• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 1990

During the last half a century the Korean rural society have experienced drastic changes : the retreat of Japan from the colonial interference and suppression in 1945, the Korean war and disorder in the 1950s, the implementation of the first and second five-year economic development plans in the 1960s, the ambitious implementation of the new village movement called Saemaul Undong to modernize the traditionally stagnant rural village in the 1970s, and socioeconomic and political turmoil in the 1980s. In this complex process of change the rural health care system in Korea was grdually reformed. This paper reviews the socioeconomic change and the basis of the changing structure of the health care system in rural Korea, on the basis of the existing literature and secondary data. Thus this is not a research paper but a review article in its nature. After reviewing the past and present situation, the directions and strategies for the reformation of the rural health care system are suggested.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.243-265
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• 2010

North Korea sharing a border with China has developed economic relations with China for a long time. During the cold war(from 1950s to late 1980s), political, military and economic ties between the two countries have become stronger because they had maintained the same political and economic system. However their economic relations have significantly changed after China has adopted market economies since the late 1970s. In particular, trade volume has been shrinked significantly since the late 1990s when China began to ask hard currency payments in their commercial transactions. This paper aims to investigate the conditions and prospects of trade and logistics relations between North Korea and China including the problems existed and then make some suggestions to foster their trade relations. In conclusion in order to develop its trade relations with China, it is suggested that North Korea should make significant changes in its economic and logistics system including infrastructure, institutional schemes, social and trade practices ect. because most problems in bilateral trade have been incurred from North Korea.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.174-200
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• 2002

Technological capabilities of POSCO (Pohang Iron & Steel Co.) have been developed through acquisition, catch-up, and generation stage. In 1970s standardized operation technologies were acquired based on Japan's technological cooperation. The prime route of technological acquisition was overseas training and operation technologies were articulated by mock and real operation. In 1980s POSCO focused to catch-up advanced technologies through in-house R&D activities. Technological informations were broadly accumulated, task force teams were constructed for important technological tasks, and the scope of technological innovation covered nearly all fields. In 1990s POSCO launched long-term projects based on the large-scale investment and challenged the new fronts of steel technologies. Frontier technologies such as smelting reduction and thin slab casting were early commercialized and new technological concepts were emerged. In conclusion, this article suggests some implications on the development of technological capabilities in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes of floor plans in the entry and transfer spaces of single detached houses. The sample size was 185 households in Chungju, Jechon and Wonju Which are small cities in the central region of Korea. The results of the study are as follows: Firstly, the approach and transfer spaces show various changes and those are important factors which symbolize the housing plane typology transformations of the research areas. Secondly, the approach direction to the indoor space was more adopted a front approach in 1960's and 1970's, it is a side approach in 1980's, and a back side approach in 1990's. Thirdly, as the stage of the transfer space increased, the detached house planes have been changing to the direction, the depth of space comes to be deep, spatial function to be fixed, and privacy of bed rooms to be increased.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.101-130
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• 2012

This study examines mortality change in North Korea and its association with state production and welfare systems. Two main subjects are analyzed. The first theme is to examine the reliability of mortality related data released by North Korea government authorities. Examining inner consistencies among mortality related statistics and comparing with mortality trends in other socialist societies, the study finds that mortality rate was under estimated. Under-estimation of mortality by North Korean authorities is regarded to result not only from political purpose which aims to propagate the regime's superiority but also from enumeration errors of vital statistics based on the residence registration. The second theme is to estimate the change in mortality of North Korean people since the establishment of DPRK, correcting errors of mortality data. Mortality of North Korean people is estimated to have improved largely by the early 1970s, to have been sluggish hereafter, and finally to have increased during the economic hardship period between 1993 and 2008. While large people died during the food crisis in the late 1990s, however the population loss caused by mortality increase was not so great as the proposition of the huge starvation was expected. It is partly because population turbulence occurred not just by mortality increase, rather it has progressed in the joint effects of fertility decline and exodus of North Korean people for food. It is also due to North Korean people's voluntary activities of informal economy. It is also worth noting the high mortality rate of North Korean men. The high mortality of North Korean men is likely due to men's mobilization for long time in army and labor with high risk of accident and their life styles.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.116-120
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• 1999

The surgical treatment of intussusception during two periods, 1975-1978 and 1995-1998 (Group B) were compared. There were 48 patients in Group A and 75 cases in Group B. Male were predominant in both group (2.7:1 vs 1.6:1). The mean age at operation was $6.7{\pm}5.0$ months (Group A) and $8.1{\pm}7.0$ months (Group B). The major signs and symptoms in both Groups included vomiting, hematochezia and irritability. There was a significantly higher bowel resection rate for group B (31.3 % vs 14.7 %, p=0.041). There were two operative deaths in group B but no deaths in group A. Hospitalization was significantly shorter in group B($7.5{\pm}2.7$ days vs $5.4{\pm}2.1$ days, p<0.001). We conclude that there were no differences in patient characteristics but surgical treatment in the 1990s results in more rapid recovery and reduced hospital stay.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2007

