• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.13-482
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• 1998

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.818-823
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• 2011

Recently, we showed that green tea extract (GTE) markedly lowers the intestinal absorption of $^{14}C$-benzo[a]pyrene ($^{14}C$-BaP) and enhances its secretion into the biliary route, suggesting a protective role for GTE against body burden. These findings indicate that green tea could be used as an effective dietary means against the toxicity of BaP. The present study, therefore, was designed to investigate if green tea intake could affect the tissue distribution and deposition of $^{14}C$-BaP in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats had free access to a nutritionally adequate AIN-93G diet and deionized water. At ~340 g of weight, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with 27.4 kBq of [4-$^{14}C$]-BaP and 5.0 mg of BaP dissolved in $300\;{\mu}L$ of olive oil and then assigned randomly to the following two groups: one group (GTE) of rats was fed the AIN-93G diet with GTE via drinking water at approx. 4.7 mg of catechins/d, whereas the other was fed the same diet but without GTE (control). At 4 wk of dietary treatment with GTE, animals were euthanized and heart, liver, brain, spleen, kidney, retroperitoneal fat, testis, and epididymal fat were collected, weighed, and analyzed for tissue $^{14}C$-BaP. Both the control and GTE groups continuously gained weight throughout the study, but there was no significant difference between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the weights of heart, liver, brain, spleen, kidney, retroperitoneal fat, testis, and epididymal fat. However, the radioactivities of $^{14}C$-BaP, expressed in dpm/g, were significantly lower in the heart, liver, brain, spleen, and epididymal fat of rats receiving GTE as compared to their respective controls. These data indicate that green tea intake markedly lowers tissue accumulation of $^{14}C$-BaP. Taken together, these findings suggest that the decreased tissue levels of BaP by GTE intake may be associated with lowered intestinal absorption of BaP and its enhanced secretion into the bile.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 1998

The biosynthesis of galactolipid and the composition of fatty acid in chloroplast and thylakoid envelope isolated from C. ellipsoidea treated with antiseptics (potassium sorbate: PS, sodium benzoate:SB, calcium propionate:CP) were analyzed. The contents of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and total lipid in treatment with antiseptics were lower to compared with the control. The major fatty acid utilized for biosynthesis of MGDG in chloroplast envelope were palmitoleic acid (ave. 15.55%), oleic acid (ave. 15.09%) in control. Otherwise, the major fatty acids in P.S treatment were utilized for oleic acid (ave. 13.71%), linolenic acid (ave. 14.36%), palmitoleic acid (ave. 18.26%), oleic acid (ave. 17.26%) in S.B treatment, and oleic acid (ave. 16.88%), palmitoleic acid (ave. 16.31%) in CP treatment. It was showed that the major fatty acids in chloroplast envelope DGDG were oleic acid (ave. 15.75%), linolenic acid (ave. 17.74%) in control, oleic acid (ave. 14.90%), palmitoleic acid (ave. 15.97%) in P.S treatment, palmitoleic acid (ave. 13.29%), oleic acid (ave. 15.74%) in S.B treatment, and oleic acid (ave. 14.52%), palmitoleic acid (ave. 14.03%) in C.P treatment. The major fatty acid utilized for biosynthesis of MGDG in thylakoid envelope were linolenic acid (ave. 14.78%), oleic acid (ave. 12.90%) in control. Otherwise, the major fatty acids were utilized for palmitoleic acid (ave. 13.00%), palmitic acid (ave. 13.00%) in P.S treatment, palmitoleic acid (ave. 12.94%), oleic acid (ave. 12.43%) in S.B treatment, and oleic acid (ave. 12.43%), palmitoleic acid (ave. 12.43%) in C.P treatment. It was showed that the major fatty acids in thylakoid envelope DGDG were linolenic acid (ave. 18.01 %), oleic acid (ave. 15.53%) in control, linolenic acid (ave. 19.20%), linoleic acid (ave. 14.14%) in P.S treatment, palmitoleic acid (ave. 9.03%), oleic acid (ave. 14.85%) in S.B treatment, oleic acid (ave. 13.90%), linolneic acid(ave. 12.66%) in C.P treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.122-126
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• 2003

