• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.474-481
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• 2011

This study investigated urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urine of smokers and non-smokers by liquid chromatography triple quordrupole tandem mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). Compounds analyzed for urinary biomarkers of PAHs were five mono-hydroxylated PAHs metabolites; 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP), 3-phenanthrol, 2-fluorenol. Urine samples were pretreated by enzymatic hydrolysis and solid phase extraction method. Smokers were composed of 17 men and five women; non-smokers 17 men and 16 women. Smoking increased urinary concentrations of five PAHs metabolites significantly higher than those of nonsmokers. Statistically significant correlations among the five PAHs metabolites were shown. The results suggest that LC/MS/MS technology should be useful in the environmental health discipline.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.163-172
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• 2009

Some organotin compounds such as butyltins and phenyltins are known to induce impo-sex in various marine animals and are considered to be endocrine disruptors. In this study, the effect of organotins on follicular steroidogenesis in amphibians was examined using ovarian follicles of Rana dybowskii and Rana catesbeiana. Isolated follicles were cultured for 6 or 18 h in the presence and absence of frog pituitary homogenate (FPH) or various steroid precursors, and the levels of product steroids in the culture media oassay. Among the butyltin compounds, tributyltin (TBT) strongly and dose-dependently inhibited the FPH-induced synthesis of pregnenolone ($P_5$) and progesterone ($P_4$) by the follicles. TBT also strongly suppressed the conversion of cholesterol to $P_5$ and partially suppressed the conversion of $P_5$ to $P_4$. A high concentration of dibutyltin (DBT) also inhibited steroidogenesis by the follicles while monobutyltin and tetrabutyltin had negligible effects. The toxic effect of TBT or DBT was irreversible and a short time of exposure (30 min) was enough to suppress steroidogenesis. All the phenyltin compounds significantly inhibited FPH-induced $P_5$ synthesis by the follicles. The effective dose of 50% inhibition by diphenyltin was $0.04\;{\mu}M$ and those of monophenyltin and triphenyltin were $0.24\;{\mu}M$ and $0.3\;{\mu}M$, respectively. However, none of the phenyltin compounds significantly suppressed the conversion of $P_4$ to $17{\alpha}$-hydroxyprogesterone ($17{\alpha}$-OHP) (by $17{\alpha}$-hydroxylase), $17{\alpha}$-OHP to androstenedione (AD) (by $C_{17-20}$ lyase), or AD to testosterone by the follicles. Taken together, the data show that among the steroidogenic enzymes, P450scc in the follicles is the most sensitive to organotin compounds and that an amphibian follicle culture system can be a useful screening model for endocrine disruptors.

• Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.210-214
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• 2018

Purpose: Premature adrenarche (PA) often leads to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Higher anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels are reported in PCOS. We studied the androgen profile and AMH profiles in Hispanic girls with PA (aged 5-8 years) and age and body mass index (BMI) matched controls. Methods: Retrospective review of electronic medical records of girls who met the inclusion criteria for premature adrenarche were done. Results: PA girls (n=76) were matched to control girls (n=12) for age (mean${\pm}$standard deviation) ($6.7{\pm}1years$ vs. $6.2{\pm}1.3years$) and BMI ($20{\pm}10kg/m^2$ vs. $17.8{\pm}2.7kg/m^2$). Dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate ($63.3{\pm}51.3{\mu}g/dL$ vs. $29.8{\pm}17.3{\mu}g/dL$, P<0.001) and testosterone levels ($11.4{\pm}4.8ng/dL$ vs. $8.2{\pm}2.9ng/dL$, P=0.001) were significantly higher in the PA group than controls. AMH values (<14 years: reference range, 0.49-3.15 ng/mL) were $3.2{\pm}2.2ng/mL$ vs. $4.6{\pm}3.2ng/mL$ respectively in the PA and control groups and were not different (P=0.4). AMH did not show a correlation with bone age (P=0.1), and testosterone (P=0.9) in the PA group. 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels (17-OHP ng/dL) were $39.5{\pm}30.5ng/dL$ vs. $36.8{\pm}19.8ng/dL$ in PA versus control girls. The concentration of 17-OHP was not statistically different between the control and PA groups. Conclusion: Higher AMH was not observed in PA girls and no correlation with BA and androgen levels was observed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.309-315
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• 2005

