• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.241-257
• /
• 1997

This study identifies a basic framework to analyze specific experiences of examinees so that which nurses are better able to understand reactions of examinees and, further, to provide better nursing treatments to them. This study follows Strauss & Corbin's analysis tool (1990). This basic framework identifies the specific mental reactions in a process away from the "being tightened" state. The main factors explaining this process include the 28 following variables : anxiety, being burdened, being suppressed, lack of agency, being suffocated, term pressure, expectation pressure, grade pressure, firmness, feebleness, helping others, being disturbed, watching others, off ficiousness, staightening on, depending on, getting along with, getting out of, shooting out, giving up, being alone, devoting, bracing up, being industrious, being harassed, being distressed, troubles, and quiting. Twelve variables are factored from the above factors which include pressure, being tighened, terms, expectations, grades, will, friends, family, open-minded confrontation, close-minded confrontation, pursuing, and wandering around. The Examinees' state of being tightened is first developed, watched by others, and finally resolved causing students either to pursue (positive reactions) or to wander around (negative reactions). Based on the theoretical framework, the following sixteen hypotheses are developed : 1. Students are less tightened in the first term. 2. Students are more tightened in the second term. 3. Students with higher grades feel less tightened. 4. Students with lower grades feel more tightened. 5. Students with higher expectations feel more tightened. 6. Students with lower expectations feel less tightened. 7. Students who are less tightened confront open-mindedly. 8. Students who are higher tightened confront close-mindedly. 9. Students with a strong will confront open-mindedly. 10. Students with a weak will confront close-mindedly. 11. Students who have more sincere friends confront open-mindedly. 12. Students who have less sincere frieds confront close-mindedly. 13. Students with family support confront open-mindedly. 14. Students with little family support confront close-mindedly. 15. Students confronting open-mindedly pursue. 16. Students confronting close-mindedly wander. We identify the following four relations from the data analysis : 1. Students with average grades in their first term are more tightened from high expectations and have a tendency to wander if they have less supporting families even if they also have a strong will and sincere friends. 2. Students with low grades in their second term are less tighened because of low expectations and have a tendency to wander if they have a weak will and few sincere friends even if they have strong family support. 3. Students with high grades in their second term are more tightened with high expectations and have a tendency to pursue confrontations open-mindedly if they have supporting families and a strong will even if they have few sincere friends. 4. Students with average grades in their first term are less tightened from fewer expectations and have a tendency to pursue confrontations open-mindedly when they have more supporting families and sincere friends even if they have a weak will. A Student's degree of being tightened are affected by grades, terms, and expectations. Being tightened is resolved positively or negatively based on will, friends, and family. We conclude that will, family support, and sincere friends cause students to confront "being tightened" open-mindedly. We also conclude that practical nursing for students who are tightened have to focus on creating environments in which students are able to confront open-mindedly.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.193-199
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The proper diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is difficult and delayed because of the variety of clinical manifestations. We reviewed clinical characteristics of symptomatic MD to facilitate early detection. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, histopathological findings, and operative findings in 58 patients with symptomatic MD. Results: The male to female ratio was 2.8 : 1. The most common symptom of MD was bleeding. Others symptoms included: vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, abdominal distension and fever in the order of frequency. The clinical manifestations of symptomatic MD were lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, perforation, diverticulitis and hemoperitoneum, in the order of frequency. The causes of intestinal obstruction were intussusception, internal hernia, band, volvulus, invagination, in the order of frequency. Seventy five percent of patient with MD were diagnosed prior to 5 years of age. The most frequently used diagnostic tool was the Meckel's scan. The diverticulum was located 2 cm to 120 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The length of the diverticulum ranged from 1 cm to 10 cm and 94% were less than 5 cm. The most common ectopic tissue found in the MD was gastric mucosa. Ileal resection was more frequently performed than diverticulectomy. Conclusion: In cases of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction and repeated intussusception, the meckel's scan, ultrasound and computed tomography shoud be considered to rule out MD, and if clinically necessary, an exploratory laparotomy when needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.28-33
• /
• 2001

