• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.10-14
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Vowels are characterized on the basis of formant patterns. The first formant(F1) is determined by high-low placement of the tongue, and the second formant (F2) by front-back placement of the tongue. The fundamental frequency(F0) of a soprano often exceed the normal frequency of the first formant. And the vocal intensity is boosted when F0 is high and a harmonic coincides with a formant. This is called a formant tuning. Experienced singers thus learned how to tune their formants over a resonable range by lowering the tongue to maximize their vocal intensity. So, the current study aimed to identify the formant tuning in one experienced soprano by comparing the first formants of vowel [i] in three different voice production : speech, ascending scale, and vocalize. Materials and Method : All voices recordings of vowel [i] in speech, ascending scale (from F4 note to A4 note), and vocalize(:Ridente la calam") were made with digital audio tape-corder in a sound treated room. And the captured data were analyzed by the long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the FFT algorithm of the Computerized Speech Lab(CSL, Kay elementrics, Model, 4300B). Results : Although the first formant of vowel [i] in speech was 238Hz, those of ascending scale [i] were 377Hz, 405Hz, 453Hz respectively in F4(349z), G4(392Hz), A4(440Hz) note, and 722Hz, 820Hz, 918Hz respectively in F5 (698Hz), G5(784Hz), A5(880Hz) note. In vocalize, first formants of [i] were 380Hz, 398Hz, 453Hz respectively in F4, G4, A4 note, and 720Hz, 821Hz, 890Hz respectively in F5, G5, A5 note. Conclusion : These results showed that the first formant of ascending scale and vocalize sustained higher frequency than fundamental frequency in high pitch. This finding implicates that the formant tuning of vowel [i] in ascending scale was also noted in vocalize.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.261-275
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• 2024

Before performing an experimental study on the downburst-generated wave, it is necessary to examine the scale effects and corresponding corrections or compensations. Analysis of similarity is conducted to conclude the non-dimensional force ratios that account for the dynamic similarity in the interaction of downburst with wave between the prototype and the scale model, along with the corresponding scale factors. The fractional volume of fluid (VOF) method in association with the impinging jet model is employed to explore the characteristics of the downburst-generated wave numerically, and the validity of the proposed scaling method is verified. The study shows that the location of the maximum radial wind velocity in a downburst-wave field is a little higher than that identified in a downburst over the land, which might be attributed to the presence of the wave which changes the roughness of the underlying surface of the downburst. The impinging airflow would generate a concavity in the free surface of the water around the stagnation point of the downburst, with a diameter of about two times the jet diameter (D_jet). The maximum wave height appears at the location of 1.5D_jet from the stagnation point. Reynolds number has an insignificant influence on the scale effects, in accordance with the numerical investigation of the 30 scale models with the Reynolds number varying from 3.85 × 10⁴ to 7.30 × 10⁹. The ratio of the inertial force of air to the gravitational force of water, which is denoted by G, is found to be the most significant factor that would affect the interaction of downburst with wave. For the correction or compensation of the scale effects, fitting curves for the measures of the downburst-wave field (e.g., wind profile, significant wave height), along with the corresponding equations, are presented as a function of the parameter G.

• International Journal of Railway
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2011