Changes of sex steroid hormones in the plasma of yellowfin goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus were investigated in relation to the gonadosomatic index (GSI), the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and gonadal development. The GSI in females rose rapidly in November and remained high from December to May $(7.26\pm0.89­6.62\pm0.02)$. The Male's GSI also increased gradually from November and was highest in May $(0.16\pm0.08)$. The HSI in both sexes was in reverse correlation with the GSI, and the HSI was low during the spawning season (February-May). In females, the $estradiol-17{\beta}\;(E_2)$ level increased during vitellogenesis (November and December) and reached its maximum $(8.13\pm2.87 ng/mL)$ at the maturing period, in January. $17{\alpha},\;20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$(17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP)$ gradually increased from October $(0.063{\pm}0.02ng/mL)$ to March $(0.16{\pm}0.02ng/mL)$ and increased rapidly in May. The level of testosterone (T) showed a similar tendency of $E_2$. In males, T increased gradually during spermatogenesis from September to December $(0.14{\pm}0.06­0.26{\pm}0.10ng/mL)$ and peaked in January $(0.36{\pm}0.29 ng/mL)$ when the spermatozoa filled the testis. 11-KT also rose markedly in January and then decreased. On the other hand, $17{\alpha}29{\beta}OHP$ in males did not show any clear tendencies.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.222-230
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• 1995

This study was canied out to ddermine optimum areas for various sizes of land coverage of the farm machinery utilization in 1993-1994. A kind of machinery size and work systems were classed as the power tiller of 10HP+man power, the tractor of 35~46HP (tractor of 64~86HP and attachment were leased to harvest work), 64-86HP+ attachment and 90- 105HP+ attachment, respectively. \ulcornerhe results are summarized as follows: 1. The optimum areas of tractors of 90~105HP, 64~86HP and the power tiller of lOHP were estimated as 21.9 (corn-rye cropping system)- 26.9ha (sorghum $\times$ sudangrass - rye cropping system), 14.7 - 22.8ha and 1.2 - 1.61ha, respectively. The break-even-point areas of the tractors of 90-105HP. 64-86HP and the power tiller of lOHP were 16.6 (corn-rye cropping system)- 19.9ha (sorghum $\times$ sudangrass - rye cropping system), 12.5 - 16.lha and 0.12-0.13ha, respectively. 2. The optimum areas (land sizes, annual field capacity) for 50 cows by feeding rate(%) of roughage to concentrate were 6.8ha, 13.6ha in the 4060, 8.5ha, 17.0ha in the 5050 and 10.2ha, 20.4ha in the 60:40, and in case of 30 cows, it were 4.lha, 8.2ha in the 40:60, respectively. In the former case for the form of work system was the trador of 90-105HP+attachment and 64~86HP+ attachment, and the latter was the tractor of 35~46HP (tractor of 64~86HP and attachment were leased to harvest work) and 64-86HP+ attachment. 3. Productiori cost for corn-rye cropping system reducted to 51.8% in 102.9 wonkg dry matter the tractor of 90~ 105HP+ attachment with 213.4 wonkg dry matter the power tiller of 10HP+ man power.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.935-940
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• 2014