Purpose: H. pylori infection is thought to contribute to iron-deficiency anemia, especially during puberty. The ferritin protein Pfr of H. pylori is homologous to eukaryotic and prokaryotic ferritins. The purpose of this study was to analyze the H. pylori pfr status in gastric biopsy specimens according to clinical data, including antral gastritis with or without iron-deficiency anemia. Methods: A total of 26 H. pylori-positive patients aged from ten to 18 years were categorized into subgroups based on the presence or absence of iron-deficiency anemia. All of them had antral gastritis. Sixteen patients were proved to have iron-deficiency anemia by hematological study, two of which had a duodenal ulcer. The other ten patients showed normal hematological findings. DNA isolation was performed from each of the gastric biopsy specimens. PCR amplification of the pfr gene coding was done using two sets of primers. The pfr region, 501 bp, was generated by linking the sequences of the two PCR products. The nucleotide and protein sequences were compared between the pfr regions from Korean H. pylori strains and the NCTC 11638, 26695, and J99 strain, which were obtained from the Genbank. Sequence comparisons were also performed for the pfr regions between the iron-deficiency anemia (+) and (-) groups. Results: Analysis of the complete coding region of pfr gene revealed three sites of mutation. The Ser39Ala mutation was found in 100% (26/26), Gly111Asn in 26.9% (7/26), and Gly82Ser in 11.5% (3/26). There were no significant differences in the mutations of the pfr regions between the iron deficiency anemia (+) and (-) groups. Conclusion: The mutation in the pfr gene did not relate with the clinical phenotype, iron deficiency anemia. Further studies are needed on the aspects of host side or other complex factors to elucidate anemia. Further studies are needed on the aspects of host side or other complex factors to elucidate the mechanisms by which the H. pylori infection might lead to iron deficiency anemia.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.77-82
• /
• 2001

Purpose: The fecal acid steatocrit is an improved steatocrit method for the evaluation of fecal fat. The present study was set up in order to define the normal range of acid steatocrit values during the first 3 months of life. Methods: Fecal acid steatocrit values were determined in 78 healthy full term and in 21 healthy prematurely born infants between May 1998 and April 2000. The acid steatocrit method was performed in these babies during the first 3 months of life. Results: Steatorrhea occurs during the first month and then decreases, as shown by the fall in the acid steatocrit curve from 1st to 3rd month in our subject. Very high acid steatocrit results (above 90%) were found in all full term and premature infants during the first month of age. Acid steatocrit results of human milk-fed infants were significantly lower than those of formula-fed infants (p=0.0018). Conclusion: We conclude that high acid steatocrit results during the first 1 month of age can be due to physiologic steatorrhea. The acid steatocrit micromethod can be used for the evaluation of milk fat absorption in infants and monitoring steatorrhea instead of other more cumbersome methods.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2008

Background: The presence of infiltrated mediastinal lymph nodes is a crucial factor for the prognosis of lung cancer. The aim of our study is to investigate the pattern of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer that spreads to the mediastinal lymph nodes, in relation to the primary tumor site, in patients who underwent major lung resection with complete mediastinal lymph node dissection. Material and Method: We retrospectively. studies 293 consecutive patients [mean age $63.0{\pm}8.3$ years (range $37{\sim}88$) and 220 males (75.1%)] who underwent major lung resection due to non-small cell lung cancer from January 1998 to December 2005. The primary tumor and lymph node status was classified according to the international TNM staging system reported by Mountain. The histologic type of the tumors was determined according to the WHO classification. Fisher's exact test was used; otherwise the chi-square test of independence was employed. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Result: Lobectomy was carried out in 180 patients, bilobectomy in 50, sleeve lobectomy in 10 and pnemonectomy in 53. The pathologic report revealed 124 adenocarcinomas, 138 squamous-cell tumors, 14 adenosquamous tumors, 1 carcinoid tumor, 8 large cell carcinomas, 1 carcinosarcoma, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and 5 undifferentiated tumors. The TNM stage was IA in 51 patients, IB in 98, IIB in 41, IIIA in 71, IIIB in 61 and IV in 6. 25.9 % of the 79 patients had N2 tumor. Most common infiltrated mediastinal lymph node was level No.4 in the right upper lobe, level No. 4 and 5 in the left upper lobe and level No. 7 in the other lobes, but no statistically significant difference was observed. Thirty-six patients (12.3%) presented with skip metastasis to the mediastinum. Conclusion: Mediastinal lymph node dissection is necessary for accurately determining the pTNM stage. It seems that there is no definite way that non-small cell lung cancer spreads to the lymphatics, in relation to the location of the primary cancer. Further, skip metastasis to the mediastinal lymph nodes was present in 12.3% of our patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.40 no.10
• /
• pp.674-679
• /
• 2007