In this study, $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer of 0.7 $\mu\textrm{m}$-thickness was grown on GaAs(100) substrate by using hot wallepitaxy. GaAs(100) substrate was removed from $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Teepilayer by the selective etching solution. The crystal structure and the lattice constant of only Z $n_{0.86}$ M $n_{0.14}$Te epilayer were investigated to be zincblende and 6.140 $\AA$ from X-ray diffraction pattern, respectively. Mn composition x of $Zn_{1-x}Mn_x$Te epilayer was found to be 0.14 using this lattice constant and Vegard's law. The crystal quality of the epilayer was confirmed to be very good due to 256 arcsec-full-width at half-maximum of the double crystal rocking curve. The absorption spectra from the transmission ones were obtained to measure the band gap energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer from 300 K to 10 K. With the decreasing temperature,. strong absorption regions in the absorption spectra were shifted to higher energy side and the absorption peak meaning the free exciton formation appeared near the absorption edge. The band gap energy values of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer at 0 K and 300 K were found to be almost 2.4947 eV and 2.330 eV from the temperature dependence of the free exciton peak position energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer, respectively. The free exciton peak position energy of $Zn_{0.86}Mn_{0.14}$Te epilayer without GaAs substrate was larger 15.4 meV than photoluminescence peak position energy at 10 K. This energy difference between two peaks was analysed to be Stokes shift.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.198-209
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• 2004

In order to elucidate the behavior of the fungicide hexaconazole in soil and rice plants, rice plants were grown for 42 days in a microecosystem (pot) containing fresh and 28 day-aged soil residues of $[^{14}C]$hexaconazole. The amount of $^{14}CO_2$ evolved during 28 days of aging was 0.11 % of total $^{14}C$-radioactivity treated and the averaged weekly degradation rate was 0.03%. Mineralization rates for 42 days of rice cultivation on fresh and aged paddy soils were 0.67% of the total $^{14}C$ in case of non-rice planting on aged soil and 1.17% in case of rice planting on aged soil, whereas 1.25% in non-rice planting on fresh soil and 1.72% in case of rice planting on fresh soil, suggesting that the amounts of $^{14}CO_2$ were evolved higher from fresh soils than aged ones and from rice-planting soils than non-planting ones. The amounts of volatiles collected were very low as background levels. Most of $^{14}C$-Radioactivity was remained in soil after 42 days of rice cultivation and $^{14}C$ absorbed through rice roots was distributed more in shoots than roots and translocated into the edge of shoots of rice plants. Amounts of non-extractable $^{14}C$ in soils were higher in rice planted soil than in non-planting soil. The distribution of non-extractable $^{14}C$ was increased in the order of humin>fulvic acid>humic acid. The amounts of $^{14}C$ translocated into rotational crop Chinese cabbage were 2.36 and 3.69% of the total $^{14}C$ in case of rice planted soil containing fresh and aged residues, respectively, suggesting that small amounts of $[^{14}C]$hexaconazole and its metabolite(s) were absorbed and their bound residues were more available than their fresh ones to Chinese cabbage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 1998

It were reported that antifungal mechanism of Enterobacter cloacae is a volatile ammonia that produced by the strain in soil, and the production of ammonia is related to the bacterial urease activity. A powerful bacterium SH14 against soil-borne pathogen Fusarium solani, which cause root rot of many important crops, was selected from a ginseng pathogen suppressive soil. The strain SH14 was identified as Bacillus subtilis by cultural, biochemical, morphological method, and $API^{circledR}$ test. From several in vitro tests, the antifungal substance that is produced from B. subtilis SH14 was revealed as heat-stable and low-molecular weight antibiotic substance. In order to construct the multifunctional biocontrol agent, the urease gene of Bacillus pasteurii which can produce pathogenes-suppressive ammonia transferred into antifungal bacterium. First, a partial BamH I digestion fragment of plasmid pBU11 containing the alkalophilic B. pasteurii l1859 urease gene was inserted into the BamH I site of pEB203 and expressed in Escherichia coli JM109. The recombinant plasmid was designated as pGU366. The plasmid pGU366 containing urease gene was introduced into the B. subtilis SH14 with PEG-induced protoplast transformation (PIP) method. The urease gene was very stably expressed in the transformant of B. subtilis SH14. Also, the optimal conditions for transformation were established and the highest transformation frequency was obtained by treatment of lysozyme for 90 min, and then addition of 1.5 ${mu}g$/ml DNA and 40% PEG4000. From the in vitro antifungal test against F. solani, antifungal activity of B. subtilis SH14(pGu366) containing urease gene was much higher than that of the host strain. Genetical development of B. subtilis SH14 by transfer of urease gene can be responsible for enhanced biocontrol efficacy with its antibiotic action.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.13 s.146
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• pp.108-116
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• 1981