To investigate effect of on sexual maturation in spotted seabass, Lateolabrax maculatus the sexual maturation, photoperiods were established to natural photoperiod, 9L:15D, 11L:13D, 13L:11D and 15L:9D. After rearing for 90 days from August 11 to November 10, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hormones were analyzed. In the female, GSI was $1.07{\pm}0.09%$ in the natural photoperiod, $1.93{\pm}0.06%$ in 9L:15D, while the GSI of male was $0.75{\pm}0.05%$ in the natural photoperiod, $1.89{\pm}0.12%$ in 9L:15D and $0.22{\pm}0.05%$ in 15L:9D and the lowest in 15L:9D, respectively. The blood estradiol (E2) of female was $226.0{\pm}13.6pg/ml$ in the natural photoperiod, and the highest value of $296.3{\pm}15.0pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. The male $17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$ was similar to the female with $196.3{\pm}17.0pg/ml$ in the natural photo period and $133.0{\pm}15.5pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. The testosterone (T) of male was $259.3{\pm}33.1pg/ml$ in the natural photoperiod, but the hightest value of $370.5{\pm}27.5pg/ml$ in 9L:15D. These results provide basic information from sexual maturation of spotted seabass.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 1996

Previously, we demonstrated that estradiol (E$_2$) was produced by medium sized follicles of Rana nigromaculata and Rana dybowskii in vitro. Present experiments were carried out to determine when the growing follicles have obtained the ability to produce E$_2$. Follicles in different growth stages were isolated and cultured for 6 hours in the presence or absence of frog pituitary homogenates (FPH, 0.1 pituitary/2m1) or various steroid precursors (200 ng/2m1). levels of progesterone (P$_4$), 17 -hydroxyprogesterone (17$\alpha$-OHP), androstenedione (AD), testosterone Cr) or E$_2$ in the medium were measured by RIA. The smallest follicles failed to produce steroids, whereas the smaller follicles produced considerable amounts of steroids (211 pg/follicle), and the medium sized follicles produced a large amounts of steroids (1653 pg/follicle) in response to FPH. Addition of pregnenolone (P5) resulted in a marked increase in P$_4$ but not in other steroids by the smallest follicles whereas the treatment resulted in a marked increase in P$_4$, 17$\alpha$-OHP, AD, T and E$_2$by the smaller and medium follicles. When the amounts of steroids are calculated on the basis of unit surface area (pg/mm$_2$), the ability of the smallest follicles to produce P$_4$ from P5 was similar to those of smaller and medium sized follicles. However, the smallest follicles failed to metabolize P$_4$ to other steroids whereas the smaller and medium follicles did. Taken together, the data suggest that the smallest follicles do not response to FPH in terms of steroid production but they have capacity to convert P5 to P$_4$ and that the smaller follicles have potential to produce E$_2$ although much less efficient than medium sized follicles.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.845-853
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• 2012

To investigate the role of temperatures and photoperiods as environmental cues regulating reproductive rhythm in Pseudobagrus fulvidraco, rearing experiments were conducted using sveral rearing regimes conbined with photoperiods and water temperatures during gonadal degeneration periods. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in control was $8.16{\pm}1.50%$, while in other experiment GSI levels in female were lower than that in the control. In case of experimental precinct of 9 light (L) and 15 L, GSI levels were decreased. But GSI level with $20^{\circ}C$ was no diffrence after 40 and 60 days. GSI level in male of control was $0.35{\pm}0.05%$. GSI under 9 L and $25^{\circ}C$ was similar to that in control, whereas its level in other experiments was lower than that in control. Testosterone (T) of female was $3.68{\pm}0.22$ ng/mL at experimental precinct. In case of 9 L and 15 L, concentration of T were lower than experimental precinct in all of water temperature. Estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$) and $7{\alpha}$, $20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one ($17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$) levels of female were $0.42{\pm}0.02$ and $0.83{\pm}0.01$ ng/mL at experimental precinct. $E_2$ levels of 9 and 15 L were higher than experimental precinct and $17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP$ levels of 9 and 15 L were higher than experimental precinct. In case of T and 11-ketotestosterone levels were $0.69{\pm}0.11$ and $.62{\pm}0.03$ ng/mL in male. During the period of gonadal degeneration, gonadal maturation did not occur in any of the experimental regimes. However, comparatively high levels of $E_2$ observed at low temperature regimes ($20^{\circ}C$) regardless of photoperiods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2024

