• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of herbs and plant extracts (PE) on the performance, small intestinal microflora and immune response in laying hens. A total of 1,440 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 67 wks old were assigned to one of the following 9 dietary treatments : T1 : Control (C), T2 : C + Avilamycine 6 ppm, T3 : C + Herb $Mix^{(R)}$ 0.2%, T4 : C + Biostrong $510^{(R)}$ 0.02%, T5 : C + $APEX^{(R)}$ 0.02%, T6 : C + $Digestarom^{(R)}$ 0.02%, T7 : C + $Phellozyme^{(R)}$ 0.1%, T8 : C + $Galicin^{(R)}$ 0.05%, T9 : C + CRINA $Poultry^{(R)}$ 0.05%. Each treatment was replicated 8 times with twenty birds housed in 2 bird cages. Twenty bird units were arranged according to completely randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 6 wks under 16 hours lighting regimen. Hen-day egg production was not significantly different among the treatments, but that of supplemented groups tended to be higher than the control. There were significant differences among treatments in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was higher in the supplemented groups than the control. Feed conversion ratio was higher in T8 than other treatments. Egg shell color index and egg yolk color index were significantly different among treatments. Egg shell color was affected by supplements and egg yolk color index of T9 (PE-CRINA) was significantly higher than the control. Haugh unit was not significantly different among treatments. There were significant differences in leukocytes and erythrocytes parameters. The level of serum WBC and stress index (heterophil/lymphocyte) were higher in supplemented groups than the control. The level of RBC tended to be lower in the herb or PE groups than the control. The concentration of serum IgG was not significantly different among the treatments, but all those of the supplemented groups were higher than the control. The number of Lactobacilli spp. tended to increase and that of Cl. perfrigens decrease in the supplemented groups. The number of E. coli significantly decreased in the supplemented groups. The results of this experiment showed that feeding herbs and plant extracts to laying hens tended to improve the egg production and affect positively on the level of blood parameters and small intestinal microflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.89-123
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• 1996

The world has moved from the Cold War between the east and the west and moved toward the age without idealogy. It places emphasis on economic benefit and welfare of its own nation as its main point With this world trend, in order to sam the competitiveness and the reconciliation of the divided nation the north and the south Korea should be united. Once the north and the south are united, information society will be altered with the huge flow of the civilization. At the same time, the issue of how to operate library policies and system, in which effective acquisition, manipulation, accumulation, and dissemination of information un would be very important. From this point of view, the following conclusions are obtained in this study. Firstly, when building a national library preparing for the national unification. it is essential to introduce 1) the concept of policy and system for information society and 2) that of policy and system which has national-culture as its focus. Secondly, it is essential to prepare the cooperative-structure between libraries prior to the national unification. This kind of cooperation should gradually expand to an extent that allows actual benefits such as