• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.265-277
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• 2018

This study examined if support from separated children as a factor of depression was distinguishable between male and female elderly individuals living in one-person households. This study analyzed data of 2,354 elderly individuals living in one-person households(407 males and 1,947 females) who were 65 years of age or older using data from the 2014 National Elderly Survey on Living Conditions and Need for Welfare. Employing logistic regression, IADL, self-rated health, and, friends were important for male elderly individuals living in one-person households, while self-rated health, friends, employment, chronic diseases, and emotional support from separated children were noticeable for female elderly individuals living in one-person households. To better understand the mental health needs by gender of elderly individuals living in one-person households, their differences in emotional support from separated children, should be considered.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.153-167
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine factors influencing health-related quality of life in middle and old adult one-person households. Method: This study carried out secondary analysis using the data from the $7^{th}$ Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subject samples who were selected are 497 middle and old adult one-person households over 40 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simple and multiple regression techniques with the SPSS/WIN 24 program. Result: Factors influencing health-related quality of life in middle adult one-person households were activity limitation, depression, exercise, smoking habits with 57% prediction. In male old adult one-person households they were subjective health, metabolic syndrome, activity limitation, perceived stress with 44.8% prediction and in female old adult one-person households they were subjective health, activity limitation, home income with 35.9% prediction. Conclusion: Therefore, to improve their health-related quality of life it needs to develop & to apply national and local promotion policy and intervention program on health-related quality of life of middle and old adult one-person households.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 1993

Korea has successfully achieved a lowered fertility level owing to the strong population control policy and effective family planning program. Along with fertility decline and decreased number of children in family, average number of household members has decreased and nontraditional households such as one person household and households composed of unrelated individuals have prolifirated, even though the absolute number of them are found minimal in Korea. However in recent years several data and survey results suggest that one person households are gradually in the increasing trend. The study aimed at investigating the real state of one person households in Korea and next analyzing the proportional distribution of one person households by a few socioeconomic characteristics, thus providing basic for eatablishing far-singhted population and social welfare policy in the future. Korea has experienced high growth rate of economy through government-led development plans starting from the 1960s. During the past three decades, Korea has shifted from the agricultural state to the industrialized one. In compliance with the economic growth, urbanization and industrialization have brought about rural-to-urban migration and a great bulk of young population migrated to urban areas, who are seeking for educational and job opportunities. Korean society has also been under drastic change in every aspect of life involving norms, tradition, and attitude, etc. Therefore, in spite of the prejudice on 'living alone' still remaining, young people gradually leave parents and home, and further form nontraditional households in urban areas. Current increase in the number of one person households is partly attributable to the increase in high female educational attainment and female participation in economic activities. As the industrial structure in Korea changes from primary into secondary and tertiary industries, job opportunities for service/sales and manufacturing are opened to young female labor force in the process of industrialization. Contrary to the formation of one person households by young people, the aged single households are composed when children in family leave one by one because of marriage, education, employment. In particular, a higher proportion of aged female single households occur in rural areas due to the mortality difference by sex. Based on the data released form the 1990 Population and Housing Census and National Fertility and Family Health Survey in 1985 and 1991, the study tried to examine the state of one person households in Korea. According to Census data, the number of one person households increased to 1, 021, 000 in 1990, comprising 9.0 percent of total households. And the survey reveal that among total 11, 540 households, 8.0 percent, 923 households, are composed of one person households. Generally, the proportion of female single households is greater than that of male ones, and a big proportion of one person households is concentrated in the 25-34 age bracket in urban areas and 65 years and more in rural areas. It is shown than one person householders in urban areas have higher educational attainment with 59.2 percent high schooling and over in 1991, Job seeking proved to be the main reason for leaving home and forming one person households. The number of young female single households with higher education and economic self-reliance are found nil and the study did not allow to analyze the causal realtionship between female education and employment and one person household formation. However more research and deep analysis on the causal facors on one person household formation using statistical method are believed to be necessary.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.363-369
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• 2023

The term "catastrophic health expenditure" means assessing the extent to which medical costs cause financial hardship for households. The aim of this research is to analyze the percentage of households that faced severe financial strain due to medical expenses from 2006 to 2021. This was achieved by utilizing data obtained from the National Survey of Tax and Benefit (NaSTaB), Korea Health Panel (KHP), and Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES). A trend analysis was conducted to examine the percentage of households that experienced catastrophic healthcare expenses. The households that experienced the catastrophic health expenditure was 2.49% in 2021 using the NaSTaB data. The trend analysis yielded a statistically significant result, indicating a decreasing trend (annual percent change [APC], -4.79; p<0.0001) in the proportion of households facing catastrophic health expenditures. Also, the results of the 2019 KHP and the 2021 HIES showed 1.09% and 2.44% for the households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure. The trend was increased according to the KHP (APC, 0.55; p=0.0004) and the HIES (APC, 7.04; p<0.0001). As a result, this study proposes that sustained attention and further interventions are necessary to ease the economic pressure caused by catastrophic health expenses, particularly for low-income households.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.129-145
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate housing cost burden of U.S. households according to current and previous tenure types and explore influences on their housing affordability. The public-use microdata of the 2009 American Housing Survey was analyzed in the following two stages: In the first stage, households were classified into eight groups by combining their current and previous tenure types, year moved into current housing units and mortgage status of current owners and their characteristics were compared. In the second stage, the factors that influenced the housing cost burden by each combined tenure group were explored using multiple regression analyses. The findings are as follows: (1) The mortgage status was more influential than the previous housing experiences of owner households to distinguish one owner household from another. (2) Renter households who had been owners of previous housing units showed significantly different characteristics compared to continuing and new renter households in terms of income, educational attainment, and householder's marital status as well as housing costs and housing cost burdens. (3) To see the multiple regression analysis results, households with different current and previous tenure types were found to have different factors that influenced the housing cost burdens. In addition, household characteristics were found to have significant influences on housing cost burdens as strong as cost-related variables such as annual mortgage payments and rent per square footage.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.79-87
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• 2015

