• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.141-144
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• 1978

To obtain information on the status of vegetative and reproductive growth of Fritillariae rhizoma-bulb were sown in 5 levels-weight (1. 5 gram, 3gram. .5gram, 7gram, and 9gram). Results observed were as follows; A clear plus correlations were shown between the germination status, plant height and other agronomic characteristics and the weight of rhizoma-bulb. As the weight of rhizoma-bulb was increasing, also the number of flower and yields were increased.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.25-44
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• 2007

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an intracellular protein that is widely distributed throughout hippocampal and neocortical brain tissue. Mifepristone (RU486) is a potent GR antagonist that has also been shown to exhibit partial agonist-like effects. The precise location of the GR domain involved in the agonist-like activity of RU486 is unknown. Here, we examine this aspect of GR signaling by comparing human GR (hGR) construct with a Guyanese squirrel monkey GR (gsmGR) construct in which nuclear translocation and transactivation are known to be impaired. Using an objective translocation scoring method, we found that both hGR and gsmGR are translocated by RU486, and that nuclear translocation of hGR is significantly increased compared to gsmGR at 10 nM, 100 nM and 1000 nM RU486 in transiently transfected COS1 cells. While addition of RU486 to the cells transfected with hGR results in a 16-fold dose-dependent increase in transactivation compared to non-treated cells, no significant change in transactivation is observed with gsmGR at doses up to 100 nM RU486. Further experiments using six GR chimeras indicate that replacement of the hGR carboxyl-terminus of tau-1 transactivation domain (C-AF1, amino acids 132-428) with that from gsmGR diminishes hGR transactivation by RU486. These results demonstrate that RU486-induced transactivation of GR is determined in part by amino acids in the C-AF1 domain.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.353-358
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• 2013

A study investigated the effects of Galla Rhois (GR) on growth performance and diarrhea incidence of postweaning piglets. One hundred 28-day-old piglets were randomly assigned into five experimental groups, which were a basal diet alone (NC), chlortetracycline 0.3 g/kg feed (PC) and supplemented with GR 1.0 g/kg feed (GR 1), GR 2.0 g/kg feed (GR 2), and GR 4.0 g/kg feed (GR 3). After 28 days of administration, final body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio of PC, GR 2 and GR 3 was significantly different compared to those of NC (p < 0.05). Additionally, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of PC and all groups treated with GR was significantly different compared to those of NC (p < 0.05). Especially, final BW, ADG, ADFI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of GR 2 and GR 3 were not significant different compared to those of PC. In fecal scores and duration of diarrhea, PC and all groups treated with GR were significantly different compared to NC (p < 0.05). In hematogolical and serum biochemical analysis, there were no significant differences in any of the hematogolical and serum biochemical parameters examined in either NC or all groups treated with GR. The results of this study indicated that GR could be a potential candidate as feed additives for the improvement of growth performance and incidence of diarrhea in piglets.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.415-437
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• 2003

Ginseng Radix(GR) had been used widely from oriental medicine and the effects of it have been investigated by many researchers. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of GR on the cell cycle progression and its molecular mechanism in human fetal osteoblast. The results were as follows. Increased cell proliferation was observed in cells exposed to 100 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml of GR-1 at 12 hours and 24 hours, 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-1 at 48 hours, and 100 ${\mu}g$/ml, 10 ${\mu}g$/ml of GK-2 at 12 hours, all treatment groups of GR-2 at 24 hours(p<0.05). S phase and G1 phase was increased in the group of treated with 100 ng/ml of GR-1, with 10 ${\mu}g$/ml and 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-2, with 100 ${\mu}g$/ ml and 10 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-3 in the cell cycle analysis. The cell cycle regulation protein levels of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, CDK 2. CDK 4 and CDK 6 were increased in the group of treated with 1 ${\mu}g$/ml and 100 ng/ml of GR-1, with 10 ${\mu}g$/ml and 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-2, with 100 ${\mu}g$/ ml and 10 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-3. On the other hand, p21 was decreased in the treatment group with 1 ${\mu}g$/ml and 100 ng/ml of GR-1, with 10 ${\mu}g$/ml and 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-2, 10 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-3, and p53 and p16 was decreased in the treatment group with 100 ng/ml of GR-1, 100 ${\mu}g$/ml and GR-3 and pRb was decreased in the all treatment groups except 1 ${\mu}g$/ml of GR-1. These results suggested that GR increases the cell proliferation and the cell cycle progression in human fetal osteoblast, which is linked to increased cell cycle regulation protein levels of Cyclin D1 , Cyclin E, CDK 2, CDK 4, CDK 6 and decreased cell cycle regulation protein levels of p21, pRb.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2010