This study analyzed on the developmental process of forest policy direction in Korea and present status of forest desolation in North Korea of the pre and post division of the Korean peninsular with historical point of view and indicates future tasks to take. Forests in Korea were destroyed in the early of 1900s while Korean peninsular was under Japanese colonial rule. In 1945, Korea was divided into two parts, which developed its own forest policy under the different political system. South Korea was at Korean war in 1950 and accomplished the greening movement from 1970s to 1980s. After 1990s, the country has aimed to sustainable forest management. North Korea has focused on forestation until 1960. However, the result has been doubtful with North Korean economic depression, and these days North Korea faces forest desolation due to failures of forest management. Therefore, necessary is that recovery measures for forest desolation in North Korea, cooperation and interchange between North and South Korea and plans of forest management in case of unification.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.797-812
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze cause-and-effect relationships between patterns of the road network and socio-economic factors such as population, industry, and land use of Seoul during the period of 1970~2000. In this study, Structural Equation Model (SEM) is used to estimate simultaneously the cause-and-effect relationships between many independent variables and dependent variables. For the observed variables, variables related to population, industry, land price, land use, and road variables were included; these variables were classified by exploratory factor analysis. The analysis using the SEM showed that the structure of the model changed around the 1980's. In general, socio-economic factors such as population, industry, and land use affected construction of the road network of the city during the 1970's and the 1980's. Especially, it was analyzed that the industrial development had the greatest impact on formation of the road network. In the 1990's, the effect that the road network exerts on socio-economic factors proved to be more appropriate than the other way round. At that time, the road-related factors had the greatest effect on the land price and industrial development, and that tendency has continued until now.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.87-96
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• 2017

This study focuses on the Andong Hahoe Village and seeks to identify the shape of the walls since the 1970s. The change of walls can be divided into four periods based on characteristics of materials, shape and distribution. The following is a summary of the results: First, In the 1970s, when Andong Hahoe Village was not designated as a cultural heritage, roof tiles hung on the earthen walls in the middle of the village were major forms. On the outside of the village, rice straw and pine needles were put on the earthen walls or bush clover walls were put in place around if walls were not built. Second, after being designated as a cultural heritage in the 1980s, readjustments for cultural heritages were carried out at the primary stage. However, the distribution of cultural heritages and major changes were not determined at this time since readjustments were mainly focused on the renovation of derelict houses or maintenance of infrastructures. Third, in the past the use of stone bricks for the Hahoe Village site had been difficult, but in the 1990s, replacements with soil-stone walls were identified and the usage of roof tiles increased. The portion of earthen walls, which used to be the major form in the prior era, decreased and this seems to have continued until the 2000s. Fourth, via a field survey, it was found that most of Hahoe village walls consisted of soil cement bricks mixed with cement, steel, lime, gravel. etc. Also, the scope of straw-stricken walls and bush clover walls were reduced to a section of area outside of the village. Fifth, from the 1970s to the present, there were changes to the walls in Hahoe Village including an increase in usages of new materials and an expansion of houses with tiled roofs on top in accordance with the replacement of walls of existing houses. Relevant reasons for this have been identified, such as the fading value of Fungsui(風水) and lack of original records, insufficient awareness and expertise in non-building areas, and the relationship between residents on repairing the wall.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.661-676
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the periodical change of Korean children's clothing from 1960 to 2000. As valuable historical data, 794 children's clothing in wedding pictures in these periods were collected for this study. Research method was content analysis and frequency, cross table analysis, and ${\chi}^2$ test were conducted for data analysis. The results of this study were as follows. The children's clothing in 1960s had very humdrum and limited design and plain pattern. And most of children in this period wore Western clothes of casual style. In 1970s, children's clothing was enriched in terms of design, pattern, color and ornament. However, clothing design for children was not developed yet, so form of children's clothing in this period was showed as duplication of adult clothing design. In 1980s, The children's clothing was developed with enhancement of the level of living. Various style and sophisticated design were appeared and design and size system for children were developed. With increasement of social interest of leisure and sports, casual style was especially popular in this period for both of children and adult in this period. In 1990, rapid decrease of birth rate resulted in parents' excessive interest and investment for their children. In this effects, children's clothing in 1990s had luxury, various, and individual characteristics.