• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.519-526
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• 2008

To improve the quality of traditional kochujang, strains with high protease and amylase activity were isolated and identified from Sunchang traditional kochujang. Twenty-three strains strongly producing protease and 16 strains strongly producing $\alpha$- and $\beta$-amylase were isolated by using 1% isolated soy protein agar medium and 2% starch agar medium, respectively. Protease activities of the IA7, I5, and IA2 strain were 22.5, 21.2, and 20.6 unit/mL, respectively, and were higher than those of the other strains. Stains with high $\alpha$-amylase activity included K9 (967.8 unit/mL), K14 (828.3 unit/mL), K13 (662.5 unit/mL), K8 (601.5 unit/mL), and K11 (405.9 unit/mL). The $\beta$-amylase activity of the K11 strain was the highest, 34.3 unit/mL, among the isolated strains. Based on morphological, physiological properties, and API 50CHB-kit test for assimilation of 49 carbohydrates, 8 strains selected according to protease, $\alpha$-amylase, and $\beta$-amylase activities were tentatively identified as Bacillus megaterium (IA2), Bacillus subtilis (IA7, 15), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (K8, K9, K11, and K13), and Bacillus stearothermophillus (K14). The IA7, 15, and K11 strains were finally identified as B. subtilis (99% ID) based on 16S rDNA sequencing.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

Anti-diabetic potential of the leaves of A. elata through the inhibitory activity on PTP1B and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase has not been reported. In this study, the EtOAc fraction of methanolic extract from the leaves of A. elata showed potent inhibitory activity against the PTP1B and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase with $IC_{50}$ value of $96.29{\pm}0.3$ and $264.71{\pm}14.87{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Three known triterpenoids, oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid-28-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside and oleanolic acid-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside were isolated from the most active EtOAc fraction. We determined the chemical structure of these triterpenoids through comparisons of published nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data. Furthermore, we screened these triterpenoids for their ability to inhibit PTP1B and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase over a range of concentrations ($12.5-50{\mu}M$). All three terpenoids significantly inhibited PTP1B in a concentration dependent manner and oleanolic acid effectively inhibited ${\alpha}$-glucosidase. In addition, these compounds revealed potent inhibitory activity with negative binding energies toward PTP1B, showing high affinity and tight binding capacity in the molecular docking studies. Therefore, the results of the present study clearly demonstrate that A. elata leaves and its triterpenoid constituents might be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of diabetic disease.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2007

Photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterile (PGMS) rice is sterile mutant controlled by photoperiod. A PGMS mutant 920S was sterile grown under long-day (LD) photoperiod (14 h light/10 h dark) but fertile grown under short-day (SD) photoperiod (10 h light/14 h dark). Proteome analysis revealed that 12 protein spots were differentially expressed in the spikelets of 920S plants either treated with LD or SD photoperiod. Among these proteins, three proteins including chlorophyll a/b binding protein, vacuolar ATPase ${\beta}-subunit,\;{\alpha}-tubulin$ and an unknown protein were more than three-fold abundant in the spikelet of the SD-treated plants than those of the LD-treated plants. On the other hand, eight proteins including acetyl transferase, 2, 3- biphosphoglycerate, aminopeptidase N, pyruvate decarboxylase, 60S acidic ribosomal protein and three unknown protein spots were more abundant in the spikelets of the LD-treated plants than those of the SD-treated plants. The results suggest that the observed proteins may be involved in sterile or fertile pollen development under LD or SD photoperiod respectively in the PGMS mutant rice.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.162-166
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• 1988

Holstein cows being raised in the Kangweon district were examined on the values of blood chemistry in infertile cows. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Total serum protein was 7.52$\pm$0.45g/100ml 2. Serum albumin was 3.06$\pm$0.28g/100ml 3. In values of serum globulin, $\alpha$1-globulin, $\alpha$2- globulin, $\beta$-globulin and ${\gamma}$-globulin were 0.79$\pm$0.14, 0.60$\pm$0.10, 0.86$\pm$0.13 and 2.21$\pm$0.35ng/100ml, respectively. 4. A/G ration was 0.69$\pm$0.09 5. Total cholesterol in serum was 119.73$\pm$34.52mg/100ml 6. Blood glucose was 55.24$\pm$6.46mg/100ml 7. Serum calcium was 9.27$\pm$0.87mg/100ml 8. Serum inorganic phosphorus was 5.74$\pm$0.86mg/100ml 9. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase was 47.90$\pm$11.02I$\mu$/l 10. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase was 14.20$\pm$3.02I$\mu$/l