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic disorder characterized by decreased cortisol secretion, with 21-hydroxylase deficiency being the most common type. It is uncommon for CAH to present primarily as cholestasis; therefore, when a patient presents with prolonged jaundice, it is difficult to suspect CAH immediately. In this report, we aim to share our experience with an exceptional case of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A 28-day-old male visited the outpatient clinic due to prolonged jaundice and elevated 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels in the newborn screening test. Since he showed no other symptoms such as lethargy or vomiting, he underwent a routine blood test for jaundice and a retest of 17-OHP at the outpatient clinic. Two hours after the blood draw, he was found to have severe hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, so he was immediately admitted to the intensive care unit. After treatment with hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, sodium chloride, and intravenous fluids, the cholestasis and electrolyte imbalances improved over time. He was diagnosed with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, salt-wasting type, which was confirmed by the ACTH stimulation test and genetic testing. It is important to make a prompt diagnosis of CAH to avoid missing critical timing. Therefore, CAH should not be overlooked, even if the patient does not exhibit typical symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.176-192
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• 1991

School nurses, in service of 102 special schools in Korea, were urveyed by mail questionnaires from February to March, 1991 and 77 of hem responded. Collected data were analyzed to establish the direction of health management in special school and to provide basic reference data for improving the quality of the management of school-nurses' services. The major findings are as follows: Out of special schools surveyed, 67.5% is private school and 83.2% is located in city. The average number of classes, students, and educational personnels per special school is 17.2, 194, and 28 respectively. The average age of school-nurses surveyed is 32.7. The proportion of graduates from the junior college and upward was 97.4%, the proportion of the married was 71.4%. Out of respondents, 71.4% has religion : 79.2% has past career in the fields of clinics or public health: 62.3% accompanishes independent services: 77.9% belongs to primary school. About 69% of nursing room in special schools surveyed is located at the first floor. Out of special school surveyed, 90.9% has no organization for school health programms: Only 18.2% entrusted everyone of school doctor, school dentist, and school pharmacists with school health. 46.8% of respondents didn't know about the annual budget for school health programmes. The average annual expenditure for school health programme per special school was 317,000F26. won and the purchase cost for medical supplies accounted for the larger part of them. The monthly average number of students utilizing school nursing room was 71 per school, annual utilization times of school nursing room was 4.4 per student and utilization due to injury was prevalent by 26.6% and there is some differences in using the school nursing room according to disabled area. Rate of referral to medical facilities was 1.4%. The leading reason of referral to medical facilities was high fever among those who have visual handicaps, fracture among those who have emotional disturbance, injury by trauma among others. Nine hundred fifty six students of students in special school surveyed have sufferd from epilepsy and prevalence rate of epilepsy was 6.4%. Only 22.6% of respondents replied that they had physical examination more than 2 times per year. Out of respnodents, 98.7% answered that they had health education and 67.1% of them ansered that they educated in a classroom, 98.7% of respondents emphasized need of sex education. Respondents put the most emphasis on the personal hygiene when they performed health education and they used broadcasting education in the area of visual handicaps, OHP or VTR in hearing handicaps, home correspondence or OHP VTR in other area importantly. About 47% of repondents answered that health education was the most difficult and they emphasized that definite guide on health management was requested. Respondents had self-confidence and high perfomance rate in most of school-nurses' services completely, but so they was not in area of evaluation of school health programmes, an examination of physical strength, evaluation of health education, management of school purification area, suture of wounds. In consideration of above findings, we may conclude that special education for school-nurse in special schools as well as improvement of definite guiding principles are requested to establish direction for health management in special schools and to improve the degree of quality for school-nurses' sevices in special schools.