Background: Surgical resection is accepted widely as the standard therapy for complete resectable pulmonary metastases. The number of cases of pulmonary metastasectomy and its survival rate is increasing due to the development of the therapeutic modalities. We attempted to analyze the survival rate and prognosis factors of pulmonary metastasectomy during the last 10 years. Material and Method: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 89 patients who underwent 96 procedures of pulmonary metastasectomy between January 1996 and December 2005. The factors that may influence the long term prognosis such as completeness of resection, the type of primary cancer, the disease-free interval, the number and size of metastasis and the laterality were investigated. Result: There was no operative mortality. The mean disease free interval (DFI) was $29.6{\pm}27.9$ months and there were 3 cases of synchronous metastasis (3.4%). The overall 3, 5 and 10 year survival rate was 52.5%, 32.1% and 20.7%, respectively. The median survival time was 38 months. The 5-year survival rate according to the IRLM appraisal was 63.5%, 33.3%, 22.1% and 0% for stage I, II, III and IV, respectively Univariate analysis showed a better prognosis for patients with a disease free interval of 36 months or more, unilateral metastasis and 4 or less metastases. Conclusion: The survival rate for completely resectable pulmonary metastasectomy was favorable. The disease free interval, laterality and the number of metastasis were the prognosis factors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2011.02a
• /
• pp.57-58
• /
• 2011

