based instruction program for the enriched course under the 7th Revised National Curriculum of Biology in Korea was developed and the application effects to learners were analyzed. For the development of the web-based instruction program, five topics of biology from the enriched courses through 7th to 10th grades in the middle and high school science textbooks were selected and modulated with interrogative sentences. Each topic of programs was divided into four activity sections according to the learners' activity procedures supplemented with explanations and evaluations. Each activity was hyper-linked to multi-layers and animations. Further, a virtual experiment was also developed and an evaluation section designed by Java Script was attached. Among five topics, one topic of 'Reproduction and development' at 9th grade level was selected to examine the effects on students' learning. Among 247 9th grade students in the research subject school, only 67 students were able to accessible to ultra-thin Internet cables with their computers at home and they became an experimental group. A control group was assigned to those who are similar level of school science achievement to the experiment group and did not use the web-based program. It was found that most of 9th grade students are able to use Internet at home, however, they do not prefer to use Internet for homework or task project. Rather, most of students used Internet for e-mail or information navigation. Students used internet to solve problems of science and perceived the benefits of Internet for science learning. However, there are not many students to utilize Internet for science homework or task project. Students expressed that they do not prefer to use a web-based learning program for science learning due to lack of interests in science. The effects on students who studied with this program appeared to be significantly high compared to those who did not study with this program. Students who studied with this program positively evaluated this program, in particular, they enjoyed animation effect and virtual experiments. It was concluded that a web-based program for science learning should be developed and distributed through Internet in an attractive and interesting format for students. It was also concluded that various web-based programs for science learning with animation effect and virtual experiments should be developed to increase students' interests in science as well as to improve students' science achievements.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.674-682
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• 2015

In this study, vinegar was produced using urushiol-free fermented Rhus verniciflua extract to create a lacquer with added value. The effect of manufacturing conditions on the quality of vinegar using detoxified R. verniciflua extract for fermentation was investigated. The acidity of the vinegar for inoculations with various liquid starter contents was 4.8~4.9%, and it was similar among all treatment groups. The acidity of vinegar was higher when the initial alcohol content was high. The acetic acid yields were 82.8%, 84.4%, 77.7%, and 69.5%, and the maximum yield was observed when the initial alcohol content was 6%. For acetic acid fermentation using different amounts of detoxified R. verniciflua extracts, the acidity of the vinegar with the extract after fermentation was 5.3~5.9%. However, the acidity of vinegar without the extract was 5.5%. The intensity of the brown color was high for vinegar without the extract. Hunter's L values were high for vinegar with an extract content of 2%. Acetic acid (53.3~65.8 mg/mL) was the predominant acid. Arginine ($190.3{\sim}333.3{\mu}g/mL$), proline ($125.6{\sim}290.8{\mu}g/mL$), alanine ($126.1{\sim}270.9{\mu}g/mL$), and glutamic acid ($159.0{\sim}262.4{\mu}g/mL$) were the predominant amino acids in detoxified R. verniciflua vinegar.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

In this study, wheat doenjang was manufactured using Korean wheat meju and soybean meju, and its quality were investigated according to mixing ratio of meju. The general characteristics such as moisture contents, pH and salinity of wheat doenjang, which is fermented and aged at $25^{\circ}C$ for 70 days, were slightly decreased time dependently as similar pattern. The pH of wheat doenjang ranged from 4.95 to 5.11% and generally decreased with aging. The moisture contents was 54.5~57.5%, and there was no significant differences in the aging period. Also, there was no significant changes in the salt contents. The amino-type nitrogen contents were 376.27~600.91 mg% at day 70 of the aging period, and showed 3 fold change compared to the initial contents. The reducing sugar contents showed significant difference between the samples, and repeated fluctuation in the aging period. Wheat meju sample A, which contains 50% of soybean meju, showed the highest antioxidation ability. In addition, wheat meju sample A showed the highest score in the sensory evaluation of the colour, taste, flavor, and overall acceptability. Therefore, wheat doenjang manufacturing at a 1:1 of mixing ratio will lead to desirable quality of wheat doenjang.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.41-48
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• 1965

This study was aimed at knowing the magnitude of year variation in rice heading dates under the different seasonal cultures, and to estimate the heading date in advance. Using six rice varieties such as Kwansan, Suwon＃82, Suwon ＃144, Norin＃17, Yukoo＃132 and Paltal, the early, ordinary and late seasonal cultures had been carried out at Paddy Crop Division, Crop Experiment Station at Suwon for the six-year period 1959 to 1964. In addition the data of the standard rice cultures at the Provincial Offices of Rural Development for the 12-year period 1953 to 1954, were analyzed for the purpose of clarifying a relationship between variation of rice heading dates and some of meteorological data related to the locations and years. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Year variation of rice heading dates was as high as 14 to 21 days in the early seasonal culture and 7 to 14 days in the ordinary seasonal culture, while as low as one to seven days in the late seasonal culture which was the lowest among three cultures. The magnitude of variation depended greatly on variety, cultural season and location. 2. It was found out that there was a close negative correlation between the accumulated average air temperature for 40 days from 31 days after seeding and number of days to heading in the early seasonal culture. Accordingly, it was considered possible to predict the rice heading date through calculation of the accumulated average air temperature for the above period and then the linear regression(Y=a+bx). On the other hand, an estimation of the heading date in the late seasonal culture requires for the further studies. In the ordinary seasonal culture, no significant correlation between the accumulated average air temperature and number of days to heading was obtained in the six-year experiments conducted at Suwon. There was a varietal difference in relationship between the accumulated average air temperature for 70 days from seeding and number of days to heading in the standard cultures at the provincial offices of rural development. Some of varieties showed a significant correlation between two factors while the others didn't show any significant correlation. However, there was no regional difference in this relationship.