• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2011

Phylogenetic relationships of Jeju dogs to other domestic and foreign dog breeds were assessed using mtDNA D-loop sequences. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed using complete sequences (970 bp excluding the tandem repeat region) determined for five Cheju, four Jindo, four Sapsaree, five Pungsan, two of each East and West Laika dogs (Canis familiaris), two gray wolves (Canis lupus) and two coyotes (Canis latrans) and also published complete sequences for dogs. Coyote sequences were used as outgroups. In addition, a total of 214 haplotypes of 598bp D-loop sequences from 30 dog breeds were collected from GenBank and used to investigate genetic structure of population. In the analyses of full D-loop sequence variation and the phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor-joining method, neither haplotypes nor clades specific for any domestic dog breeds were observed. The inter-species sequence variation (4.51%) between domestic dogs and wolves was much higher than the intra-species sequence variation within domestic dogs (1.63%) and wolves (3.64%). The divergence of the dog and wolf occurred approximately 1~2 million years ago based on these values. The taxa of Jeju dog breed in the phylogenetic tree are clustered separately and intermingled with other taxa of breeds, suggesting that active crossbreeding of Jeju dogs with other domestic breeds.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

Growth of Campanula punctata 'Rubriflora' plantlets, as affected by three levels of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), 70, 110, and $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, two levels of $CO_2$ concentration, 500 and $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and two levels of number of air exchanges per hour (NAEH), 0.1 and $2.8 h^{-l}$, was studied. Explants were obtained from photomixotrophically-micropropagated plantlets. Four explants were planted in each $3.7{\times}10^{-4}m^3$ polycarbonate box containing MS basal medium and no added sucrose. Explants were cultured under cool-white fluorescent lamps for $16h{\cdot}d^{-1},\;at\;25\pm1^{\circ}C$ temperature, and $70\~80\%$ relative humidity In treatments of $2.8h^{-1}$ NAEH, a 10mm round hole made on the vessel cap was sealed with a microporous filter. For higher $CO_2$ concentrations in the culture room, $CO_2$ gas was provided from a tank of liquefied $CO_2$. Fresh and dry weights, length of the longest root, and number of leaves significantly increased with increasing PPF and especially $CO_2$ concentration. Length of the longest root, number of leaves, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll concentration were enhanced with increased NAEH. However, leaf area was the smallest in the $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}\;PPF\;2.8h^{-1}$ NAEH and especially, $1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ concentration treatment. Treatment effect became more produced with time. Overall, treatment with $220{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}\;PPF\;and\;1,500{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}\;CO_2$ gave the most vigorous growth.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2000

Spectroradiometric light transmittance from 300 to 1,100nm in the greenhouse covered with the CEM BIO polyethylene film was greater than that in the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film (control). As a whole, solar radiation transmittance into greenhouse was a half level, due to shades caused by double layer covering, frame and equipment. Net radiation energy emitted throughout surface of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 5,424.5W.m$^{-2}$ , which was lower by 2.9% as compared to that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. Photosynthetically active radiation from 400 to 700nm of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 3,861.2W.m$^{-2}$ , which was higher by 3.8% as compared to hat of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. Accumulated minimum air temperature from Oct. 7, 1997 to Oct. 16, 1997 of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 100.5$^{\circ}C$, which was higher by 2.5$^{\circ}C$ as compared to that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film. As results, height, stem diameter, leaf count, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of green pepper plants and canopy production structure measured at 30 days after transplanting were enhanced. Mean fruit weight n the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film was 11.28 g and 1.25 g greater as compared to that in the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, due to increased fruit diameter and flesh thickness. Percent marketable fruits produced in the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film were 96.1%, and was greater by 2.7% thant that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylnee film due to decreased infection, sterility, severe curve and twisted fruits. The green pepper yield of the greenhouse covered with CEM BIO polyethylene film from Nov. 19, 1997 to Feb. 3, 1998 was greater by 974 kg per hectare than that of the greenhouse covered with polyethylene film, but the total fruit had no difference.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 1997