The purpose of the present study is to develop conceptual design of a railway vehicle simulator based on a scaled model. Although the scaled simulator is limited in its ability to manipulate the full dynamics of a full-size railway vehicle, it has been known to have an advantage in that it could provide means of testing the fundamental dynamic behavior within a limited laboratory space and at low operation cost. The present study proposes a design strategy for a simulator so that a small scaled roller rig could be fabricated and operated in laboratory setting based on the design philosophy. The data obtained from experimental testing using a scale model can be used to verify and interpret the dynamic performance of full-scale railway vehicle by applying appropriate non-dimensional analysis.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a model for diagnosing core competencies at the higher education level. Based on literature reviews, a potential model for core competencies at university was suggested. A tool for validating the model was composed of 24 items, which were delivered to 226 professors and administrative staffs, 730 students, and 134 graduates & external industrial experts. Five constructs (core competencies) were extracted from the data collected among professors and administrative staff responding to the importance of the items. The results of importance and performance surveys on core competencies with students were respectively 3.28 to 3.66 and 2.68 to 3.28 (4-point Likert scale). Statistical differences between importance level and performance level were found in all the sub-categories of core competencies. Borich priority determination formula and Locus for Focus Model were used for the determination of the priority of needs. Importance survey among graduates and external experts showed that the mean of each items ranged from 2.80 to 3.76 (4-point Likert scale). The overall results of the analyses suggest that the final model is appropriate for measuring the core competencies.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제11B권3호
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• pp.345-352
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 자유음장 모델을 기초로 5.1채널 스피커 시스템의 보상함수를 해석하고, 이를 심리음향에 기초한 바크 스케일(bark scale) 등 가 보상 밴드패스 필터에 적용하여 주파수 제한적인 음질 보상에 대한 실험을 통해 5.1채널 스피커 시스템에서 음향 재현시 나타나는 크로스토크를 제거함으로써 보다 입체적인 음을 재현하는 방법을 제안하였다. 정면 채널과 서라운드 채널의 음원을 기존의 2채널 및 5.1채널 시스템에서 제시하는 음원과 비교를 위하여 음질 평가와 함께 청취자를 대상으로 주관적인 평가를 실시하였다. 실험 결과 \pm30{\circ}$의 정면 스피커를 배치한 돌비 표준 스피커 배치에서 38dB 이상의 분리도를 얻었으며, 전문가 그룹의 음의 확산감에 대한 주관 평가에서는 5점 평가를 기준으로 0.4∼0.5점, 음의 깊이감 평가에서는 0.1∼0.2점이 향상되었다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2010

The primary purpose of this study was to employ an ecological model to analyze relative magnitudes of significant predictors affecting school life satisfaction in Korea Science Academy. The instruments used for this study were school life satisfaction Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Relationship Skill Scale, Internal Control Scale, Emotional Intelligence Scale, and FACE IV Scale. Data were collected by purposive sampling of 180 students of the Korea Science Academy in Busan, Korea. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, Pearson's productive correlation, hierarchical regression and stepwise regression, using SPSS 15.0+WIN program package. The results were as follows: 1. The level of school life satisfaction in Korea Science Academy was found to be high(Mean = 4.24, SD = 0.57). 2. Model IV was the most powerful. It explained 49.7% of the school life satisfaction. 3. Relationship with friends(${\beta}$ = .443), with teachers(${\beta}$ = .273), and self-efficacy(${\beta}$ = .201) were significant factors in explaining the school life satisfaction. The three variables explained 49.9% of school life satisfaction.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.111-119
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• 1987

해안구조물(海岸構造物)의 안정성(安定性)과 사면상(斜面上)의 반사파(反射波), run-up, run-down 등 흐름특성(特性)에 대한 모형(模型)의 축척효과(縮尺効果) 발생(發生) 메카니즘과 그 제어(制御) 방법(方法)을 7종(種)의 축척모형(縮尺模型)에 의해 실험적(實驗的)으로 연구(硏究)하였다. 그 결과(結果), 종래(從來)의 많은 연구자(硏究者)들이 소홀히 해 왔던 구조물(構造物) 내부(內部)의 침투류(浸透流) 특성(特性)의 상사(相似) 여부(如否)가 축척효과(縮尺効果) 발생(發生)의 가장 중요(重要)한 요인(要因)임을 지적(指摘)하였다. 해안구조물(海岸構造物) 가운데서 특히 투과성(透過性) 구조물(構造物)의 축척효과(縮尺効果) 제어(制御)를 위해서는 피복층(被覆層), filter층(層), 피복층(被覆層)에 가까운 core부(部)의 침투류(浸透流) Reynolds수(數)가 각각(各各) Re > $2{\times}10^4$, $Re_f$ > $3{\times}10^3$, $Re_c$ > $1{\times}10^3$인 조건(條件)을 만족하도록 구조물(構造物) 각(各) 층(層)의 축척(縮尺)을 결정(決定)하는 것이 바람직함을 강조(强調)하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1984