제15회 산란계 경제능력검정에는 총 13개 계군이 출품되었으며 능력검정 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 육추율, 육성율, 성계생존율 이번회 검정계의 육추율은 13개 계군 평균 97.72$\%$로서 14회 99.7$\%$와 비슷하다. 특히 이번 검정에서 육추기간 중 한마리의 폐사도 없는 구는 3구였으며 9구 만이 79.64$\%$로 육추율이 가장 낮았는데 그 원인은 1개 검정소에서 육추기간 중 백혈병으로 인한 폐사수가 많았기 때문으로 보인다. 육성율 평균은 99.07$\%$로서 14회 99.0$\%$와 같았고 한마리의 폐사도 없는 구는 11구로서 최고 육성율을 보였다. 성계 생존율은 평균이 90.14$\%$로서 14회의 92.6$\%$에 비슷 하였으며 13구는 97.98$\%$로서 상당히 좋은 성적을 보였으며 6구, 7구 9구, 10구 및 11구는 90$\%$이하로 성계생존율은 5회 점검 이후 점차 높아 졌는데 이유는 MD백신이 개발되어 이의 접종으로 인한 마렉병의 발생을 예방 할 수 있었던 것으로 생각된다. 2. 성 성숙일령 15회 검정에서 13개 계군의 평균 성 성숙 일령은 163일에서 14회 161일과는 비슷하였는데 성 성숙 일령은 육성기의 사료 급여와 사양관리에 따라서 영향을 많이 받는 형질이므로 더 이상의 고찰이 필요하지 않다. 성 성숙이 제일 빠른구는 5구의 154일이었고 늦은 구는 9구의 168일 이었는데 그 차는 14일이였다. 3. 산란율 및 산란지수 이번 검정계군의 평균 산란율은 70.14$\%$로서 14회에 73.8$\%$와 약 3.6$\%$가 낮았다. 한편 최고 산란율을 나타낸 구는 5구의 73.86$\%$였으며 산란율이 제일 낮은 구는 11구의 65.95$\%$였다. 산란지수의 평균은 232.02로서 14회의 246.5보다는 14.5개가 적었는데 이는 산란율에서와 같은 경향치 였다. 최고 산란 지수를 보인 구는 5구의 250.69였고 2구와 3구, 8구, 13구도 240이상으로서 상당이 좋은 성적을 보였으며 9구는 204.82로서 산란지수가 최하위 였고 최상위와 최하위와의 산란지수의 차이는 무려 45.87이었다. 4. 사료 요구율 13개 계군의 평균사료 요구율은 2.67로서 14회 2.68과 비슷하였다. 사료 요구율이 제일 낮았던구는 3구의 2.56이였고 사료 요구율이 제일 높았던 구는 9구의 2.78이였다. 5. 난중 13개 계군의 평균난중은 60.72g으로서 14회 59.08g보다는 약간 무거웠는데 난중은 다른 형질에 비하여 유전력이 높은 형질인 것을 감안할 때 사양관리 면에서의 영향이 아니고 출품계군의 구성에 의한 영향인 것으로 생각된다. 8회 검정 성적 중 난중이 제일 무거운 구는 4구의 63.32g이었고 제일 가벼운 구는 5구의 58.08g이었다. 6. 체중 300일령 평균체중은 1,966.33.g으로 14회 1,986.7g보다는 가벼웠는데 체중 역시 유전력이 높은 형질로서 이 차이는 검정계군의 구성에 따른 차이로 생각 된다. 500일령 체중의 평균은 1,985.68g으로 14회의 1,994.9g보다는 약간 가벼웠으나 500일령 체중에 있어서와 같이 검정계군의 구성에 따른 차이로 생각 된다. 7. 사료 섭취량 육추기간 중의 1일 1수당 평균사료 섭취량은 32.97g으로 14회 34.82g보다 적었는데 이것 역시 출품계군의 구성에 있어 겸용종 내지 유색종의 비율이 낮았던 데에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 육성기의 1일 1수당 사료섭취량은 70.06g으로서 14회의 70.91g과 같았고 산란기간 중의 1일 1수당 사료섭취량은 평균이 113,54g으로서 14회 115.81g과 비교할 때 큰 차가 없었으며 특히 11구는 118.61g으로 가장 사료를 많이 섭취 했는데 산란기 수당 사료 섭취량은 해가 거듭될수록 적어지는 경향이었다. 8. 경제성 13개 검정계군이 총 수입은 45,405원으로 계란 판매 수입은 86.4$\%$였고 폐계 판매수입은 13.59$\%$였으며 총 지출은 33,657원으로 사료비의 지출비율이 95.5$\%$였고 초생추대가 4.5$\%$였다.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2020