To investigate chemical changes of agricultural water in Nam river used for the basic information. Samples were collected from seven sites along the Nam river and were analyzed for inorganic content from April to September in $1994{\sim}1995$. Average value of analyzed inorganic concentrations at seven sampling sites were pH 7.9, COD 7.3mg/l, $NO_3-N$ 1.2mg/l, $Na^+$ 6.2mg/l, $Cl^-$ 14.8mg/l, EC 0.13dS/m, $PO_4\;^{3-}$ 0.21mg/l, $K^+$ 2.6mg/l, $Ca^{2+}$ 10.8mg/l,$Mg^{2+}$ 2.9mg/l, $SO_4\;^{2-}$ 10.5mg/l, $Fe^{3+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ 0.02mg/l. The monthly average value of COD, $NO_3-N$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ showed highest peak in July $8.4{\sim}11.6$, $1.1{\sim}1.7$, $5.4{\sim}13.1$ $18.9{\sim}27.9mg/l$. The highest region of average COD, $NO_3-N$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were Weola pumping station, $8.8{\sim}11.3$, $1.6{\sim}2.4$, $9.0{\sim}10.2$ and $21.7{\sim}23.0mg/l.$ The ionic $copmposition({\Sigma}A/{\Sigma}C)$ : ratio between total equivalant of anions and canon) of Nam river was higher at Weola pumping station than other topography. The EC was positively correlated with $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$ and $SO_4\;^{2-}$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 1997

The constructed wetland system which is applicable to rural wastewater treatment was examined by pilot plant experiment. Removal rates of nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus and total coliform were evaluated. The $NH_4\;^+$ concentration of the influent was in the range of 91.57 to 275.88mg/l and the effluent concentration was about 40% lower than the influent. The decreasing of the $NH_4\;^+$ concentration might be due to volatilization, plant uptake, adsorption onto soil particles, and mainly nitrification. However, generally concentrations of $NO_2\;^-$ and $NO_3\;^-$ were increased in the effluents compared to the influent concentrations, which implies that nitrogen components in the system were nitrified. Overall, the average removal rate of the nitrogen was about 5% which seems inadequate as a wastewater treatment system, and this system needs improvement on nitrogen removal mechamism. The removal rate of the phosphorus was quite high and effluent concentration was very low. Reason for high removal rate of the phosphorus might be mainly strong adsorption characteristic onto soil particles. The average removal rate of the total coliforms was about 83%, and main removal mechanisms are thought to be adsorption onto soil and inability to compete against the established soil microflora. From the results of the study, the constructed wetland system needs to be improved in nitrogen removal mechanism for field application.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.318-327
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: For Non-Point Source(NPS) loads reduction, pollutant loads need to be quantified for major farming methods. The objective of this study was to evaluate impacts of farming methods on NPS pollutant loads from a paddy rice field during the growing season. METHODS AND RESULTS: The height of drainage outlet, amount of fertilizer, irrigation water quality were considered as farming factors for scenarios development. The control was derived from conventional farming methods and four different scenarios were developed based combination of farming factors. A field scale model, CREAMS-PADDY(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems for PADDY), was used to calculate pollutant nutrient loads. The data collected from an experimental plot located downstream of the Idong reservoir were used for model calibration and validation. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during the calibration and validation periods. The calibrated model was used to evaluate farming scenarios in terms of NPS loads. Pollutant loads for T-N, T-P were reduced by 5~62%, 8~37% with increasing the height of drainage outlet from 100 mm of 100 mm, respectively. When amount of fertilizer was changed from standard to conventional, T-N, T-P pollutant loads were reduced by 0~22%, 0~24%. Irrigation water quality below water criteria IV of reservoir increased T-N of 9~65%, T-P of 9~47% in comparison with conventional. CONCLUSION(S): The results indicated that applying increased the height of drainage after midsummer drainage, standard fertilization level during non-rainy seasons, irrigation water quality below water criteria IV of reservoir were effective farming methods to reduce NPS pollutant loads from paddy in Korea.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.387-398
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• 2012

