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Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of MR-16 Lamp Series with Narrow Angular Distribution of Luminous Intensity Using an Aspherical Planar-convex 2×2 Fly-eye Lens Type (평면-비구면 2×2 fly-eye 렌즈형태의 2차 렌즈를 사용한 고효율의 좁은 배광각을 갖는 MR-16 램프 시리즈 제작 및 성능평가)

  • Chu, Kyung-duk;Ryu, Jae Myung;Hong, Chun-Gang;Jeong, Youn Hong;Jo, Jae Heung
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.18 no.8
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    • pp.25-33
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    • 2017
  • This paper reports the optical design of the MR-16 lamp series with a LED second lens and an aspherical plano-convex lens suitable for a simple and rapid injection molding fabrication method. The fabrication and performance evaluation of the MR-16 lamp series, which was designed with a narrow angular distribution of luminous intensity, were conducted to replace halogen lamps with LED lamps. Four types of LED lamps were fabricated, which have angular distributions of luminous intensity of $22.4^{\circ}$, $31.1^{\circ}$, $37.3^{\circ}$, and $59.9^{\circ}$ and luminous efficiencies of 76.5 lm/W, 75.2 lm/W, 72.0 lm/W, and 77.8 lm/W, respectively, while their spreading angles with an illuminance uniformity of 81% were $3^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, $22^{\circ}$, and $49^{\circ}$, respectively. After eliminating a yellow tail of the LED lamps using a diffusion sheet, the angular distributions of the luminous intensity were measured to be $20.8^{\circ}$, $31.5^{\circ}$, $37.8^{\circ}$, and $68.7^{\circ}$.

Early Successional Change of Vegetation Composition After Clear Cutting in Pinus densiflora Stands in Southern Gangwon Province (강원도 남부지역에서 소나무림 벌채 후 초기 종조성 변화)

  • Cho, Yong Chan;Kim, Jun Soo;Lee, Chang Seok;Cho, Hyun Je;Lee, Ho Yeong;Bae, Kwan Ho
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.100 no.2
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    • pp.240-245
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    • 2011
  • Vegetation changes were studied for 16 yr in clearcut logged Pinus densiflora forests in the southern Gangwon-do province in Korea by applying chronosequence approach. Ambient temperature and relative humidity, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), Multiple Responses Permutation Procedure (MRPP), Indicator Species Analysis (ISPAN) were used to examine successional trajectory and compositional changes. After clearcutting, canopy openness was increased abruptly at three folds (1yr 68.3% and R1 23.0%) and then decreased, but relative moisture was slightly decreased (6%) compare to control site. In the result of DCA, right after clear cutting, vegetation composition was developed heterogeneously compared to control sites, and then approached to control sites within 16 years. Based on MRPP, species composition of each developmental stages (1yr, 3yr, 10yr and 16yr) revealed signigicant differences to that of control vegetation (R1, R3, R10 and R16). Indicator species in 1yr and 3yr samples included various woody species rather than herbaceous species, but in 10yr and 16yr, herbaceous were more abundant. Earlier succession of pine forests likely can explain to Initial Floristic Composition (IFC) Model.

The Alignment Evaluation for Patient Positioning System(PPS) of Gamma Knife PerfexionTM (감마나이프 퍼펙션의 자동환자이송장치에 대한 정렬됨 평가)

  • Jin, Seong Jin;Kim, Gyeong Rip;Hur, Beong Ik
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.203-209
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to assess the mechanical stability and alignment of the patient positioning system (PPS) of Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion(LGK PFX). The alignment of the PPS of the LGK PFX was evaluated through measurements of the deviation of the coincidence of the Radiological Focus Point(RFP) and the PPS Calibration Center Point(CCP) applying different weights on the couch(0, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 kg). In measurements, a service diode test tool with three diode detectors being used biannually at the time of the routine preventive maintenance was used. The test conducted with varying weights on the PPS using the service diode test tool measured the radial deviations for all three collimators 4, 8, and 16 mm and also for three different positions of the PPS. In order to evaluate the alignment of the PPS, the radial deviations of the correspondence of the radiation focus and the LGK calibration center point of multiple beams were averaged using the calibrated service diode test tool at three university hospitals in Busan and Gyeongnam. Looking at the center diode for all collimators 4, 8, and 16 mm without weight on the PPS, and examining the short and long diodes for the 4 mm collimator, the means of the validation difference, i.e., the radial deviation for the setting of 4, 8, and 16 mm collimators for the center diode were respectively measured to 0.058 ± 0.023, 0.079 ± 0.023, and 0.097 ± 0.049 mm, and when the 4 mm collimator was applied to the center diode, the short diode, and the long diode, the average of the radial deviation was respectively 0.058 ± 0.023, 0.078 ± 0.01 and 0.070 ± 0.023 mm. The average of the radial deviations when irradiating 8 and 16 mm collimators on short and long diodes without weight are measured to 0.07 ± 0.003(8 mm sd), 0.153 ± 0.002 mm(16 mm sd) and 0.031 ± 0.014(8 mm ld), 0.175 ± 0.01 mm(16 mm ld) respectively. When various weights of 50 to 90 kg are placed on the PPS, the average of radial deviation when irradiated to the center diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm is 0.061 ± 0.041 to 0.075 ± 0.015, 0.023 ± 0.004 to 0.034 ± 0.003, and 0.158 ± 0.08 to 0.17 ± 0.043 mm, respectively. In addition, in the same situation, when the short diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm was irradiated, the averages of radial deviations were 0.063 ± 0.024 to 0.07 ± 0.017, 0.037 ± 0.006 to 0.059 ± 0.001, and 0.154 ± 0.03 to 0.165 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. In addition, when irradiated on long diode for 4, 8, and 16 mm, the averages of radial deviations were measured to be 0.102 ± 0.029 to 0.124 ± 0.036, 0.035 ± 0.004 to 0.054 ± 0.02, and 0.183 ± 0.092 to 0.202 ± 0.012 mm, respectively. It was confirmed that all the verification results performed were in accordance with the manufacturer's allowable deviation criteria. It was found that weight dependence was negligible as a result of measuring the alignment according to various weights placed on the PPS that mimics the actual treatment environment. In particular, no further adjustment or recalibration of the PPS was required during the verification. It has been confirmed that the verification test of the PPS according to various weights is suitable for normal Quality Assurance of LGK PFX.

Fatty Acid Composition of Achatina fucica Bowdich and Ampullarius insularus (식용달팽이와 왕우렁이의 지방산 조성)

  • Park, Il-Woong;Kim, Choong-Ki
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.36-42
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    • 1992
  • The lipid compositions of total lipid extracted from the flesh divided into albinic type and melanic type of culture shellfishes, i.e. Achatina fucica Bowdich, Ampullarius insularus were compared. Total lipid contents of shellfishes were $1.11{\sim}3.25%$, the levels were appeared higher in Ampullarius insularus than Achatina fucica Bowdich, and in albinic type than melanic type. It was found that the contents of neutral lipids $(31.79{\sim}40.60%)$ and phospholipids $(50.95{\sim}62.12%)$ were high, while that of glycolipids $(4.84{\sim}9.47%)$ were low. The major fatty acids in total lipid of each sample were $C_{18:2}(11.92{\sim}14.37%)$, $C_{18:1}(12.34{\sim}13.64%)$, $C_{20:4}(11.03{\sim}13.74%)$, $C_{16:0}(7.45{\sim}15.39%)$ and $C_{18:0}(7.34{\sim}11.80%)$ and additionally $C_{20:2}(9.62{\sim}10.19%)$ in Achatina fucica Bowdich, and the major fatty acid composition in total lipids of each sample showed no significant differences between albinic type and melanic type, respectively. Particularly the content of $C_{16:0}$ in total lipids was shown more abundant in Ampullarius insularus and that of $C_{18:0}$, C_{20:2}$ in Achatina fucica Bowdich. The content of polyene acids in total lipids occupied higher level in Achatina fucica Bowdich but $C_{22:6}$ was almost detected, and observed relatively higher amounts in Ampullarius insularus. The main fatty acids in neutral lipid of Achatina fucica Bowdich were $C_{18:2}(16.80{\sim}17.74%)$, $C_{20:2}(12.15{\sim}12.59%)$, $C_{18:1}(9.79{\sim}10.37%)$, $C_{18:0}(7.71{\sim}12.43%)$ and C_{16:0},\;C_{20:4}$ and additionally $C_{18:3} (20.90%)$ was shown predominant in melanic type and the level of polyene acid highest in neutral lipids. The neutral lipids in each type of Ampullarius insularus were mainly composed of $C_{16:0}(16.96{\sim}17.46%)$, $C_{18:1}(13.79{\sim}13.95%)$ and $C_{18:2} (12.90{\sim}15.70%)$ and additionally it chiefly consisted of $C_{18:1}$, $C_{20:4}$and$C_{22:6}$. The major fatty acids in each type of glycolipids were $C_{18:2}(19.01{\sim}19.72)$, $C_{16:0}(12.89{\sim}18.76%)$ and $C_{18:0}(12.68{\sim}17.52%)$ and additionally $C_{18:1}$ in Achatina fucica Bowdich, but $C_{22:1}$ was detected in relatively higher level by 6.95% in albinic type only. The major fatty acids in glycolipids were $C_{18:2}(12.46{\sim}18.21%)$, $C_{16:0}(10.43{\sim}18.48%)$, $C_{20:1}(10.51{\sim}14.59%)$, $C_{20:4}(8.24{\sim}12.34%)$ and additionally it chiefly consisted of $C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ in Ampullarius insularus. The fatty acid composition in phospholipids of each sample was very resembled to total lipids, respectively.

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Capacity Increasement of Trellis Coded 16 QAM Multi-Carrier CDMA System due to SC/MRC Diversity in Multiuser Interference and Rician Fading Channel.

  • 노재성;강희조;김춘길;김언곤;조성준
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.25 no.3A
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    • pp.362-374
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    • 2000
  • In this paper, trellis coded 16 QAM Multi-Carrior CDMA system is proposed, Using the equivalent signal-to-noise plus interference Power ratio (SNIR) of Multi-Carrier CDMA system in the reverse link, capacity and BER performance of trellis coded 16 QAM Multi-Carrier CDMA system are analyzed taking into account the number of multi-carrier, the number of multiple access user, the number of SC/MRC diversity branch, and Rician fading parameter in multiuser interference and Rician fading channel. And the capacity and the BER performance of trellis coded 16 QAM Multi-Carrier CDMA system using selection combining (SC) and maximal ratio cabining (MRC) diversity are numerically compared. Obtained results show that the capacity of proposed system depends on the number of multi-carrier. ti is found that the trellis coded 16 QAM Multi-Carrier CDMA system with SC/MRC antenna diversity scheme is efficient to combat multipath fading and to increase the maximum number of users in high speed data communication. With the results of analysis. MRC diversity technique provides the performance fro high speed data communications. Finally, we present a numerical approach to derive the capacity and the BER performance and to find the maximum number of multiple access user for Multi-Carrier system in multiuser interference and Rician fading channel.

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Comparison of Clinical Characteristics between Occupational and Sporadic Young-Onset Cholangiocarcinoma

  • Kaneko, Rena;Kubo, Shoji;Sato, Yuzuru
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.16
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    • pp.7195-7200
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    • 2015
  • Background: Since seventeen employees of an offset printing company in Osaka, Japan developed cholangiocarcinoma it has become recognized as an occupational cancer. This study investigated the differences of clinical features between occupational cholangiocarcinoma and sporadic young-onset cholangiocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four young adults (<50 years old) with sporadic cholangiocarcinoma were extracted from the Rosai Hospital Group database (sporadic group) and their clinical features were compared with those of 17 patients with occupational cholangiocarcinoma (occupational group). Results: The 34 patients in the sporadic group were treated for cholangiocarcinoma at 16 different Rosai hospitals. There were significant differences of age (p<0.01), gender (p<0.01), abnormal laboratory tests (p<0.01), and tumor location (p<0.01) between the two groups. The percentage of patients with abnormal laboratory tests was significantly higher in the occupational group than in the sporadic group (p<0.001). Regional dilation of bile ducts, which is a characteristic of occupational cholangiocarcinoma, was not observed in the sporadic group. Conclusions: No cluster of cholangiocarcinoma cases was identified in the Rosai Hospital database. There were differences of clinical features between occupational and sporadic cholangiocarcinoma, which might be helpful for diagnosing occupational cholangiocarcinoma in the future.

A Design of the TCM Decoder for DAB Receiver (DAB 수신기용 TCM 디코더의 설계)

  • Kim, Duck-Hyun;Kim, Geon;Park, So-Ra;Chung, Young-Ho;Oh, Kil-Nam
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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    • 1999.11b
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    • pp.173-178
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    • 1999
  • The Trellis Coded Modulation(TCM) allows the considerable achievements of coding gains compare with conventional multi-level modulation without compromising bandwidth efficiency. In this paper, we are presented a design of the parallel Viterbi decoder for 16-QAM TCM decoder with large constraint length (K=9), which can be applicable for the Digital Audio Broadcasting(DAB) receiver. As a mid-term result, a parallel Branch Metric Calculator (BMC)can compute 16 BMs within 3 clocks and a parallel 16 Add-Compare-Selects (ACS) unit can compute in a single clock. And also, two 256 Path Metric Memories (PMM) 32 Trace Back(TB) memories are specially designed with shuffle exchange switches for 16 parallel accesses. As a VHDL simulation, we can find the correctness of proposed model, which can be operated 16 S per symbol. Now, we are performing the hardware reduction for realtime operation and FPGA implementation.

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Effects of HIF-1α/VP16 Hybrid Transcription Factor on Estrogen Receptor in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

  • Cho, Jung-Yoon;Park, Mi-Kyung;Lee, Young-Joo
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.227-231
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    • 2005
  • The estrogen receptor (ER) is activated and degraded by estrogen. We have examined ER downregulation and activation under hypoxia mimetic conditions. Cobalt chloride induced ER downregulation at 24 h of treatment. This degradation involved hypoxia-inducible factor-1$\alpha$ (HIF-1$\alpha$) as examined by using a constitutively active form of HIF-1$\alpha$, HIF-1$\alpha$/VP16, constructed by replacing the transactivation domain of HIF-1$\alpha$ with that of VP16. Western blot analysis revealed that E2-induced ER downregulation was observed within ${\~}6h$, whereas HIF-1$\alpha$/VP16-induced ER degradation was observed within 12${\~}$20h. HIF-1$\alpha$/VP16 activated the transcription of estrogen-responsive reporter gene in the absence of estrogen. These results suggest that ER downregulation and activation under hypoxia maybe mediated in part by a HIP-1$\alpha$ expression.

Thermal Design of a MR16 LED Light with the Effects of Ceiling Unit Mount (실링 유닛 장착효과를 고려한 MR16 LED 조명등 방열설계)

  • Hwang, Soon-Ho;Lee, Young-Lim
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.11 no.9
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    • pp.3141-3147
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    • 2010
  • The most important cause for shortening LED lighting efficiency and life is the junction temperature rises and, to solve this problem, various studies such as thermally efficient packaging, highly conductive material development, contact resistance improvement or heat sink optimization have been studied. However, most studies so far assumed that the LED lights are in the atmosphere, and thermal performance has not been therefore reported when the LED lights are mounted on the ceiling with ceiling unit. Thus, this study investigates the variation of junction temperature of the MR16 LED light under actual installation conditions and more accurate thermal design for the efficiency and life of LED lights is therefore achieved.

The Study on the Fashion Style of Presidential Candidates in Korea - Focusing on 16-18 Election - (한국 대선후보자의 패션스타일 연구 - 16-18 대선을 중심으로 -)

  • Lee, Ene-Sook;Chang, Geunghae
    • Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.113-127
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    • 2016
  • This study was aimed to analyzing the fashion style worn during the election campaign in the 16-18 Korea presidential candidates. In order to derive a comprehensive fashion style of each candidate it was classified as outfits, items, colors, patterns, accessories and the like. Research data was collected through literature, newspapers, Internet sites, etc., and SPSS statistical package was performed. In research data, 16 presidential candidates photographs were 87, 17 presidential candidates photographs were 82, 18 presidential candidates photographs were 155 as photograph by exposure to the media during each presidential campaign. The results of this study are as follows: In the fashion style of presidential candidates, male candidates mainly dressed in a tie and suit, but the 18 candidates dressed in casual wear unlike previous candidates. In tie color, 16 appeared in the red series, 17 election and 18 election appeared in blue series. Female candidate, Park Geun-hye candidate dressed in the combination of a jacket and blouse and pants. Therefore fashion style of presidential candidates got a strong symbolic image functions as political lines, ideologies, beliefs, and the campaign promises. Because describing the fashion style of candidates based on the statistical result, it requires attention to generalization.

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