building union catalog, inter-library loan system, resource sharing, standardized cataloging rules, and exchange of dissertation... etc. Thirdly, developing the library policies and systems for the national unification must be based on the concept of the mutual cooperation as inter-dependent model rather than on the concept of the incorporation-absorption as a dominant model. The next point the principles of the followings in preparing the library policies should be considered: 1) free-competition, 2) revolution of consciousness through the social education, 3) independence and love for humanity, 4) scientific or reasonable thinking, 5) job responsibility, 6) democratic citizenship, 7) mind far collective life, 8) spirit of public interest 9) globalization In addition, the model of the library systems preparing for thenational unification should include the followings : 1) uniformity of library system and its authority, 2) establishment of research institutes for library policy and system, 3) exchange of library establishment and information resources, 4) building library networks, 5) establishment of education systems for the library and information science and enhancement of its quality, 6) modernizing and developing information technology and its transfer. Finally, the libraries in the north and the south has different concepts, goals, information resources, and the different ways of using them. Considering the practical aspects of the libraries and the reasons for their existence, they must structure the mutual cooperative system so as to minimize the shock when confronting the social changes, so-called the national unification.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.227-233
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the effective microorganism (EM) on the growth performance, blood parameter, small intestinal microflora, and noxious gas emission of broilers. A total 720 1-d old ROSS 308 was randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatment groups: control, virginiamycin (6 mg/kg), 0.1% PB 0.1% EM, 0.5% EM, and 1.0% EM. Each treatment was fed to 4 replicates of 30 birds per diet for d 35. Two-phase feeding program with a starter diet from 0 to 3 wk, and a finisher diet from 4 to 5 wk was used in the experiment. Within each phase, a diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC requirements of broilers for macro- and micronutrients. The diet and water were available ad libitum. Result indicated that during overall periods of the experiment, final weight, body weight gain, and feed intake were not different among dietary treatments. Feed conversion ratio was less (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control, antibiotics, and PB. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TRG), glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), calcium (CA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not different among dietary treatments. White blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), heterophils (HE), lymphocyte (LY), monocytes (MO), and eosinophils (EO) were not different among dietary treatments. HE:LY was less (P<0.05) for EM0.5 treatments than control, antibiotics, and PB. Lactobacillus was greater (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control and antibiotics. E. coli and Salmonella were not different among dietary treatments. $NH_3$ and $CO_2$ wereless (P<0.05) for EM treatments than control. These results indicated that EM treatments were effective feed conversion ratio, noxious gas emission and micro flora population on the cecum in broilers.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 1987

