• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2020

Gangliosides are glycolipids in which oligosaccharide is combined with sialic acids. Our previous studies have suggested an interplay between ganglioside GD1a/GT1b and meiotic maturation capacity in porcine oocyte maturation. Furthermore, ganglioside GD1a and GT1b are known for its antioxidant activity, but it is still unclear whether possible antioxidant role of GD1a and GT1b is involved in porcine embryos development competence during in vitro culture (IVC). Here, the effects of ganglioside GD1a and GT1b on the embryonic developmental competence during in vitro culture of porcine were investigated. The effects of ganglioside GD1a and GT1b on the expression of ST3GAL2 were confirmed during embryos development (2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst) using immunofluorescent staining (IF). As a result, the fluorescent expression of ST3GAl2 was higher in embryos at 4-8 cells stage than blastocysts. Blastocyst development rate significantly increased in only 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups compared with control group. To investigate the cellular apoptosis, we analyzed TUNEL assay. In case of only 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups, the total number of cells in blastocyst compared with control group, but there was no significant difference in the rate of apoptotic cells. We identified the intracellular ROS levels using DCF-DA staining. According to the result, ROS production significantly decreased in blastocysts derived from the 0.1 μM GD1a and GT1b treated groups. These results suggest that ganglioside GD1a and GT1b improve the developmental competence of porcine embryos via reduction of intracellular ROS during preimplantation stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1794-1802
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• 2001

Biotechnology will play critical role in improving animal productivity. Animal growth rate and muscle deposition potential can be greatly improved by the application of biotechnology and biotechnological products. Administration of recombinant somatotropin (ST) or other compounds such as IGF-1 and growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) can enhance growth rate and carcass lean percentage. Gene transfer offers a powerful approach to manipulate endocrine system and metabolic pathways toward faster growth and better feed efficiency. Biotechnology is also extensively used for improving metabolism and activity of gut microorganisms for better nutrient digestibility. Knockout of growth-inhibiting genes such as myostatin results in considerable acceleration of body weight and muscle growth. Animal growth can also be improved by the use of gene therapy. Immunomodulation is another approach for efficient growth through controlling the activity of endogenous anabolic hormones. All the above aspects will be discussed in this review.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 히아루론산(Hyaluronic acid) (HA)의 시간당 부피생산성(g/l/h)을 증가시키기 위해, 이전의 회분식 배양결과를 바탕으로 S. zooepidemicus를 이용한 연속식 배양공정을 개발하고자 하였다. 약 8시간까지 회분식으로 발효조를 운영한 후, 0.029/h의 희석속도(D1)로 48시간까지 1단계 연속배양을, 그 후 약 96시간까지 0.036/h의 희석속도(D2)로 최종 2단계 연속배양을 수행하였다. 회분식 배양 말기에 HA의 생산량은 3.85 g/l이었으며, 1단계 연속배양 기간 동안에는 7.5-10 g/l(건조 HA인 경우는 13.39-14.2 g/l)의 농도로 생산되었다. 계속된 2단계 연속배양에서는, 희석속도의 증가로 인해, 초반에 잠시 HA 생산성이 8.28 g/l (건조 HA인 경우는 11.63 g/l)까지 감소하다가, 서서히 증가하면서 다시 새로운 정상상태로 접근해 가는 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 2단계 연속배양에서의 HA 생산량은 약 8.28-9.48 g/l (건조 HA의 경우는 11.0-13.37 g/l) (1단계 연속배양 대비 약 4.7% 소량 감소)로서, 배양 종료까지 비교적 안정적으로 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 그렇지만 HA의 부피생산성(DP)(= 희석속도 × HA 생산농도)(g/l/h)은 희석속도를 D1에서 D2로 약 24% 증가시킨 결과. 2단계 기간인 배양 약 96시간 경에 최대 0.341 g/l/h에 이르는 것으로 관찰되었는데, 이는 대조군으로 수행한 회분식 배양의 평균 부피생산성(0.331 g/l/h)에 비해 3% 가량 소량 증가된 수치이다. 하지만, 연속배양 공정의 경우, 회분식 배양에서는 반드시 요구되는 다단계의 성장배양 단계를 진행하지 않고도, 최종 생산배양 공정만을 연속적으로 수행할 수 있으므로, 회분식 배양공정의 전체 배양시간(즉 다단계 성장발효조 배양 기간 + 최종 생산발효조 배양 기간)을 기준으로 비교한다면, 연속배양의 HA의 부피생산성이 회분식배양 대비 큰 폭으로 향상될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 한편 본 연속배양 연구에서 사용한 생산배지는 회분식 배양에서 생산균주의 배양생리적 특성에 맞추어서 최적화된 배지임을 고려할 때, 연속배양 공정에 적용될 수 있는 최적배지가 개발된다면, 장기간 생산 안정성을 유지하면서 동시에 부피생산성도 증가하는, 경제적인 연속배양 공정이 개발될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.558-564
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• 1999

