• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1291-1298
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• 2014

Background: Evidence for associations between dietary factors and breast cancer risk is inconclusive among Chinese females. To evaluate this question, we conducted a systematic review of relevant case-control and cohort studies. Methods: Studies were systematically searched among 5 English databases (PudMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane) and 3 Chinese databases (CNKI, WanFang, and VIP) until November 2012. Random effects models were used to estimate summary odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty one case-control studies and two cohort studies involving 9,299 cases and 11,413 controls were included. Consumption of both soy and fruit was significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer, with summary ORs of 0.65 (95% CIs: 0.43-0.99; I2=88.9%, P<0.001; N=13) and 0.66 (95% CIs: 0.47-0.91; $I^2$=76.7%, P<0.001; N=7), respectively. Consumption of fat was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.36; 95% CIs: 1.13-1.63; $I^2$=47.9%, P=0.088; N=6). There was nonsignificant association between consumption of vegetables and breast cancer risk (OR=0.72; 95% CIs: 0.51-1.02; $I^2$= 74.4%, P<0.001; N=9). However, sensitivity analysis based on adjusted ORs showed decreased risk of breast cancer was also associated with consumption of vegetables (OR=0.49; 95% CIs: 0.30-0.67). Conclusion: Both soy food and fruit are significantly associated with decreased risk of breast cancer among Chinese females, and vegetables also seems to be protective while dietary fatexerts a promoting influence.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1061-1067
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• 2005

Purpose : We studied a clinical analysis of pediatric patients who visited the emergency medical center of Yeungnam University Hospital to compare the characteristics of pediatric emergency patients after year 2000 with the previous studies. Methods : We reviewed 7,034 children under the age of 15 years who visited the emergency medical center of Yeungnam University Hospital during the 2 year period from January 2001 to December 2002, and then we performed a clinical and statistical analysis. We analyzed the pediatric patients according to gender, age, season, day of the week, time of the visit, the disease classification and the final disposition of the patients. Results : Among the patients who visited the emergency room, 15.6% of the total emergency patients were under the age of 15. The male to female ratio was 1.6 : 1. Among the 7,034 pediatric patients, the most common age group was between 1 year and under 3 years of age(26.9%). The peak seasonal incidence was early summer and spring, especially during June(11.2%) and May(10.6 %). The peak incidence day of the week was Sunday(24.8%) and the peak time when the emergency pediatric patients visited the emergency room was between 20 and 24 o'clock(28.8%). The distribution of diseases, according to ICD-10 system, were injury and poisoning(30.4%), diseases of the respiratory system(22.8%), and diseases of the digestive system(14.6%). 30% of total pediatric patients were admitted to the hospital. Conclusion : After year 2000, as compared with the previous studies, the proportions of emergency pediatric patients has decreased. The distribution of diseases was not much different from the previous studies and the proportions of non-urgent diseases, such as acute nasopharyngitis or acute gastroenteritis, were still high. These result have come about due to the declining birth rate and changes of the medical system in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 2006

Purpose : It is difficult to make a distinction between lower urinary tract infection(UTI) and acute pyelonephritis(APN) during the acute phase of febrile UTI due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, especially among young children. We measured the serum procalcitonin(PCT) in children with UTI to distinguish between acute pyelonephritis and lower UTI, and to determine the accuracy of PCT measurement compared with other inflammatory markers. Methods : Serum samples were taken from children who admitted with unexplained fever or were suspected of having UTI. 51 children(mean $12.2{\pm}11.4$ months) were enrolled in this study. Leukocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates(ESR) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were also measured. Renal parenchymal involvement was assessed by $^{99m}Tc$ DMSA scintigraphy in the first 7 days after admission. PCT was measured by immunoluminometric assay. Results : PCT values were significantly correlated with the presence of renal defects in children with UTI(n=16)($5.06{\pm}12.97{\mu}g/L$, P<0.05). However, PCT values were not significantly different between children with UTI without renal damage(n=18) and children without UTI(n=17). Using a cutoff of $0.5{\mu}g/L$ for PCT and 20 mm/hr for ESR, 20 mg/L for CRP, sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between UTI with and without renal involvement were 81.3 percent and 88.9 percent for PCT 87.5 percent and 72.2 percent for ESR, and 87.5 percent and 55.6 percent for CRP, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 86.7 percent and 84.2 percent for PCT and 60.9 percent and 81.8 percent for CRP, respectively. Conclusion : In febrile UTI, PCT values were more specific than CRP, ESR and leukocyte count for the identification of patients who might develop renal defects.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was design and performed for evaluations of resent clinical pattern of bronchiolitis caused by RSV infection with children under 2 year of age for 5 years, who were admitted to pediatric ward. Methods : The inclusion criteria of the patients were children under 24 month-of-age, clinical manifestations of lower respiratory tract infection, and RSV antigen that was detected by a direct immunofluorescence test from the nasal secretions. The additional laboratory and simple chest X-ray findings were reviewed from the medical records of children who were admitted Wonkwang university hospital from Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2003. Results : In the 5 year study duration, 127 patients were enrolled and outbreak of RSV bronchiolitis took place in 2001. The 80 cases(63 percent) of RSV infection were concentrated in later autumn and winter. Number of the cases show coughing were 120(94.5 percent), but rale was audible in 78 cases(61.4 percent). Dyspnea, wheezing, and intercostal retraction were noticed in 27(21.3 percent), 21(16.5 percent), and 4(3 percent) cases respectively. The most common chest X-ray finding was hyperinflation of the lung that was noticed in 110 cases(86.6 percent). Care with mechanical ventilator for more than 2 days required in 5 cases. Conclusion : Lower respiratory tract infection by RSV was common in late autumn and winter season but year-round infection was noticed. The severity of RSV respiratory tract infectiontakes in some degree a grave course. So we suggest that population-based surveillance of acute respiratory infection due to RSV is necessary for assessment of prevalence and epidemiology of this disease.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.11
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• pp.1174-1179
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• 2006