연화(蓮花) 연(鉛) 아연광산(亞鉛鑛山)은 광체(鑛體)의 분포(分布)에 따라 본산지구(本山地區), 동점지구(銅店地區) 및 태백지구(太白地區)로 구분할 수 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 본격적인 탐광(探鑛)이 시작되기 전인 1981년 당시, 약 25년 동안 채광작업(採鑛作業)이 진행되어 온 본산지역(本山地域)은 주종광체(主宗鑛體)인 월암(月岩) 및 남산광체(南山鑛體)가 -600m level에서 하한(下限)이 드러남에 따라 광량(鑛量)이 크게 소진(消盡)된 상태였으며, 동점지성(銅店地城)은 상하(上下)의 광황변화(鑛況變化)는 크지 않으나 광체(鑛體)의 규모(規模)가 비교적 작아, 조업(操業)의 안정(安定)을 위해서는 신광화대(新鑛化帶)의 개발(開發)이 시급(時急)한 과제(課題)로 대두되었다. 이에 따라 평천(平川), 태백(太白), 동점역(銅店驛), 방터골, 삼방산광화대(三芳山鑛化帶) 등 연화(蓮花) 전역(全域)에 걸쳐 모암(母岩)의 분포(分布), 지질구조(地質構造), 광징(鑛徵) 등을 검토한 결과 탐광대상(探鑛對象)에서 제외되어 왔던 태백지구(太白地區)가 다음과 같은 점에서 유망(有望)한 탐사후보지(探査候補地)로 부각되었다. 첫째, 지표(地表)에서는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)이 분포(分布)되지 않으나 지질구조(地質構造)를 검토한 결과 -300m level 하부(下部)에서는 이의 전층(全層)이 분포(分布)할 것으로 예상되며, 둘째, 두무동층(斗務洞層) 및 동점규암층내(銅店珪岩層內)에서 발견된 광징(鑛徵)들이 하부(下部)의 풍촌석회암내(豊村石灰岩內)로 연장(延長)되면 부광부(富鑛部)를 이룰 것으로 기대되고, 셋째, 지층(地層)의 경사(傾斜)가 $50^{\circ}$ 이상(以上)인 점, 석영반암(石英斑岩)이 분포(分布)하는 점 등은 광상배태(鑛床胚胎)에 양호(良好)한 조건(條件)이고, 넷째, 본산지구(本山地區)의 월곡(月谷), 월암(月岩), 남산(南山)등 주종광화대(主宗鑛化帶)의 연장부(延長部)인 점, 다섯째, 중앙견갱(中央堅坑)으로부터 약 2km 거리로 탐사단계(探査段階)에 별도의 신규투자(新規投資) 없이 굴진(掘進)이 가능하다는 개발조건상(開發條件上)의 이점(利點)이 있었다. 이에 따라 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 지표정사(地表精査), 물리탐사(物理探査) 및 지화탐(地化探)을 실시하고, 20여년간 축적된 연화광산(蓮花鑛山)의 지질(地質), 광상자료(鑛床資料)를 정리(整理), 그 특성(特性)을 태백지구(太白地區) 탐사(探査)의 가설(假說)로 적용하여 시추계획(試錐計劃)을 수립, 1982년 구조시추(構造試錐)를 실시한 결과 지질구조(地質構造), 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)의 분포(分布) 등이 거의 예상했던 대로 밝혀졌으며 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 일단(一端)이 확인되기에 이르렀다. 1983년(年) 7월(月) 본산지구(本山地區) -600m level에서 태백(太白) 크로스 탐광굴진(探鑛掘進)이 착수되었으며, 1985년에 마침내 갱내(坑內)에서 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號) 광체(鑛體)가 착광(着鑛)되었다. -600m level에서의 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 규모(規模)는 연장(延長) 300m, 평균맥폭(平均脈幅) 8.5m이며, 품위(品位)는 Pb 4.5%, Zn 4.5%, Ag 109g/t이다. 태백광화대(太白鑛化帶)의 지질학적(地質學的) 예상광량(豫想鑛量)은 1,000만(萬)t 이상(以上)이 될 것으로 추정(推定)되며, 현재 -480m level에서 -720m level에 이르기까지 5개 level에서 가행(稼行)되고 있다. 현재 level에서 태백(太白) 1호(號) 광체(鑛體)는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層) 및 화절층(花折層)을 모암(母岩)으로 하여 맥상광상(脈狀鑛床)으로 생산(生産)되며, 맥석광물(脈石鑛物)은 능망간석, Mn-방해석(方解石), 방해석(方解石), 석영(石英) 등이고 광석광물(鑛石鑛物)은 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石), 방연석(方鉛石), 황철석(黃鐵石), 자유철석(磁硫鐵石), 유비광석(硫砒鑛石), 황동석(黃銅石), 사면동석(四面銅石), 엘렉트럼 등이다. 태백지구(太自地區)는 광상(鑛床)의 산출상태(産出狀態) 및 지질(地質), 광상학적(鑛床學的) 환경(環境)이 본산지구(本山地區)와 거의 동일(同一)함이 밝혀지고 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에서는 현재 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號), 3호(號), 5호(號) 및 절골 1호(號), 2호(號) 등 6개 광화대(鑛化帶)에 대한 탐광(探鑛)이 진행되고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.619-630
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• 2012

Miscellaneous grain crops has been appeared as a well-being food and the demand of them are increasing recently. It is urgent to study especially about the functional materials of foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum. This experiment was conducted to evaluation and comparison several functional materials of fatty acids, anthocyanin content, total phenol content and DPPH assay of rice, and foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum produced organically so that these results would provide as a basic information for developing functional products by using miscellaneous grain crops. Total content of fatty acids was in order of foxtail millet (0.649%) and common millet (0.33%), sorghum (0.172%) and rice (0.111%) respectively. The content of unsaturated fatty acid was also in order of foxtail millet (0.511%) and common millet (0.269%), sorghum (0.122%) and rice (0.069%) respectively. Although there was no detection of anthocyanin content in rice, foxtail millet and common millet, sorghum showed high content of anthocyanin content. Sorghum of Mongdangsusu showed the highest anthocyanin content (137.5mg/g). In the total phenol content of rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo had high content ($13.70{\mu}g/g$) whereas Daeanbyeo was the lowest content ($10.07{\mu}g/g$). Foxtail millet of Hinchajo, common millet of Byeorukgijang and sorghum of Chalsusu showed the highest total phenol content of $25.8{\mu}g/g$, $69.4{\mu}g/g$ and $682.2{\mu}g/g$ respectively. In the average of total phenol content among rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum showed $12.25{\mu}g/g$, $16.95{\mu}g/g$, $51.01{\mu}g/g$ and $447.4{\mu}g/g$ of total phenol content respectively. The average of total phenol content of sorghum was $26.3{\mu}g/g$. It is 36.3 and 26.3 times higher compared with rice and foxtail millet respectively. In the antioxidant activity of seeds by DPPH(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay for rice, foxtail millet, common millet and sorghum, rice of Chucheongbyeo, foxtail millet of Ganghywajo and common millet of Geumeungijang showed the highest antioxidant activity with 3.6%, 4.78% and 13.4% respectively. Antioxidant activity of sorghum ranged from 88.47 to 90.11%. The average of antioxidant activity among four crops, the highest antioxidant activity was obtained from sorghum (89.50%) and the next was common millet (6.13%), foxtail millet (2.43%), and rice (1.60%) in their order of antioxidant activity. The average of antioxidant activity of sorghum showed 55.9, 37.0 and 15times higher compared with rice, common millet and foxtail millet respectively.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.343-373
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• 2006

지적재산권의 속지주의 원칙에 따라 전통적으로 지적재산권의 침해에 있어서 결과의 발생이 없는 행위지를 침해지로 인정하지 않았다. 어문과 예술작품을 보호하기 위해 1886년 체결된 베른협약(Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works) 제5조 제1항은 저작자가 베른협약에 따라 보호되는 저작물에 관하여 본국 이외의 동맹국에서 각 법률이 현재 또는 장래에 자국민에게 부여하는 권리 및 이 협약이 특별히 부여하는 권리를 향유한다고 규정하여 내국민대우원칙을 천명하고 있다. 또한 베른협약 제5조 제2항은 저작권의 보호와 향유는 저작물의 본국에서 보호가 존재하는 여부와 관계가 없이, 보호의 범위와 저작자의 권리를 보호하기 위하여 주어지는 구제의 방법은 오로지 보호가 주장되는 국가의 법률의 지배를 받는다라고 규정하여 저작권 침해가 발행한 국가의 법률의 적용을 명시하고 있다. 인터넷과 무선통신 기술의 발달은 저작물을 디지탈 형식으로 실시간에 전세계에 배포하는 것을 가능하게 하였다. 특히 저작물의 인터넷상에서의 배포는 다국적 저작권 침해행위를 야기하여, 저작권자가 다수의 국가에서 저작권 침해소송을 제기하여 판결을 집행하는 것이 필요하게 되었다. 헤이그국제사법회의(Hague Conference on Private International Law)에서 1992년부터 논의되어 온 민사 및 상사사건의 국제재판관할과 외국판결에 관한 협약(Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgment in Civil and Commercial Matters)에서 채택된1999년의 예비초안(preliminary draft) 및 2001년 외교회의에서 수정된 잠정초안(Interim text) (이하 헤이그 협약 )은 저작권자가 저작권침해행위가 발생한 각 국가에서 저작권 침해행위를 금지하는 소송을 제기할 필요없이, 동 협약의 한 가맹국가의 법원의 저작권침해금지판결을 다른 가맹국가에서도 집행할 수 있는 가능성을 제시해 주는데 의미가 있다. 헤이그 협약 제10조는 불법행위(torts)에 관한 일반적인 재판관할에 관한 규정을 두고 있으며, 저작권침해에 관한 분쟁은 동 조항의 적용을 받는다. 제10조에 의해 당사자는 가해행위지 국가의 법원 또는 결과발생지 국가의 법원에서 소송을 제기할 수 있다. 결과발생지의 경우 제10조 1항 (b)는 피고가 자신의 행위가 본국의 법규에 비추어 동일한 성격의 손해를 초래할 수 있다라고 합리적으로 예견할 수 없었던 경우에 본 조항의 적용을 배제하고 있다. 인터넷을 통한 저작권침해의 경우, 피고가 자신의 국가의 법규하에서 합법적으로 저작물을 웹사이트에 게시하였으나, 그 행위가 다운로딩이 행해진 국가에서 불법인 경우, 피고는 저작권침해를 예견할 수 없었으므로 이에 문제가 제기된다. iCrave TV사건에서, 피고인 캐나다회사가 미국 및 캐나다에서 방송되는 텔레비젼 방송 프로그램을 자신의 웹사이트에 게시하여 이용자들로 하여금 컴퓨터를 통하여 방송을 재시청 할 수 있도록 하였는데 이는 캐나다에서 합법인 반면에 미국에서는 저작권 침해에 해당한다. 피고는 방송 프로그램을 인터넷상에서 재방송하는 것은 캐나다법상 합법이므로 저작권침해를 예견할 수 없었다고 주장하면서, 해당 사이트에 오직 캐나다 거주자만의 접속을 허용하고 미국 거주자의 접속을 제한하는 일련의 Click-Wrap 계약과 스크린 장치를 제공하였다고 주장하였다. 본 사건 피고의 주장을 받아들인다고 가정할 때, 제10조 1항(b)에 의해 원고는 결과발생지인 미국법원의 재판관할을 강제할 수 없을 것이다. 