Objectives: Brain maturation involves brain lateralization and asymmetry to achieve efficient information processing and cognitive controls. This study elucidates normal brain maturation change during the gap between ages 6-9 and age 14-17 using resting EEG. Methods: An EEG dataset was acquired from open source MIPDB (Multimodal Resource for Studying Information Processing in the Developing Brain). Ages 6-9 (n = 24) and ages 14-17 (n = 26) were selected for analysis, and subjects with psychiatric illness or EEG with severe noise were excluded. Finally, ages 6-9 (n = 14) and ages 14-17 (n = 11) were subjected to EEG analysis using EEGlab. A 120-sec length of resting EEG when eyes were closed was secured for analysis. Brain topography was compartmentalized into nine regions, best fitted with brain anatomical structure. Results: Absolute power of the delta band and theta band in ages 6-9 was greater than that of ages 14-17 in the whole brain, and, also is relative power of delta band in frontal compartment, which is same line with previous studies. The relative power of the beta band of ages 14-17 was greater than that of ages 6-9 in the whole brain. In asymmetry evaluation, relative power of the theta band in ages 14-17 showed greater power in the left than right frontal compartment; the opposite finding was noted in the parietal compartment. For the alpha band, a strong relative power distribution in the left parietal compartment was observed in ages 14-17. Absolute and relative power of the alpha band is distributed with hemispheric left lateralization in ages 14-17. Conclusion: During the gap period between ages 6-9 and ages 14-17, brain work becomes more complicated and sophisticated, and alpha band and beta band plays important roles in brain maturation in typically developing children.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of the supernumerary teeth for the stem cell source in dentistry. The Real Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real Time qRT-PCR) method was used to evaluate the differentiation toward the odontoblast of the supernumerary dental pulp stem cells (sDPSCs). Supernumerary dental pulp stem cells were obtained from 3 children (2 males and 1 female, age 7 to 9) diagnosed that the eruption of permanent teeth was disturbed by supernumerary teeth. The common genes for odontoblasts are alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), osteonectin (ON), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). The sDPSCs were treated for 0 days, 8 days and 14 days with additives and then Real Time qRT-PCR was performed in intervals of 0 days, 8 days and 14 days. The alizarin-red solution staining was performed to visualize the stained color for the degree of calcification at 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days after treating additives to the sDPSCs. From the result of the Real Time qRT-PCR, the manifestation exhibit maximum value at 8 days after additive treatment and shifted to a decrease trend at 14 days. Alizarin-red solution staining exhibit light results at 7 days after staining and generalized dark result at 14 days. Consequently, in studies with sDPSCs, appropriate treatment time of additives for Real Time qRT-PCR is 8 days. Also, a suitable period of Alizarin-red solution staining is 14 days.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.258-268
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• 2014

The test method of aerobic transformation in soil has established based on international test guideline (OECD TG 307). And then, the case study was conducted with [$^{14}C$]butachlor. Butachlor is commonly used herbicide in Korea. [$^{14}C$]Butachlor was treatrd $6.83mgKg^{-1}$ in loamy soil. The treated soil was incubated in flow-through system for 60 days. The mass balance of applied radioactivity (AR) ranged from 91.1 to 95.5% and from 93.0% to 97.7% for non-sterile and sterile soils, respectively. In non-sterile soil, the concentration of [$^{14}C$]butachlor was declined from 94.4% AR at 0 day to 8.4% AR at 60 days after treatment. 2-Chloro-2',6'-diethylacetanilide was the major degradation product detected in soil extract. The calculated $DT_{50}$ and $DT_{90}$ of butachlor were 10.4 days and 34.6 days, respectively. $^{14}CO_2$ and non-extractable soil residue were increased up to 3.5% and 43.5% AR at 60 DAT. There is no significant decrease of the [$^{14}C$]butachlor through the incubation period in sterile soil.