Korean agricultural areas that employ water curtain cultivation (WCC) have recently suffered extensive groundwater shortages due to an increase in the number of facilities. The primary focus of this study is to measure the daily groundwater use and discharge rates in the Cheongweon and Chungju pilot areas, while the second focus is to estimate the total amount of groundwater used in WCC areas nationwide in Korea. Taking into consideration several factors, including motor type, outflow abilities of wells, records of daily minimum temperatures below $0^{\circ}C$, and the number of running wells according to weather variations, we estimated that $53,138m^3/ha$ of groundwater had been used in the 4-hectare Cheongweon pilot area during the winter period of late 2011 through early 2012. On a prorated areal basis, we can calculate that the total groundwater used nationwide was 0.57 billion $m^3$ in WCC areas of $10,746m^2$. This value is equivalent to 33.7% of the total agricultural groundwater use (1.69 billion $m^3$) in Korea. During 9-22 February 2012, the daily water discharge rate in the 4-ha Cheongweon pilot area ranged from 2,079 to $2,628m^3$, averaging $2,341m^3$. Combining this value with meteorological records for 94 days with a daily minimum temperature below $0^{\circ}C$ results in an estimated groundwater volume of $54,990m^3/ha$ for the pilot area during the 2011-2012 winter period. The total amount of groundwater used nationwide in WCC areas would then be 0.59 billion $m^3$, equivalent to 34.9% of the total agricultural groundwater use in Korea. In the Chungju area, the groundwater discharge rate was estimated to be less than 805 $m^3$/ha. This value, combined with weather data for 108 days with a daily minimum temperature below $0^{\circ}C$ in this area, can be applied to infer that the total groundwater volume used in WCC areas nationwide is no more than 55% of the total agricultural groundwater use in Korea.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to prepare diverse measures to enhance the utilization of national authorized qualification. The detail objectives of this study are first, to re-establish the utilization scope and range of national authorized qualification through analysis of advance research and theory in various fields of learning on the function of qualification; and second, to set the direction to strengthen the utilization of national authorized qualification. Based on discussions on the various fields of learning on the function of qualification, this study divided the utilization scope of qualification into personal utilization for the benefit of the qualification acquirer him or herself and public utilization for the social and economic benefits. And according to this distinction, we prepared measures to strengthen the utilization of national authorized qualification. First of all, as a way to strengthen personal utilization of the national authorized qualification, we prepared measures to enhance accessibility and facilitate further improvement. As a means to enhance accessibility, we proposed restriction on setting the application condition, diversification of qualification authorization method, facilitation of partial qualification system and minimization of expense required to acquire qualification. Also for the further improvement, we proposed creation of job-level centered grade system and development of job-level centered qualification item by stage. For strengthening the public utilization of national authorized qualification, we come up with ways of strengthening flexibility, transparency, public trust and compatibility. As a way to strengthen flexibility, we proposed establishment of qualification demand monitoring system, expansion of direct participation of users on qualification management, establishment of qualification expiration period and its renewal. For the strengthening of transparency, we proposed to build general qualification information system and to utilize qualification recommendation system. To strengthen public trust, we proposed to strengthen the management of qualification management regulation, secure independency, establish internal audit system and strengthen post management of national authorized qualification. And lastly, we suggested that compatibility comparison standard between qualification and qualification level standard be developed for the strengthening of compatibility.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of donor cell types, the source of recipient oocytes and estrous synchronization on pregnancy and delivery rates of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in Korean native goats. Recipient oocytes were surgically collected after superovulation. Ear cells and fetal fibroblasts were collected and cultured in serum-starvation condition (TCM-199 + 0.5% FBS) for cell confluence. The zonae pellucidae of in vivo- and in vitro-matured oocytes were partially drilled using a laser system. Single somatic cell was transferred into the enucleated oocyte. The reconstructed oocytes were electrically fused with 0.3 M mannitol. After the fusion, embryos were activated by Ionomycin+6-DMAP. NT embryos were cultured in mSOF medium supplemented with 0.8% BSA at $39^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$, 90% $N_2$ for 12 to 20 hr. One hundred and two SCNT embryos were transferred into 20 recipients and pregnancy rate at days 30 was 20.0%. Of them, one developed to term and delivered 1 kid. Ear cells showed significantly higher fusion (63.8 vs. 26.5%) and pregnancy rates (20.0 vs. 0.0%) than those of fetal fibroblast (p<0.05). The recipients synchronized by CIDR showed significantly lower pregnancy rates compared to that of recipient in natural estrus ($0.0{\sim}25.0%$ vs. 100%) (p<0.05). Cloned kid was born from the recipient in natural estrus. For the synchronization of estrus between recipient and donor, there was no difference between treatments (${\pm}0$ vs. +12 hr) in pregnancy rate. The first healthy cloned kid (Jinsoonny) was produced by transfer of SCNT embryos derived from in vivo oocytes and ear cells into a recipient goat whose estrus was synchronized with the donor. These results imply that donor cells for nuclear transfer may affect the success rate, and the estrus synchronization between donor and recipient animals can also be important.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.534-538
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biological benefits of apple peel. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of a 70% ethanol extract of apple peel were examined. The total phenolic compound and flavonoid contents of apple peel were $6.8{\pm}0.5mg$ gallic acid equivalent/g of fresh weight and $3.3{\pm}0.3mg$ catechin equivalent/g of fresh weight, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of apple peel was $18.9{\pm}1.6$, $46.3{\pm}2.3$ and $58.1{\pm}3.9%$ at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively (p<0.05). The anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by measuring the inhibition of inflammatory enzymes. Apple peel significantly inhibited secretory phospholipase, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and lipoxygenase activity by up to $53.5{\pm}2.3$, $13.4{\pm}1.8$, $64.8{\pm}5.4$ and $44.4{\pm}4.5%$, respectively (p<0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that apple peel may act as an antioxidant by radical scavenging and may possess potential anti-inflammatory properties for suppressing the activity of inflammatory enzymes. These results also suggest that apple peel can be utilized as a health functional food ingredient possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.