지적재산권을 둘러싼 분쟁에 관한 재판관할과 국제법상의 판결의 승인 및 집행의 통일성을 기하기 위하여 2001년 1월 세계지적재산권기구(World Intellectual Property Organization)가 제안한 WIPO 협약초안(Draft Convention on Jurisdiction and Recognition of Judgments in Intellectual Property Matters)은 헤이그 협약이 재판관할과 판결의 승인 및 집행에 대한 일반적인 접근을 하고 있는 점에 반하여 지적재산권자의 보호라는 측면을 고려하여 지적재산권침해소송에 국제재판관할권을 규정하고 있다. WIPO 협약초안 제6조는 저작권자가 저작권 침해를 막기 위한 합리적인 조치를 취한 국가에서 저작권 침해소송을 피할 수 있다고 규정하고 있다. 따라서 본 조항에 의할 경우, iCrave TV사건의 피고는 미국에서의 저작권 침해소송을 회피할 수 있을 것이다. 이상과 같이 헤이그 협약이 외국판결의 승인 및 집행을 가능하게 하고 있음에도 불구하고, 외국법원의 판결이 다수의 가맹국가에서 집행되지 못하는 가장 큰 장애는 대다수의 국가들이 외국법원의 판결이 공서양속(Public Policy)에 반하는 경우 판결을 승인하지 않는 예외규정을 두고 있기 때문이다. 미국의 경우, Uniform Recognition Act와 Restatement(Third) of Foreign Relations에 따른 공서양속의 예외규정(Public Policy exception)은 외국법원의 판결의 승인을 부인하는 근거가 된다. Yahoo! 사건에서 Yahoo! Inc.의 옥션 사이트를 통해 독일 나치 소장물의 판매가 이루어졌는데, 프랑스 형법상 이는 범죄행위에 해당하므로, 프랑스 법원은Yahoo! Inc.에게 프랑스 이용자가 당해 옥션 사이트에 접속할 수 없도록 모든 가능한 조치를 취할 것을 명하였다. 이에 미국 법원은 프랑스 법원의 판결은 Yahoo! Inc.의 미국헌법 제1 수정(First Amendment)의 언론의 자유(freedom of speech)에 반하므로 판결의 집행을 거부하였는데 이는 공서양속의 예외규정을 보여주는 예이다. 헤이그 협약 제28조와 WIPO 협약초안 제25조 또한 공서양속의 예외규정을 두고 있다. 본 논문은 인터넷과 통신기술의 발달로 야기되는 다국적 저작권 침해사건에서 한 국가의 법원의 저작권 침해금지판결이 다수의 국가에서 승인 및 집행될 수 있는 능성을 헤이그 협약과 WIPO 협약초안 및 미국판결을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 국제적으로 통일된 저작권법이 존재하지 않고 외국 판결의 승인을 부인하는 예외조항과 외국판결의 집행에 관한 각국의 이해관계와 준거법의 해석이 다른 현시점에서 지적재산권의 속지주의를 뛰어넘어 외국법원의 판결을 국제적으로 집행하는 것은 다소 어려움이 있어 보이나 국제적인 집행가능성의 열쇠를 제시하는 헤이그 협약과 장래의 국제조약에 그 기대를 걸어볼 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

Thirty one Hanwoo steers were used in a completely randomized design experiment to see the effects of concentrate feeding method (group vs. individual feeding) and age at slaughter (26 vs. 28 months of age) on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics. Steers were randomly assigned to one of four groups, G26 (group feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age), G28 (group feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age), I26 (individual feeding slaughtered at 26 months of age) or I28 (individual feeding slaughtered at 28 months of age). Amount of concentrate were restricted to 1.5% of BW for the growing period and 1.8% of BW for the early fattening period in both groups. For the late fattening period, concentrate were given ad libitum for G26 and G28, but were given up to 1.7% of BW for I26 and I28. Average daily gains were higher in individual feeding groups (I26 and I28) than those in group feeding groups (G26 and G28) for the early fattening period (p<0.05). ADGs were higher in group feeding groups than those in individual feeding groups (p<0.05). Concentrate intake in individual feeding groups tended to be higher compared to that in group feeding groups for the early fattening period, but tended to be higher in group feeding groups compared to that in individual feeding groups for the late fattening period. Feeding method or slaughter age had no significant effects on carcass characteristics, yield grade and quality grade. Shear force and tenderness of longissmus muscle were higher in groups slaughtered at 28 months of age than in groups slaughtered at 26 months of age (p<0.05). Feeding method or slaughter age had no effects on cooking loss, water holding capacity, juiciness, flavor, moisture, protein and fat of longissmus muscle.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.18-29
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• 1983