Recently, the demands for the effective and safe depigmentating and anti-aging agents of the skin have increased due to the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic reasons. The aim of this study is to search Galla Rhois (GR) inhibitory activity against aging process of skin in vitro. GR was screened for their inhibitory activity against elastase. GR (final concentration 1 mg/ml) appeared over 40% of inhibition of elastase activity. So we investigated anti wrinkle effects of GR look through MMP-1 inhibition activity. Also Extracts of GR showed higher anti-tyrosinase activity than arbutin (final concentration 1 mg/ml). These results suggest that GR could be potential sources of anti-aging and whitening effects for the skin. Objective : Galla Rhois extracts, Elastase (pancreatic from porcine pancreas), N-Succinyl-(Ala)3-p-nitroanilide, Ursolic acid, mushroom tyrosinase, L-tyrosine, arbutin, Amicon Ultra, Hand Hold UV lamp, MMP-1 primary antibody, MMP-1 secondary antibody Result : 1. GR appeared over 40% of elastase inhibitory activity. 2. GR had MMP-1 inhibition activity. 3. GR showed higher anti-tyrosinase activity than arbutin. Conclusion : According to above results, it is supposed that Galla Rhois could be strong potential sources of anti-aging and whitening effects for the skin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2012.06b
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• pp.147-149
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• 2012

본 논문에서 GR(1) Synthesis를 이용하여 퍼즐의 전략을 찾는 방법과 실험 결과를 기술한다. 먼저 GR(1) Synthesis와 승리 전략을 정형적으로 정의하고, 퍼즐을 어떻게 형식화 할 것인지에 대하여 설명한다. 마지막으로 GR(1) Synthesis를 통해 획득한 승리 전략을 이용하여 GetOut 퍼즐을 해결하고 그 결과에 대하여 말한다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.100-106
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• 2014

There is a growing need to introduce advanced pressure vessel steels with higher strength and toughness for the optimizatiooCn of the design and construction of longer life and larger capacity nuclear power plants. SA508 Gr.4N Ni-Cr-Mo low alloy steels have superior strength and fracture toughness, compared to SA508 Gr.3 Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy steel. Therefore, the application of SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steel could be considered to satisfy the strength and toughness required in advanced nuclear power plants. The purpose of this study is to characterize the microstructure and mechanical properties of SA508 Gr.4N low alloy steels. 1 ton ingot of SA508 Gr.4N model alloy was fabricated by vacuum induction melting followed by forging, quenching, and tempering. The predominant microstructure of the SA508 Gr.4N model alloy is tempered martensite having small packet and fine Cr-rich carbides. The yield strength at room temperature was 540MPa, and it was decreased with an increase of test temperature while DSA phenomenon occurred at around $288^{\circ}C$. Overall transition property of SA508 Gr.4N model alloy was much better than SA508 Gr.3 low alloy steel. The index temperature, $T_{41J}$, of SA508 Gr.4N model alloy was $-132^{\circ}C$ in Charpy impact tests, and reference nil-ductility transition temperature, $RT_{NDT}$ of $-105^{\circ}C$ was obtained from drop weight tests. From the fracture toughness tests performed in accordance with the ASTM standard E1921 Master curve method, the reference temperature, $T_0$ was $-147^{\circ}C$, which was improved more than $60^{\circ}C$ compared to SA508 Gr.3 low alloy steels.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 2019

Recently, CSB(Cable-Stayed Bridge) have been attempted to be atypical forms for landscape elements in Korea. CSB with new geometry need to analyze their characteristics clearly to ensure structural safety. This study's bridge is the S-shaped curved pedestrian CSB that has a girder with S-shape plane curve and reverse triangular truss cross section, inclined independent pylon, modified Fan type main cable and vertical backstay cable. Curved CSB can have excessive lateral displacement and moment when the tension is adjusted, focusing only on longitudinal behavior, such as a straight CSB. In order to analyze the effect of the cable on the lateral behavior of bridges, the cable is divided into two groups according to the lateral displacement direction of the pylon due to tension. The influence of the combination ratio of GR1 and GR2 on the girder, bearing, pylon, and vertical anchor cable was analyzed. When the tension applied to the bridge is 1.0GR1 plus 1.0GR2, In the combination of 1.2GR1 plus 0.8GR2, the stress on the left and right upper member of the truss girder and the deviation of the both were minimized. In addition, the horizontal force of the bearing, the lateral displacement and moment of the pylon, and the tension of the vertical backstay cable also decreased. This study is expected to be used as basic data for determination of tension of CSB with similar geometry.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.320-324
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• 1995

Pretreatment of Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR) to male Sprague-Dawley rats was demonstrated to increase excretion of acetaminophen-glucuronide ocnjugate when bile nad urine were assayed after administration of acetaminophen. In order to study the effect of GR on the glucuronidation in rats, we examined enzymatic activities of hepatic UDP-glucuronosyl-transferases (UDP-GT1 and UDP-GT2) and intracellular concentrations of hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GA), upon the administration of GR (1 g/kg body weight, p.o.) or glycyrrhizin (23 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) a major component of GR, for 6 days. GR and glycyrrhizin caused increases in specific activities of UDP-GT2 111% and 96% respectively. Specific activity of UDP-GT1 was increased 25% by GR treatment whereas it was not significantly increased by glycyrrhizin. Concentrations of UDP-GA were increased 257% by GR and 484% by glycyrrhizin. These data indicate that GR activated glucuronidation and thus suggest the possibility that GR may influence detoxification of xenobiotics in rat liver.