III-V족 화합물 반도체의 일종인 InSb는 77 K에서 0.23 eV의 작은 밴드 갭을 가지며 높은 전하 이동도를 가지고 있기 때문에 대기권에서 전자파 흡수가 일어나지 않는 3~5 ${\mu}m$범위의 장파장 적외선 감지가 가능하여 중적외선 감지 소자로 이용되고 있다. 하지만 InSb는 밴드 갭이 매우 작기 때문에, 소자 제작시 누설전류에 의한 소자 특성의 저하가 문제시 되고 있다. 또한 다른 화합물 반도체에 비해 녹는점이 낮고, 휘발성이 강한 5족 원소인 Sb의 승화로 기판의 화학양론적 조성비(stoichiometry)가 변하기 쉬워, 계면특성 저하의 원인이 된다. 따라서 우수한 특성을 가지는 적외선 소자의 구현을 위해서, 저온에서 계면 특성이 우수한 고품질의 절연막 증착 연구가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 InSb 기판 위에 $SiO_2$, $Si_3N_4$의 절연막 형성시 증착온도의 변화에 따른 계면 트랩 밀도를 분석하였다. $SiO_2$, $Si_3N_4$ 절연막은 플라즈마 화학 기상 증착법(PECVD)을 이용하여 n형 InSb 기판 위에 증착하였으며, 증착온도를 $120^{\circ}C$부터 $240^{\circ}C$까지 변화시켰다. Metal oxide semiconductor(MOS) 구조 제작을 통하여, 커패시턴스-전압(C-V)분석을 진행하였으며, 절연막과 InSb 사이의 계면 트랩 밀도를 Terman method를 이용하여 계산하였다[1]. 또한, $SiO_2$와 $Si_3N_4$의 XPS 분석과 TOF-SIMS 분석을 통하여 계면 트랩 밀도의 원인을 밝혀 보았다. $120{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ 온도 범위에서 계면 트랩 밀도는 $Si_3N_4$의 경우 $2.4{\sim}4.9{\times}10^{12}cm^{-2}eV^{-1}$, $SiO_2$의 경우 $7.1{\sim}7.3{\times}10^{11}cm^{-2}eV^{-1}$ 값을 나타냈고, 두 절연막 모두 증착 온도가 증가할수록 계면 트랩 밀도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 모든 샘플에서 $Si_3N_4$의 경우, flat band voltage가 음의 전압으로 이동한 반면, $SiO_2$의 경우, 양의 전압으로 이동하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 계면 트랩 밀도 증가의 원인을 확인하기 위해서, oxide를 $120^{\circ}C$, $240^{\circ}C$에서 증착시킨 샘플을 XPS 분석을 통하여 깊이에 따른 성분분석을 하였고, 그 결과, $240^{\circ}C$에서 증착된 샘플에서 계면에서 $In_2O_3$와 $Sb_2O_3$ 피크의 증가를 확인하였다. 이는 계면에서 oxide양이 증가함을 의미하며, 이렇게 생성된 oxide는 계면 트랩으로 작용하므로, 계면 특성을 저하시키는 원인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. Nitride 절연막을 증착시킨 샘플은 TOF-SIMS 분석을 통해, 계면에서의 성분 분석을 하였고, 그 결과, $240^{\circ}C$에서 증착된 샘플에서 In-N, Sb-N, Si-N 결합의 감소를 확인하였다. 이렇게 분해된 결합들의 dangling 결합이 늘어 계면 트랩으로 작용하므로, 계면 특성을 저하시키는 원인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 최종적으로, 소자특성을 확인 하기 위하여 계면 트랩 밀도가 가장 낮게 측정된 $200^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 $SiO_2$ 절연막을 증착하여 InSb 적외선 소자를 제작하였다. 전류-전압(I-V) 분석 결과 -0.1 V에서 16 nA의 누설 전류 값을 보였으며, $2.6{\times}10^3{\Omega}cm^2$의 RoA(zero bias resistance area)를 얻을 수 있었다. 절연막 증착조건의 최적화를 통하여, InSb 적외선 소자의 특성이 개선됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.283-293
• /
• 2003

Domestic water treatment plants operate the rapid and slow filtering system using the filtering sands. Most of them are composed of beach sands, which have less sorption capacity of heavy metals as well as organic contaminants. Therefore, the development of fortified functional filtering materials with high removal capacity of organic and inorganic contaminants is needed to prevent the unexpected load of contaminated source water. This study aims to test the hydrochemical change and the removing capacity of heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, and Pb on the Jumunjin sand, feldspathic sand(weathering product of Jecheon granite), feldspathic mixing sand I(feldspathic sand mixed with 10 wt% zeolite), and feldspathic mixing sand II (feldspathic sand mixed with 20 wt% zeolite). Feldspathic mixing sand I and II showed the eruption of higher amounts of cations and anions compared with the Jumunjin sand and feldspathic sand. They also showed higher eruption of Si, Ca, $SO_4$ ions than that of Al, $NO_3$, Fe, K, Mg, and P. Feldspathic mixing sand II caused higher eruption of some cations of Na, Ca, Al than feldspathic mixing sud I, which is the result controlled by the dissolution of zeolite. Jumunjin sand and feldspathic sand showed very weak sorption of Cd, Cu and Pb. In contrast to this, feldspathic mixing sand I and II showed the high sorption and removal capacity of the increasing order of Cd, Cu and Pb. Feldspathic mixing sand II including 20% zeolite showed a fortified removal capacity of some heavy metals. Therefore, feldspathic mixing sand mixed with some contents of zeolite could be used as the fortified filtering materials for the water filtering and purification in the domestic water treatment plants.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.333-339
• /
• 2003

A new mineral, Zn analogue of rancieite (Chimooite), has been discovered at the Dongnam mine, Korea. It occurs as compact subparallel fine­grained flaky or acicular aggregates in the massive manganese oxide ores which were formed by supergene oxidation of rhodochrosite­sulfide ores in the hydrothermal veins trending NS­N25E and cutting the Pungchon limestone of the Cambrian age. The flakes of chimooite are 0.2 mm for the largest one, but usually less than 0.05 mm. The acicular crystals are elongated parallel to and flattened on (001). This mineral shows gradation to rancieite constituting its marginal part, thus both minerals are found in one and the same flake. Color is bluish black, with dull luster and brown streak in globular or massive aggregates. Cleavage is perfect in one direction. The hardness ranges from 2.5 to 4. Under reflected light it is anisotropic and bireflectant. It shows reddish brown internal reflection. Chemical analyses of different parts of both minerals suggest that rancieite and chimooite constitute a continuous solid solution series by cationic substitution. The empirical chemical formula for chimooite has been calculated following the general formula, $R_2_{x}$ M $n^{4+}$$_{9­x}$ $O_{18}$ $.$n$H_2O$ for the 7 $\AA$ phyllomanganate minerals, where x varies from 0.81 to 1.28 in so far studied samples, thus averaging to 1.0. Therefore, the formula of Zn­rancieite is close to the well­known strochiometric formula $_Mn_4^{4+}$ $O_{9}$ $.$4$H_2O$. The mineral has the formula (Z $n_{0.78}$N $a_{0.15}$C $a_{0.08}$M $g_{0.01}$ $K_{0.01}$)(M $n^{4+}$$_{3.98}$F $e^{3+}$$_{0.02}$)$_{4.00}$ $O_{9}$ $.$3.85$H_2O$, thus the ideal formula is (Zn,Ca)M $n^{4+}$$_4$ $O_{9}$ $.$3.85$H_2O$. The mineral has a hexagonal unit ceil with a=2.840 $\AA$ c=7.486 $\AA$ and a : c = 1 : 2.636. The DTA curve shows endothermic peaks at 65, 180, 690 and 102$0^{\circ}C$. The IR absorption spectrum shows absorption bands at 445, 500, 1630 and 3400 c $m^{1}$. The mineral name Chimooite has been named in honour of late Prof, Chi Moo Son of Seoul National University.ity.versity.ity.y.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.307-320
• /
• 2003

Garnet has been considered as a possible matrix for the immobilization of radioactive actinides. It is expected that Fe­based garnet be able to have the high substitution ability of actinide elements because ionic radius of Fe in tetrahedral site is larger than that of Si of Si­based garnet. Accordingly, we synthesized Fe­garnet with the batch composition of $Ca_{2,5}$C $e_{0.5}$Z $r_2$F $e_3$ $O_{12}$ and $Ca_2$CeZrFeF $e_3$ $O_{12}$ and studied their phase relations and properties. Mixed samples were fabricated in pellet forms under the pressure of 400 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and were sintered in the temperature range of 1100∼140$0^{\circ}C$ in atmospheric conditions. Phase identification and chemical composition of synthesized samples were analyzed by XRD and SEM/EDS. In results, where the compounds were sintered at 130$0^{\circ}C$, we optimally obtained Fe­garnets as the main phase, even though some minor phases like perovskite were included. The compositions of Fe­garnets synthesized from the batch compositions of $Ca_{2,5}$C $e_{0.5}$Z $r_2$F $e_3$ $O_{12}$ and $Ca_2$CeZrFeF $e_3$ $O_{12}$, are $Ca_{2.5­3.2}$C $e_{0.3­0.7}$Z $r_{1.8­2.8}$F $e_{1.9­3.2}$ $O_{12}$ and $Ca_{2.2­2.5}$C $e_{0.8­1.0}$Z $r_{1.3­1.6}$ F $e_{0.4­.07}$ F $e_{3­3.2}$ $O_{12}$, respectively. Ca contents were exceeded and Ce contents were exceeded or depleted in 8­coodinated site, comparing to the initial batch composition. These results were caused by the compensation of the difference of ionic radius between Ca and Ce.