A low cost and versatile data acquisition system for the field and laboratory use was developed by using a single board microcomputer. Data acquisition system based on a Z80 microprocessor was built, tested and modified to obtain the present functional system. The microcomputer developed consists of 6 kB ROM, 5 kB RAM, 6-seven segment LED display, 16-Hex. key and 8 command key board. And it interfaces with an 8 channel, 12 bits A/D converter, a microprinter, EPROM programmer for 2716, and RS232C interface to transfer data between the system and HP3000 mini-computer manufactured by Hewlett Packard Co., A software package was also developed, tested, and modified for the system. This package included drivers for the AID converter, LED display, key board, microprinter, EPROM programmer, and RS232c interface. All of these programs were written in 280 assembler language and converted to machine codes using a cross assembler by HP3000 computer to the system during modifying stage by data transferring unit of this system, then the machine language wrote to the EPROM by this EPROM programmer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Measuring program developed was able to control the measuring intervals, No. of channels used, and No. of data, where the maximum measuring speed was 58.8 microsec. 2. Calibration of the system was performed with triangle wave generated by a function generator. The results of calibration agreed well to the test results. 3. The measured data was able to be written into EPROM, then the EPROM data was compared with original data. It took only 75 sec. for the developed program to write the data of 2 kB the EPROM. 4. For the slow speed measurements, microprinter instead of EPROM programmer proved to be useful. It took about 15 min. for microprinter to write the data of 2 kB. 5. Modified data transferring unit was very effective in communicating between the system and HP3000 computer. The required time for data transferring was only 1~2 min. 6. By using DC/DC converting devices such as 78-series, 79-series. and TL497 IC, this system was modified to convert the only one input power sources to the various powers. The available power sources of the system was DC 7~25 V and 1.8 A.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 1981

To design more efficient agricultural machinery, the accurately measuring system among many other factors is essential. A light-beam oscillographic recorder is generally used in measuring dynamic strain but it is not compatible with the extremely high speed measuring system such as 1,000 m/s, also is susceptable to damage due to vibration while using the system in field. The recorder used light sensitive paper for strip chart recording. The reading and analysis of data from the strip charts is very cumbersome, errorneous and time consuming. A microcomputer was interfaced with A/D converter, microcomputer program was developed for measuring, system calibration was done and the strain generated from a cantilever beam vibrator was measured. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Microcomputer program was developed to perform strain measuring of agricultural machine elements and could be controled freely the measuring intervals, no. of channels and no. of data. The maximum measuring speed was $62{\mu}s$. 2. Calibration the system was performed with triangle wave generated from a function generator and checked by an oscilloscope. The sampled data were processed using HP 3000 minicomputer of Chungnam National University computer center the graphical results were triangle same as input wave and so the system have been out of phase distorsion and amplitude distorsion. 3. The strain generated from a cantilever beam vibrator which has free vibration period of 0.019 second were measured by the system controlled to have l.0 ms of time interval and its computer output showing vibration curve which is well filted to theoretical value. 4. Using microcomputer on measuring the strain of agricultural machine elements could not only save analyzing time and recording papers but also get excellent adaptation to field experiment, especially in measurement requiring high speed and good precision.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2004