Purpose : Obesity and iron deficiency are common nutritional problems. Obese children are known to have iron deficiencies, but one presented opposite opinion in Korea. This study investigated the prevalence of obesity and iron deficiency in Incheon and the relationship between iron deficiency and obesity. Methods : Physical measurement and hematologic examinations were done a 764 healthy female students aged 14 to 15 years in May, 2005. Overweight was defined as a body mass index ${\geq}85th$ percentile. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin <10 ng/mL. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was defined as serum Hb <12 g/dL and serum ferritin <10 ng/mL and/or transferrin saturation <16%. Results : 1) The prevalence of overweight was 24.4 percent (n=186), and that of obesity 16.5 percent (n=126). Ferritin and transferrin saturation was the lowest in the normal weight group. 2) The prevalence of iron deficiency and IDA was 18.7 percent (n=102) and 5.3 percent (n=41), respectively. 3) Iron deficiency was more common in the normal weight group compared with the overweight and underweight groups. Also, the non-obese had more iron deficiency and IDA than the obese. Conclusion : The prevalence of obesity in middle school girls could be higher in Incheon than in other regions, but there might be no difference in iron deficiency. However, iron deficiency was more prevalent in the normal weight group than in overweight group. The overweight group ate more food and gained more iron, so seemed to be less prevalent in iron deficiency than the normal weight group.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.439-448
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• 2002

Purpose : The aim of this study is to determine and compare the effects of adjunctive therapy with different doses of recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor(rhG-CSF) on reversing sepsis-associated neonatal neutropenia, and their survival rate in a group I/II-type trial. Methods : RhG-CSF was injected subcutaneously to 10 septic-neutropenic neonates with doses of $10{\mu}g/kg$ from Oct. 1995 to Sep. 1996, and was administered to another 12 septic-neutropenic neonates with doses of $5{\mu}g/kg$ from Oct. 1996 to Sep. 1997. Neutrophilic responses and the outcomes of both groups were compared. Results : In the rhG-CSF $10{\mu}g/kg$ treated group and in the $5{\mu}g/kg$ treated group, the absolute neutrophil count(ANC) was $1,065{\pm}89$($mean{\pm}SEM$) and $1,053{\pm}131$, respectively. The only difference between the two groups was the peak ANC at 48 hours. Eight patients from the remaining nine of rhG-CSF $10{\mu}g/kg$ treated group(88.9％) and ten in $5{\mu}g/kg$ treated group(83.3％) survived the sepsis and were discharged without any problems. Conclusions : RhG-CSF can increase the neutrophil count in critically ill septic neutropenic neonats. The survival rate of both groups were up to 90％. This finding suggests that both doses of rhG-CSF may be effective in a therapeutically useful time frame to treat septic neonates with neonatal neutropenia attributable to bone marrow supression or neutrophil consumption.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.858-864
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• 2003

Purpose : There was a outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Busan, 2002. We report the clinical features and causative viruses. Methods : Two hundred seventy six children with aseptic meningitis who were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Maryknoll Hospital between January and December, 2002 were included. CSF, stool and throat swab viral cultures were done in 244 of these children. Results : The male to female ratio was 1.4 : 1. Age of patients varied from five months to fourteen years old. Average age was $5.7{\pm}6.2years$ old and mostly between one and four years.(41.3%) Monthly distribution revealed that the number of patients increased from May to July. The main symptoms were fever, headache and vomiting in this order. Respiratory tract infection symptom was associated from June to July and headache and nausea without fever were characteristically observed in children more than 10 years old from November to December. In peripheral blood examination, leukocytosis(WBC>$10,000/mm^3$) showed in 34.8%, ESR was increased in 56.1%, and CRP was positive value in 61%. Therefore differential diagnosis was difficult through peripheral blood examination. CSF findings revealed mean leukocyte count $86.5{\pm}180.2/mm^3$, protein $41.7{\pm}32.9mg/dL$, glucose $56.4{\pm}9.9mg/dL$. Median hospitalized period was $4.7{\pm}7.2days$ and compared with non-tapping group, hospitalized period was shorter and subsidance of symptoms was faster, therefore antibiotics injection period was shorter in the spinal tapping group. Virus was isolated in 31 cases of 244. The causative agents were echovirus 6, echovirus 9, echovirus 25, coxsakie virus B3, B4. Conclusion : There was an epidemics of aseptic meningitis in Busan, 2002; the causative agent was echovirus 6, 9, 25, coxsakie virus B3, B4.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 2012