This study explored low-income households' experiences and perception of home energy cost burdens and determinants of the perceived home energy cost burdens. Between March and July 2014, a questionnaire survey was administered in Cheongju, South Korea. Among the 434 useable responses collected, responses from 218 households with monthly income less than 2,500,000 Korean Won (KRW) were compared with those of 216 households with higher incomes. The main findings are as follows. In the past three years, more than 10 percent of low-income households had had their electricity cut off; 5.7 percent had had their city gas cut off. To pay for their home energy expenses, nearly 70 percent of the low-income households had had to limit their heating, cooling or spending for other necessities; 38.3 percent had to borrow money. Low-income households reported more problems paying for home energy than higher-income households did. Households with more negative evaluation of rainwater leak, no one staying at home all day, monthly income less than 1,500,000 KRW and householders in their 40s and 50s tended to perceive a heavier home energy cost burden. Finally, the most popular support programs were fuel assistance and discounts on energy bills.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.31-43
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• 1994

The purpose of the study was to examine the economic well-being of households whose heads were retired in 1989 utilizing the combined income and net worth measyre of economic well-being which was adjusted for households size and composition. The data came from the 1989 Survey of Consumer Finances. The results showed that (1) the economic well-being of retired households was 87% of the average economic well-being of total households in the United States (2) there were considerable differences in the economic well-being among retired households and (3)race, sex, age of head had significant direct and/or indirect effects on the economic well-being of retired households. Education and income of longest job were significant intervening variables whereas the duration of longest job was not. On the basis of the results implications for public policy and future research were made.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.127-141
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• 2021

This study evaluates the financial status of Korean households using Household Financial Composite Index (HFCI) proposed in the preceding study. We analyzed 1,566 households with four persons aged 30-59 using raw data from the Korea Labor Panel Survey in 2016. The analysis results are as follows. First, HFCI was found to be 57.0 out of 100. Growth Index as one of three subindices was 11.1, which was significantly lower with 65.0 points for Status Index and 61.1 points for the Stability Index. Second, for households with male household owners, the overall financial score was 57.0, while that with female owners was almost similar with 57.2. HFCI was similar for the owner's age groups, but for Status Index, 58.5 for 30s, compared with 66.1 for 40s and 67.1 for 50s. The higher the education level of household owners, the better HFCI, with 53.2 high school graduates and 64.8 graduate graduates, showing a high gap of 11.6 points. HFCI for households living in owned housing was highest at 60.0, while that for rented housing was 40.7. Third, after controlling other effects, it was found that HFCI differed according to the level of education and ownership of housing living. Householder's gender was not found as a significant factor on HFCI. Status Index The 40s and 50s was higher than those in their 30s. Fourth, households were divided into three groups based on HFCI, named as risk, average and secure groups. HFCI for the risk group was 26.8, which was lower than 78.6 for the secure group, with a Status Index of 19.3. Households in their 50s and graduate school graduates were significantly included in the list of secure groups than others.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.39-56
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• 1981

This study aims to examine the patterns of family finance management I Jeju island. and then to suggest the desirable directions of family finance management of Jeju households. for the purposes, 157 households were surveyed with questionnaires. This study dealt with the family income forms and family finance management behavior and the relationship between the family income forms and the family finance management behavior. percentage and $X^{2}$were undertaken as statistical methods. the following results were obtained. 1. The family income forms of the households of Jeju Island showed the trend of irregularity and unbalance. And there were 5 types of family income forms. 2. In most of the households, the couple was centered o managing the family finance. 3. In many households, wife holds the responsibility for the cost of family living, and she manages it and the total income. Here we can conclude as follows. For the desirable and balanced household management, they must have some regular and continuous income sources, and try to plan and budget.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2014

Background: Bankrupted households have recently been increased due to excessive medical expenditure in Korea. They have not been protected from economic risk when household's member has severe diseases that need a lot of money for treatment. Purpose of this study examines policy effect by comparing unmet needs' change of policy object households and non-object groups. Methods: We used Korea Health panel 2nd 4th data collected by Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and National Health Insurance Service. Analysis subjects were 381 households (pre-policy) and 393 households (post-policy) that had cancer and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Since it was major concern that estimates benefit strengthening policy started by certain time, we setup comparing households which had diabetes, hypertension disease. Comparison subjects were 393,247 households, respectively and we evaluated policy effect using difference in difference (DID) model. Results: Although unmet needs of policy object households were higher than non-object groups, policy execution variable affected negative direction. But interaction-term which shows pure effect of policy was not statistically significant. We utilized multi-DID model to examine factors affecting unmet needs causes. Copayment assistance policy did not significantly affect households that responded to 'economic reason,' and 'no have time to visit' for unmet needs causes. Conclusion: The second copayment assistance policy did not significantly give positive effect to beneficiary households than non-beneficiary groups. When we consider that primary purpose of public insurance guarantee high medical expenditure occurred by unexpected events, it needs to deliberate on switch of benefit strengthening policy that can assist vulnerable people. Also, we suggest that government forward a policy covering non-reimbursable medical expenses as well as switch of benefit strengthening direction because benefit policy do not affect non-covered medical cost which accounts for quarter of total health expenditure.