Pilot scale 연속식(連速式) 김치순간살균장치(瞬間殺菌裝置)를 사용한 무우김치살균시(殺菌時) 살균효과(殺菌效果)를 분석(分析)하기위해 살균시간(殺菌時間)에 따른 생균수(生菌數)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하였으며 simulation model을 설정(設定)하여 김치내(內) 생균수(生菌數)의 감소(減少)를 예측(豫測)하고 실제 실험치(實驗値)와 비교(比較) 분석(分析)함으로써 simulation model의 적용타당성(適用妥當性)을 검정(檢定)하였다. 1. 김치숙성균(熟成菌)의 D값은 가열온도(加熱溫度) 60, 64, 70, 75, $80^{\circ}C$에서 각각(各各) 2.21, 1.62, 0.73, 0.32, 0.21분(分)이었으며 z값은 $19^{\circ}C$였다. 2. 김치시료(試料)를 4 l/min의 유속(流速)으로 1cycle 살균처리(殺菌處理)하는데 소요(所要)되는 시간(時間)은 0.99분(分)으로 약 1분(分)이 소요(所要)되었다. 3. 총살균효과(總殺菌效果)에서 예열부(豫熱部)에서의 살균효과(殺菌效果)가 차지하는 비율(比率)은 30%, 살균(殺菌) 예냉(豫冷) 냉각부(冷却部)에서의 살균효과(殺菌效果)가 차지하는 비율(比率)은 70%이었다. 4. 살균부(殺菌部)의 온도(溫度)가 65, $70^{\circ}C$일때 관내(管內)를 통과하는 김치액(液)의 시간(時間)에 대한 직선적(直線的) 온도변화(溫度變化)와 지수적(指數的) 온도변화(溫度變化)로부터 유도(誘導)된 두개의 simulation model equation에 의한 예측치(豫測値)와 실제 실험치(實驗値)가 비교적(比較的) 잘 일치(一致)하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.521-527
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 필지 단위 최적관리기법 적용 효과를 분석할 수 있는 HRSM4BMP 모형을 유역단위로 모의할 수 있도록 모형을 개선하는 것이며 이를 실제 유역에 적용하여 평가하는 것이다. 따라서 HRSM4BMP 모형을 유역단위로 모의할 수 있도록 하기 위해 전처리 프로세서와 후처리 프로세서 모듈을 개발하였고 유역단위 유출량 및 유사량 모의에 많이 사용되고 있는 SWAT모형의 하천 하도추적과정과 HRSM4BMP 모형을 연계하였다. 이렇게 개선된 HRSM4BMP 모형을 강원도 양구군 해안면 유역 내 14번 소유역에 2 m의 초생대 최적관리기법 적용에 따른 유역단위 저감효과를 모의하였다. 그 결과, 14번 소유역에서는 약 280 ton (5%)의 유사가 저감되었으며 유역 말단인 43번 소유역에서 초생대 적용 후 약 223 ton (4%)의 저감 효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 우리나라 유역단위 BMPs 설치 장기 계획에 있어 매우 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1489-1500
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• 2018

Partial shading analysis of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays has recently become a theoretically and numerically challenging issue, and it is necessary for PV system designers. The main contributions of this study are the following: 1) A PSIM-based macro-model was employed because it is remarkably fast, has high precision, and has no convergence issues. 2) Three types of equivalent macro-models were developed for the transformation of a small PV sub-array with uniform irradiance to a new macro-model. 3) On the basis of the proposed new macro-model, a tearing method was established, which can divide a large-scale PV array into several small sub-arrays to significantly improve the efficiency improvement of a simulation. 4) Three platforms, namely, PSIM, PSpice, and MATLAB, were applied to evaluate the proposed tearing method. The proposed models and methods were validated, and the value of this research was highlighted using an actual large-scale PV array with 2420 PV modules. Numerical simulation demonstrated that the tearing method can remarkably improve the simulation efficiency by approximately thousands of times, and the method obtained a precision of nearly 6.5%. It can provide a useful tool to design the optimal configuration of a PV array with a given shading pattern as much as possible.