Purpose: Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) provides more accurate dose calculation regarding impact on scatter and tissue inhomogeneity in comparison to Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) algorithm. This study tries to analyze the difference of dose distribution according to PBC algorithm and dose calculation algorithm of AAA on breast cancer tangential plan. Materials and Methods: Computerized medical care plan using Eclipse treatment planning system (version 8.9, VARIAN, USA) has been established for the 10 breast cancer patients using 6 MV energy of Linac (CL-6EX, VARIAN, USA). After treatment plan of Conventional Radiation Therapy plan (Conventional plan) and Field-in-Field Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy plan (FiF plan) using PBC algorithm has been established, MU has been fixed, implemented dose calculation after changing it to AAA, and compared and analyzed treatment plan using Dose Volume Histogram (DVH). Results: Firstly, as a result of evaluating PBC algorithm of Conventional plan and the difference according to AAA, the average difference of CI value on target volume has been highly estimated by 0.295 on PBC algorithm and as a result of evaluating dose of lung, $V_{47Gy}$ and $V_{45Gy}$ has been highly evaluated by 5.83% and 4.04% each, Mean dose, $V_{20Gy}$, $V_{5Gy}$, $V_{3Gy}$ has been highly evaluated 0.6%, 0.29%, 6.35%, 10.23% each on AAA. Secondly, in case of FiF plan, the average difference of CI value on target volume has been highly evaluated on PBC algorithm by 0.165, and dose on ipsilateral lung, $V_{47Gy}$, $V_{45Gy}$, Mean dose has been highly evaluated 6.17%, 3.80%, 0.15% each on PBC algorithm, $V_{20Gy}$, $V_{5Gy}$, $V_{3Gy}$ has been highly evaluated 0.14%, 4.07%, 4.35% each on AAA. Conclusion: When calculating with AAA on breast cancer tangential plan, compared to PBC algorithm, Conformity on target volume of Conventional plan, FiF plan has been less evaluated by 0.295, 0.165 each. For the reason that dose of high dose region of ipsilateral lung has been showed little amount, and dose of low dose region has been showed much amount, features according to dose calculation algorithm need to be considered when we evaluate dose for the lungs.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and bone bruise using the survey for location and incidence of bone bruise. Materials and Methods: From Jan. 2006 to Feb. 2010, 87 knees from who had complaint a traumatic knee pain were diagnosed as acute ACL tear using MRI evaluation. Associated injury, location and incidence of bone bruise were analyzed using MRI. The location of bone bruise on the MRI was classified as medial, central and lateral area on anteroposterior and lateral view of femur and tibia. The bone bruise was classified with Costa Paz classification. Results: Bone bruise of injury during daily living activity were located at medial area on coronary view and anterior area on sagittal view of distal femur, at medial area on coronary view and anterior area on sagittal view of proximal tibia (p=0.024, p=0.021, p=0.025 and p=0.029, respectively). Bone bruise of injury during sports activity were located at lateral area on coronary view and central area on sagittal view of distal femur, at lateral area on coronary view and posterior area on sagittal view of proximal tibia (p=0.014, p=0.015, p=0.018 and p=0.017, respectively). Bone bruise patterns due to traffic accident were inconclusive (p=0.264, p=0.254, p=0.229 and p=0.267, respectively). Conclusion: Injury mechanism of acute ACL injury from activities of daily living or sports activities compared to that of traffic accident showed a more consistent bone bruise patterns. Special attention to acute ACL tear must be paid in case of bone bruise at lateral tibial plateau and lateral femoral condyle.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2012

Purpose: We compared the clinical and radiological results of meniscectomy with HTO or without HTO for degenerative medial meniscus posterior horn with varus deformity. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients who had medial meniscus degenerative root tear with varus deformity more than 3 degrees were included for this study. Among them, 30 patients were performed meniscectomy combined with open wedge HTO and 12 patients were performed only meniscectomy without HTO. The mean follow-up period was 52.5 months. The clinical results were evaluated based on symptom improvement, patients' subjective satisfaction for surgery and HSS score. We also compared the osteoarthritic progression between the group on preoperative and at the final follow up radiographs. Results: Symptom improvement was achieved in 83.3% (25 cases) with HTO group and 66.7% (8 cases) without HTO group at final follow up with a significant difference. Patients' satisfaction was achieved in 83.3% (25 cases) with HTO group and 58.3% (7 cases) without HTO group which has a significant difference. The HSS score was improved in both group (90.8: with HTO group, 89.0: without HTO group) at the final follow up without significant difference. WOMAC score was improved in both groups at the final follow up without significant difference. There were no significant differences in the osteoarthritic progression between two groups. Conclusion: The good clinical result for treatment of patient who have medial meniscus degenerative root tear with varus deformity, proximal high tibial osteotomy is considered absolutely necessary. However, the progression of degenerative arthritis, its effect on long term follow up will be needed.