The human skin is constantly exposed to environmental irritants such as ultraviolet, smoke, chemicals. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by these environmental facts play critical roles in cellular damage. These irritants are in themselves damaging to the skin structure but they also participate the immensely complex inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin cell protective effect of Juniperus chinensis xylem extract on the UV and SLS-induced skin cell damages. We tested free radical and superoxide scavenging effect in vitro. We found that Juniperus chinensis xylem extracts had potent radical scavenging effect by 98％ at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Fluorometric assays of the proteolytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-l(MMP-1, collagenase) were performed using fluorescent collagen substrates. UV A induced MMP-1 synthesis and activity were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gelatin-based zymography in skin fibroblasts. The extract of Juniperus chinensis showed strong inhibitory effect on MMP-1 activities by 97％ at 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL and suppressed the UVA induced expression of MMP-1 by 79％ at 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. This extract also showed strong inhibition on MMP-2 activity in UVA irradiated fibroblast by zymography. We also examined anti-inflammatory effects by the determination test of proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 in HaCaT keratinocytes. In this test Juniperus chinensis decreased expression of interleukin 6 about 30％. Expression of prostaglandin E$_2$, (PGE$_2$) after UVB irradiation was measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using PGE$_2$ monoclonal antibody. At the concentrations of 5-50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the extracts, the production of PGE$_2$ by HaCaT keratinocytes (24 hours after 10 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ UVB irradiation) was significantly inhibited in culture supernatants (p〈0.05). The viability of cultured HaCaT keratinocytes was significantly reduced at the doses of above 10 mJ/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of UVB irradiation, but the presence of these extracts improved cell viability comparing to control after UVB irradiation. We also investigated the protective effect of this extract in sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritant skin reactions from 24 hour exposure. Twice a day application of the extract for reducing local inflammation in human skin was done. Irritant reactions were assessed by various aspects of skin condition, that is, erythema (skin color reflectance) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). After 5 days the extract was found to reduce SLS-induced skin erythema and improve barrier regeneration when compared to untreated symmetrical test site. In conclusion, our results suggest that Juniperus chinensis can be effectively used for the prevention of UV and SLS-induced adverse skin reactions such as radical production, inflammation and skin cell damage.