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effects of standard (ST), long-term (LT), and expander (EX) conditioners on nutritional value of phase-three nursery and finishing swine diets. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 11.7 kg) were fed com-soybean meal based diets (1.3% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay. Gain/feed was improved (p<0.004) with pelleting and pellet durability index (PDI) increased with degree of conditioning (LT>ST). However, there was no advantage for LT vs ST conditioning in rate or efficiency of gain (p>0.5). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs (average initial BW of 10.4 kg) were fed con-soybean meal based diets (0.9% lysine) during a 28 d growth assay, Pelleted diets tended to support greater ADG (p<0.08) and gain/feed (p<0.002) with no marked advantage from EX vs ST conditioning. In Exp 3, a total of 70 barrows (average initial BW of 54 kg) was used in a growth assay to determine the effects of feeding a com-soybean meal based diet processed with a standard (ST) steam conditioner, a long-term (LT) steam conditioner, and an expander (EX) conditioner. The conditioned diets were fed as mash (M) or pellets (P) to give a $2{\times}3$ factorial plus a meal control. PDI increased with degree of conditioning (EX>LT>ST). There was a trend (p<0.07) for greater ADG in pigs fed diets that had been thermally conditioned. Also, there was a general advantage in gain/feed with pelleting (p<0.04), but this advantage was pronounced only with standard conditioning. Indeed, the greatest gain/feed was observed for pigs fed the expander treatments (p<0.03) and the expander mash was used as efficiently as the expander pellets. There was no difference in backfat thickness among pigs fed the treatments (p>0.3). but the more extreme the processing technique. the greater the incidence and severity of stomach lesions (p<0.04). These results suggest maximum rate and efficiency of growth with pelleting after standard steam conditioning or simply feeding an expanded mash.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.438-445
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• 1993

유기칠 폐기물을 보다 효율적으로 처리하고자, 상 분리 혐기발효와 Chiorella 배양에 의한 생우분의 4 단계-복합처리를 시도하였다. 3배 희석 생우분을 6 일간 산발효시킨 발효액을 4 일의 수리학적 체류시 간으로 1차 에탄발효조에 공급했을 때, 평균 977ml/l C비ture/day의 바이오가스가 생산되었고, 1차 발효 폐액을 역시 4일의 체류시간으로 2차 메탄발효조에 공급했을 때 평균 428ml/l culture/day의 바이오 가스가 생산되었다. 1차 메탄발효의 바이오가스 생 산성은 재래의 단일조식과 비교했을 때 31.4% 증가 되었다. 또한 산발효과정, 1차 및 2차 에탄발효과정 의 유기물 제거율은 각기 71.8%, 42.6% 그리고 2 24.0%였다. 한편, 2차 메탄발효폐액은 Chiarella s sp. PSH3에 의해 10일의 체류시간으로 반연속배양 처리한 결과, 평균 1.8g/l culture/day(2.8$\times$106 cells/ml)의 조체가 생산되었고, 이 과정의 유기물 제거율은 73%였다. 이상의 4단계 처리과정을 통하 여 초발원료인 3배 희석 생우분의 COD가 51, 300ppm에서 최종단계인 Chiarella의 처리에 의해 평균 85ppm으로 감소되어 총유기물 제거율이 99.8 %에 달하였다. 이들의 결과는 유기질 폐기물의 효 율적 처리와 더불어 바이오가스와 균체단백질을 생산하는 복합처리계의 구성이 가능함을 나타낸다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2019

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic characteristics of Berkshire (BS), Landrace (LR), and Yorkshire (YS) pig breeds raised in the Great Grandparents pig farms using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) information. Methods: A total of 25,921 common SNP genotype markers in three pig breeds were used to estimate the expected heterozygosity ($H_E$), polymorphism information content, F-statistics ($F_{ST}$), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and effective population size ($N_e$). Results: The chromosome-wise distribution of $F_{ST}$ in BS, LR, and YS populations were within the range of 0-0.36, and the average $F_{ST}$ value was estimated to be $0.07{\pm}0.06$. This result indicated some level of genetic segregation. An average LD ($r^2$) for the BS, LR, and YS breeds was estimated to be approximately 0.41. This study also found an average $N_e$ of 19.9 (BS), 31.4 (LR), and 34.1 (YS) over the last 5th generations. The effective population size for the BS, LR, and YS breeds decreased at a consistent rate from 50th to 10th generations ago. With a relatively faster $N_e$ decline rate in the past 10th generations, there exists possible evidence for intensive selection practices in pigs in the recent past. Conclusion: To develop customized chips for the genomic selection of various breeds, it is important to select and utilize SNP based on the genetic characteristics of each breed. Since the improvement efficiency of breed pigs increases sharply by the population size, it is important to increase test units for the improvement and it is desirable to establish the pig improvement network system to expand the unit of breed pig improvement through the genetic connection among breed pig farms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.503-509
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• 1998

