• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.430-434
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• 2009

Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences have been widely used for the studies on molecular phylogeny, evolutional history, and molecular detections. Bacterial genomes have multiple rRNA operons, of which gene sequences sometimes are variable. In the present study, heterogeneity of the Vibrio 16S rRNA gene sequences were investigated. Vibrio 16S rRNA sequences were obtained from GenBank databases, considering the completion of gene annotation of Vibrio genome sequences. These included V. cholerae, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus, V. splendidus, and V. vulnificus. Chromosome 1 of the studied Vibrio had 7~10 copies of the 16S rRNA gene, and their intragenomic variations were less than 0.9% dissimilarity (more than 99.1% DNA similarity). Chromosome 2 had none or single 16S rRNA gene. Intragenomic 16S rRNA genotypes were detected at least 5 types (V. vulnificus #CMCP6) to 8 types (V. parahaemolyticus #RIMD 2210633, V. harveyi #ATCC BAA-1116). These suggest that Vibrio has high heterogeneity of the 16S rRNA gene sequences.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.169-183
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• 2008

In this study, we measured body mass index, visceral fat ratio and 6 parts of body, neck circumference, circumference of upper arm, chest circumference, abdomen circumference, hip circumference, and thigh circumference by bioimpedence analysis system, after taking Gyeongshingangjeehwan16 (GGEx16) in five months except the first period before taking GGEx16 on 49 women who are obesity or high-level obesity. In order to examine the significance test for the effect of obesity improvement of GGEx16, we practices repeated measure ANOVA with values of measurement variables in 6 monthly times. As a result of all measurement variables, there were significant difference (P-value=0.001). Therefore, we can say that GGEx16 is effective about obesity improvement. As it dramatically decreased between second measure period and first measure period for all measure variables, we can see that there were the most effect of GGEx16 in the first time after taking GGEx16. It is known that a important measurement variable to have a effect for obesity improvement about two variable which are body mass index and visceral fat ratio is waist circumference through correlation analysis. The result of whether there are differences to effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric, there were significant difference for the effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). There were also powerfully difference in effect of obesity improvement for GGEx16 around the climacteric about all parts of body (P-value=0.001). Especially, the climacteric before is more effective than the climacteric after in the aspect of the effect of GGEx16.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.19
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• pp.8351-8359
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• 2014

Background: Recent epidemiological data have implicated human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancers, especially oropharyngeal cancers. Although, HPV has been detected in varied amounts in persons with oral dysplasia, leukoplakias and malignancies, its involvement in oral tongue carcinogenesis remains ambiguous. Materials and Methods: HPV DNA prevalence was assessed by PCR with formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections (n=167) of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients and the physical status of the HPV16 DNA was assessed by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for p16 evaluation. Results: We found the HPV prevalence in tongue cancers to be 51.2%, HPV 16 being present in 85.2% of the positive cases. A notable finding was a very poor concordance between HPV 16 DNA and p16 IHC findings (kappa<0.2). Further molecular classification of patients based on HPV16 DNA prevalence and p16 overexpression showed that patients with tumours showing p16 overexpression had increased hazard of death (HR=2.395; p=0.005) and disease recurrence (HR=2.581; p=0.002) irrespective of their HPV 16 DNA status. Conclusions: Our study has brought out several key facets which can potentially redefine our understanding of tongue cancer tumorigenesis. It has emphatically shown p16 overexpression to be a single important prognostic variable in defining a high risk group and depicting a poorer prognosis, thus highlighting the need for its routine assessment in tongue cancers. Another significant finding was a very poor concordance between p16 expression and HPV infection suggesting that p16 expression should possibly not be used as a surrogate marker for HPV infection in tongue cancers. Interestingly, the prognostic significance of p16 overexpression is different from that reported in oropharyngeal cancers. The mechanism of HPV independent p16 over expression in oral tongue cancers is possibly a distinct entity and needs to be further studied.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.11
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• pp.955-965
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• 2013

The joint tactical information distribution system (JTIDS) is used as the communication terminal of Link-16 by the United States armed forces, north atlantic treaty organization (NATO), and other allied forces. A portion of Link-16 frequencies may be shortly remapped to other systems owing to the growing demand for frequencies, especially in civil aviation, which is witnessing a constant increase in air traffic. This will affect the performance of Link-16. Therefore, in this paper, we analyze the effect of frequency band reduction on the performance of Link-16 waveform under partial-band noise jamming with Nakagami fading, via simulation and numerical analysis. The multi-net and anti-jamming performance of Link-16 with frequency remapping is compared with that of conventional Link-16 systems. The results show that the performance of Link-16 waveform is degraded with the reduction in frequencies. Nonetheless, Link-16 retains its jam resistance, and it can support multiple users in the same time slots.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4127-4130
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• 2013

MicroRNA-16 (miR-16) has been demonstrated to regulate proliferation and apoptosis in many types of cancers, but its biological function in bladder cancer remains unknown. Here, we found expression of miR-16 to be downregulated in bladder cancer in comparison with the adjacent normal tissues. Enforced expression of miR-16 was able to inhibit cell proliferation in TCHu-1 cells, in line with results for miR-16 antisense oligonucleotides (antisense miR-16). At the molecular level, our results further revealed that cyclin D1 expression was negatively regulated by miR-16. Therefore, the data reported here demonstrate that miR-16 is an important regulator in bladder cancer, which will contribute to better understanding of important mis-regulated miRNAs.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.1332-1339
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• 2001

SoC(System on Chip) technology is widely used in the field of embedded systems by providing high flexibility for a specific application domain. An important aspect of development any new embedded system is verification which usually requires lengthy software and hardware co-design. To reduce development cost of design effort, the instruction set of microprocessor must be suitable for a high level language compiler. And FPGA prototype system could be derived and tested for design verification. In this paper, we propose a 16 bit FPGA microprocessor, which is tentatively-named EISC16, based on an EISC(Extendable Instruction Set Computer) architecture for embedded applications. The proposed EISC16 has a 16 bit fixed length instruction set which has the short length offset and small immediate operand. A 16 bit offset and immediate operand could be extended using by an extension register and an extension flag. We developed a cross C/C++ compiler and development software of the EISC16 by porting GNU on an IBM-PC and SUN workstation and compared the object code size created after compiling a C/C. standard library, concluding that EISC16 exhibits a higher code density than existing 16 microprocessors. The proposed EISC16 requires approximately 6,000 gates when designed and synthesized with RTL level VHDL at Xilinix's Virtex XCV300 FPGA. And we design a test board which consists of EISC16 ROM, RAM, LED/LCD panel, periodic timer, input key pad and RS-232C controller. 11 works normally at 7MHz Clock.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.16 no.1112
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• pp.389-398
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• 1980

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2003

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been used to detect deleted regions of a specific chromosome in cancer cells. LOH on chromosome 16q has been reported to occur frequently in progressed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver tissues from 37 Korean HCC patients were analyzed for LOH by using 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers distributed along 16q. Out of the 37 HCC patients studied, 21 patients (56.8%) showed LOH in various regions of 16q with at least one polymorphic marker. Puring the analysis of these 21 LOH cases, 6 patients showed interstitial LOHs in which the boundary of the LOH region was defined. With two rounds of LOH analysis, five commonly occurring interstitial LOH regions were identified; 16q21-22.1, 16q22.2 - 22.3, 16q22.3, 16q23.2 and 16q23.3 - 24.1. Among the five LOH regions the 16q23.3 - 24.1 region has been reported to be related with chromosome instability. A complete physical map, which covers the 3.2 Mb region of 16q23.3 - 24.1 (D16S402 and D16S486), was constructed to identify novel candidate tumor suppressor genes. We provide the minimally tiling path map consisting of 28 BAC clones. There was one gap between NT_10422.11 and NT_019609.9 of the human genome sequence contig (NCBI sequence build 33, April 29, 2003). This gap can be filled by sequencing the R-1425M20 clone which bridges these sequence contigs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1093-1096
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• 2016

The tumor suppressor p16 is a biomarker for transforming human papilloma virus (HPV) infections that can lead to contradictory results in skin carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate p16 expression and HPV-16 infection in the cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This case-control study was performed on paraffin blocks of BCCs and SCCs and normal skin (53, 36, and 44 cases, respectively), between 2006 to 2015. Initial sections for groups were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Immunohistochemistry was performed for p16 expression and human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) infection. Normal group was skin of mammoplasty specimens and normal skin tissue in the periphery of tumors. The mean age at diagnosis was 42.1, 61.7 and 71.4 years for normal, BCC and SCC groups, respectively. P16 positivity was more in SCC and BCC groups compared to normal group (P<0.05) and HPV was negative in all patients in three groups. Also, the mean age at diagnosis and P16-positivity were higher for the SCC group than the BCC group (P<0.005). In conclusion, in non-melanoma skin cancers (SCC and BCC), p16-positivity can be a prognostic factor but there is no correlation between HPV-16 and p16 in these tumors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4049-4057
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• 2016

Background: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV), particularly types 16 and 18, have been found to play an important role in head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). p16, a cell cycle inhibitor, has been postulated as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV, since p16 is aberrantly overexpressed in such lesions, especially in HR-HPV-positive OPSCC. However, p16 as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV infection in cancers of the oral cavity remains controversial. Objective: The objectives of the study were to investigate the expression of p16 and the presence of HR-HPV in OSCC and oral verrucous carcinoma (VC) and to determine if p16 could be used as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV. Materials and Methods: Forty one formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of OSCC (n=37) or VC (n=4) with clinical and histopathologic data of each case were collected. Expression of p16 was determined by immunohistochemistry, focusing on both staining intensity and numbers of positive cells. The presence of HPV types 16 and 18 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics were employed to describe the demographic, clinical, and histopathologic parameters. Associations between p16 overexpression, HR-HPV and all variables were determined by Fisher's exact test, odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In addition, the use of p16 as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV was analyzed by sensitivity and specificity tests. Results: p16 was overexpressed in 8/37 cases (21.6%) of OSCC and 2/4 cases (50%) of VC. HPV-16 was detected in 4/34 OSCC cases (11.8%) and HPV-18 was detected in 1/34 OSCC cases (2.9%). Co-infection of HPV-16/18 was detected in 1/4 VC cases (25%). Both p16 overexpression and HR-HPV were significantly associated with young patients with both OSCC and VC (p<0.05, OR 20, 95% CI 1.9-211.8; p<0.05, OR 23.3, 95% CI 2.4-229.7, respectively). p16 was able to predict the presence of HPV-16/18 in OSCC with 40% sensitivity and 79.3% specificity and in VC with 100% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity, respectively. Conclusions: p16 overexpression was found in 24.4% of both OSCC and VC. HR-HPV, regardless of type, was detected in 15.8% in cases of OSCC and VC combined. The results of sensitivity and specificity tests suggest that p16 can be used as a surrogate marker for HR-HPV in OSCC and VC.