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3223-3228
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• 2016

Reports indicate that 15-deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin-J2 (15d-PGJ2) has anticancer activities, but its mechanisms of action have yet to be fully elucidated. We therefore investigated the effects of 15d-PGJ2 on the human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 (estrogen receptor $ER{\alpha}+/ER{\beta}+$) and MDA-MB-231 ($ER{\alpha}-/ER{\beta}+$). Cellular proliferation and cytotoxicity were determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays while apoptosis was determined by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) staining. ER expression was determined by Western blotting. Intracellular calcium was stained with Fluo-4 AM while intracellular caspase activities were detected with Caspase-$FLICA(R)$ and measured by flow cytometry. We showed that 15d-PGJ2 caused a significant increase in apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. $ER{\alpha}$ protein expression was reduced in treated MCF-7 cells but pre-incubation with the $ER{\alpha}$ inhibitor' ICI 182 780' did not affect the percentage of apoptotic cells. The expression of $ER{\beta}$ was unchanged in both cell lines. In addition, 15d-PGJ2 increased intracellular calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) staining and caspase 8, 9 and 3/7 activities. We therefore conclude that 15d-PGJ2 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis that is associated with an influx of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ with no involvement of ER signaling.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 1982

Total protein levels of 60 bovine bull sera were treasured with refractometer and the strum proteins were fractionated by cellulose acetate membrane electorphoresis and the relative amount of each fraction was measured with automatic scanning densitometer. The sixty bovine bulls consisted of 17 Charolais bulls, 28 Holstein bulls and 15 Korean bulls. Mean total serum protein level of the total bulls was $7.50{\pm}0.50(Mean{\pm}SD)$, with the mean of Charolais $7.04{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $7.62{\pm}0.40g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $7.81{\pm}0.43g/dl$. As barbital-calcium buffer was used in fractionating the bovine serum protein with cellulose acetate membrane, electric current of 0.4 mA per centimeter width of the membrane for an hour resulted in more clear separation between ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin than electric current of 0.6 or 1.0 mA for an hour. However ${\alpha}_1$-globulin and ${\alpha}_2$-globulin could not be measured separately with automatic scanning densitometer. Mean serum albumin level of total bulls was $3.54{\pm}0.42g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $3.42{\pm}0.26g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $3.69{\pm}0.38g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $3.39{\pm}0.55g/dl$. Mean serum ${\alpha}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.62{\pm}0.14g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.61{\pm}0.07g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.60{\pm}0.11g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $0.67{\pm}0.23g/dl$. Mean ${\beta}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $0.85{\pm}0.21g/dl$, with the mean of Charolais $0.74{\pm}0.11g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $0.83{\pm}0.14g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $1.02{\pm}0.30g/dl$. Mean serum ${\gamma}$-globulin level of the total bulls was $2.48{\pm}0.45g/dl$ with the mean of Charolais $2.27{\pm}0.37g/dl$, the mean of Holstein $2.48{\pm}0.44g/dl$ and the mean of Korean $2.72{\pm}0.47g/dl$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2010

The present study was to investigate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of Perillae semen in RBL-2H3 basophilic leukemia cells. Inhibitory effect of Perillae semen onto free radical generation was determined by measuring DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in vitro. Anti-inflammatory actions of Perillae semen extracts (100, 250, $500\;{\mu}g/mL$) were assessed by testing their effects on the degranulation of mast cells. For this, $\beta$-hexosaminidase released from RBL-2H3 cells was used and proinflammatory cytokines were measured by an ELISA kit. Our results indicated that Perillae semen water extracts effectively inhibited free radical generation. At the concentration of $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ of water extract, the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells were inhibited by 42.1%. The IgE-antigen complex increased the accumulation of IL-4 and TNF-$\alpha$ secretion in RBL-2H3 cells and treatments with 250 and $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ of Perillae semen extracts suppressed the IgE induced secretion of IL-4 and TNF-$\alpha$ protein by 20.5, 26.9% and 14.5, 16.5% respectively. We observed that Perillae semen water extract reduced $\beta$-hexosaminidase, IL-4, and TNF-$\alpha$ secretion in RBL-2H3 cells. These results provide that Perillae semen may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disease.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2010

To elucidate the invasion mechanism of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri, especially a receptor-ligand recognition, we investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of pathogenic N. fowleri and nonpathogenic N. gruberi to murine macrophages, RAW 264.7, by adding four kinds of saccharides, ${\alpha}$-fucose, ${\beta}$-galactose, ${\alpha}$-D-mannopyranoside (${\alpha}$-mannose) and xylose. There was not enough of a difference in the cytotoxicity of N. fowleri treated with 10 mM of each saccharide. In particular, the cytotoxicity of N. fowleri was highly inhibited by 100 mM ${\alpha}$-mannose, which was 62.3% inhibition calculated by the analysis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. Although murine macrophages were not significantly destroyed by nonpathogenic N. gruberi under hematoxylin staining, the cytotoxicity of N. gruberi was inhibited from 31.5% to 14.5% (P<0.01) by 100 mM ${\alpha}$-mannose treatment. The binding of N. fowleri to macrophages was inhibited from 33% to 50% by 100 mM ${\alpha}$-mannose. Furthermore, as results of the adhesion assays which were performed to determine whether binding of Naegleria is mediated by saccharides-binding protein, the binding ability of N. fowleri as well as N. gruberi was inhibited by 100 mM ${\alpha}$-mannose.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2018

This study was designed to investigate the effects of multi-enzyme on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.1% multienzyme (Multi; mixture of ${\beta}-mannanase$, xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Frequency of diarrhea, levels of packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), immunoglobulins, cortisol, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Multi group tended to decrease (p<0.1) diarrhea frequency than CON group during 2 wk after weaning. Lower values of PCV on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.1) were found in Multi group compared with CON group. There were no significant differences on WBC number and immunoglobulin (Ig) M and A between Multi and CON groups. However, Multi group tended to increase (p<0.1) Ig G on d 7 than CON group. Moreover, Multi group showed modulated immune responses, indicated by decreased levels of cortisol (p<0.05) on d 7 and 14, $TNF-{\alpha}$ on d 3 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), $TGF-{\beta}$ on d 2 (p<0.05) and d 7 (p<0.10), and CRP (p<0.10) on d 3 and 7 after weaning compared with CON group. Consequently, inclusion of multi-enzyme in diets for weaned pigs improved gut health and modulated immune responses of weaned pigs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.347-360
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• 2000

Bone remodeling results from the combined process of bone resorption and new bone formation which is regulated in part by some of the polypeptide growth factors such as platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), which has been known to be an important local regulator of bone cell activity and participate in normal bone remodeling. This process includes strictly regulated gene expression of several bone matrix proteins such as type I collagen and osteopontin, a 44 kDa phosphorylated glycoprotein, which has important roles in bone formation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effecs of PDGF-BB on the mRNA expression of bone matrix protein, type I collagen and osteopontin, in MC3T3- E1 cell culture. Cells were seeded at $5{\times}10^5$ cells in 10 ml of minimum essential medium alpha(${\alpha}-MEM$) containig 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 mM beta glycerophosphate. 0.1, 1, 10 ng/ml PDGF-BB were added to the cells for the day 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and cultured for 24 hours. Type I collagen cDNA, Hf677, and osteopontin cDNA were used as probes for northern blot analysis. Total cellular RNA was purified at indicated day and northern blot analysis was performed. The results were as follows : Type I collagen mRNA expressions were higher at the day 3 and 7, and lower in the day 14, 21 in the control groups. In the experimental groups, mRNA expressions were increased when 0.1 ng/ml PDGF-BB were added on the day 3, 7, 21, and decreased in dose-dependent manner on the day 14, decreased at all added dose on the day 28. Osteopontin mRNA expressions were highest in the day 21 groups and lowest in the day 14 groups in the control groups. Interesting results were shown in the day 14 and 21 groups. We found that osteopontin mRNA level was increased in dose dependent manner in the day 14 groups, and decreased dose dependent manner in the day 21 groups. In conclusion, PDGF-BB may have various control effects on type I mRNA expression in the growth and differentiation process of MC3T3-E1 cells and may have contrary regulatory effects on osteopontin mRNA expression. For examples, when the baseline level of osteopontin mRNA was low, as in the day 14, PDGF-BB up-regulated osteopontin mRNA expression in dose dependent manner, and when the baseline level was high as in the day 21, PDGF-BB down-regulated dose dependent manner. Thus, it may be useful for clinical application in periodontal regeneration procedure if further study were performed.