Whole faba beans (WFB) were dry roasted at different temperatures of 110, 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30 and 45 minutes (min) to determine the optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch as glucose source which may be a limiting nutrient in high producing dairy cattle. Ruminant degradation characteristics of starch (St) of WFB were determined using in sacco method in 6 dairy cows fed 60% hay and 40% concentrate. Measured characteristics of St were soluble (washable) fraction (S), potentially degradation fraction (D) and the rate of degradation (Kd) of the insoluble but degradable St fraction. Based on measurement of these characteristics, percentage bypass starch (%BSt) and bypass starch (BSt) were calculated. Degradability of starch in the rumen was reduced by dry roasting at temperature of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ and increased at $110^{\circ}C$. S varied from 50.0% in the raw whole faba beans (RWFB) and 53.7% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 18.2% in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. D varied from 49.9% in RWFB and 46.3% in $110^{\circ}C$/15 min to 81.8 % in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Kd varied from 9.8% in RWFB and 11.0% in the $110^{\circ}C$/30 min to 4.2 in $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. All these effects resulted in increasing %BSt from 22.1% in the $110^{\circ}C$/45 min and 23.9% in RWFB to 49.9% in the $150^{\circ}C$/45 min. Therefore BSt increased from 91.4 g/kg and 98.4 g/kg to 199.9 g/kg respectively. Dry roasting at $110^{\circ}C$ increased the starch rumen degradation. Treatment at higher temperature (130 and $150^{\circ}C$) decreased rumen degradation of starch and seemed to be linear up to highest values tested. No optimal dry roasting conditions of treatment could be determined at this stage. It may be concluded that dry roasting at temperatures of 130 and $150^{\circ}C$ was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to intestine to increase bypass starch.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권5호
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• pp.14.1-14.12
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• 2018

Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers' traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their $F_1$ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers' flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer's traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance's. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera $F_1$ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.460-470
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• 1997

On an absolute straw diet, the effect of graded levels of green grass supplementation on intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation pattern and microbial N yield has been studied in cattle. Of the two trials conducted, 16 intact growing bulls of 304 kg weight and 32 months old, randomly allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design in the 1st trial. While, in the, 2nd trial, four rumen cannulated local bulls of about 60 months old and 400 kg weight were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments in four periods. In both the trials, in addition to a mineral mixture, animals were supplemented with graded levels of naturally grown green grass of 0 kg (T1), 2 kg (T2), 4 kg (T3) or 6 kg (T4) to an ad libitum rice straw diet In the 1st trial, measurements were made on intake digestibility, growth rate, N balance and microbial N yield. While in the 2nd trial, in addition to the above parameters (except growth rate), rumen parameters were also studied. All levels of grass supplementation decreased the straw DM intake and increased the substitution rate. The rumen $NH_3-N$ concentration increased with the increase in grass level and ranges from 8-46 mg/l. The rumen pH and the rate and extent of DM degradability of straw were not affeceted by different rumen environments created by different levels of grass inclusion. At 48 h, straw DM degradability were 42, 44, 44 and 43% respectively for 0, 2, 4 and 6 kg grass supplementation daily. The whole gut digestibilities of DM, OM and ADF increased significantly (p < 0.05) only at 6 kg level daily. The microbial N yield was not affected by the levels of grass supplemented. The mean microbial N yield was 10 (SD 3.7) g/kg DOM apparently fermented in the rumen. The estimated minimum N loss and thus the maintenance requirement of tissue protein was 303 mg/kg $W^{0.75}/d$. All the animals lost live weight but 6 kg grass supplementation gave positive energy and N balances. Small amount of green grass supplementation is often recommended for optimization of rumen environment of a straw diet However, under the present experimental condition, no such beneficiary effect observed up to 6 kg (26% of DM intake) level of supplementation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1288-1302
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to analyze the proteome expression of bovine satellite cells from longissimus dorsi (LD), deep pectoral (DP) and semitendinosus (ST) muscle depots during in vitro myogenic differentiation. Proteomic profiling by twodimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry of differentiating satellite cells revealed a total of 38 proteins that were differentially regulated among the three depots. Among differentially regulated proteins, metabolic proteins like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were found to be up regulated in ST, while alpha-enolase (NNE) in LD and DP depot satellite cells were down regulated. Also, our analysis found that there was a prominent up regulation of cytoskeletal proteins like actin, actincapping protein and transgelin along with chaperone proteins like heat shock protein beta 1 (HSPB 1) and T-complex protein 1 (TCP-1). Among other up regulated proteins, LIM domain containing protein, annexin 2 and Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (Rho GDI) are observed, which were already proven to be involved in the myogeneis. More interestingly, satellite cells from ST depot were found to have a higher myotube formation rate than the cells from the other two depots. Taken together, our results demonstrated that, proteins involved in glucose metabolism, cytoskeletal modeling and protein folding plays a key role in the myogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells.