• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.1594-1599
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• 2005

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.188-205
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• 1996

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 에너지와 단백질(蛋白質) 공급원(供給源)에 따른 반추위내(反芻胃內) 영양소(營養素) 이용성(利用性) 및 반추위(反芻胃) 미생물(微生物)과의 관계(關係)를 조사하고자 에너지원중 반추위에서 느리게 분해되는 옥수수와 빠르게 분해되는 보리와 beet pulp를 사용하고 단백질원중 빠르게 분해되는 채종박과 느리게 분해되는 옥수수 글루텐과 면실박을 이용 하고, $2{\times}2$요인 시험으로 설계하여 처리당 면양4두를 공시하여 소화율, 반추위 성상 및 미생물 수를 조사한 바 다음과 같이 요약되는 결과를 얻었다. 1. 반추위내(反芻胃內) pH는 사료급여후(飼料給與後) 경과시간에 관계없이 F-F구가 가장 높았고, F-S구가 가장 낮았다 2. 반추위내(反芻胃內) 암모니아 농도는 S-F구가 다른 처리구보다 높았으며, 모든 처리구에서 사료급여 직후 급격히 증가하여 1시간째 최고에 달하였다가 이후 급격히 떨어지는 경향을 보이다가 사료(飼料) 급여 직전에 다시 상승하였다 3. 반추위내(反芻胃內) 총 휘발성지방산, 초산, 프로피온산 및 뷰틸산 농도는 F-S구가 가장 높았으며, 시간의 경과에 따른 경향은 1~3시간대에서 1차 peak를 이룬 후 9시간대에 2차 peak를 형성하였다. 4 시험사료(試驗飼料)의 일반성분 및 ADF소화율을 처리간에 영향이 없었으나 NDF소화율은 F-F구가 가장 높았다. 5. 질소축적율(窒素蓄積率)은 S-F구가 처리구중 가장 높았으며 F-F 및 F-S구가 가장 낮았다. 6. 시험사료(試驗飼料)의 대사율(代謝率), DCP, TDN, DE 및 ME 함량(含量)은 처리구간에 영향이 없었다. 7. 총균수(總菌數)는 사료급여후 3시간때 까지 전처리구 공히 증가하였다가 점차 감소하였고, 전체적으로 보면 F-F급여구가 $7.16{\times}10^{11}$ 으로 가장 많았으며 F-S구가 $2.85{\times}10^{11}$ 으로 가장 적었다. 8. Cellulolytic박테리아 수(數)는 S-S급여구가 다른 급여구보다 많았으며, 그 외 기능별 미생물수(微生物數)는 처리간에 차이를 볼 수 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.638-644
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• 2006

Sixteen adult male buffaloes (average body weight $443{\pm}14kg$) were equally distributed into four groups in an experiment to study the effect of supplementary protein sources on energy utilization efficiency in buffaloes fed a wheat straw-based diet. The animals in the control group were offered a basal diet composed of 700 g deoiled ground nut cake and ad libitum wheat straw. Animals of other groups were offered 1.8 kg of soyabean meal (SBM), linseed meal (LSM) or mustard cake (MC) along with the basal diet. Protein supplementation increased the digestibility of DM (p<0.01), OM (p<0.01) CP (p<0.01) and CF (p<0.05). Maximum CP digestibility was observed on SBM, followed by LSM and MC when compared to the control. Total DMI and DOMI was significantly (p<0.01) higher in protein supplemented groups with no differences between treatment groups. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intake and N balance were significantly (p<0.01) different between the groups; maximum response was obtained with SBM supplementation, followed by LSM and MC. Faecal energy was significantly (p<0.01) lower in SBM and LSM groups in comparison to other groups. Methane production (% DEI) was significantly (p<0.05) lower on the SBM treatment. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased significantly due to protein supplementation. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of animals in the MC group was less than LSM and SBM. Energy balance was increased significantly (p<0.01) due to protein supplementation and within supplement variation was also significant with maximum balance in SBM followed by LSM and MC groups. Protein supplementation significantly (p<0.05) increased the digestibility and metabolizability of energy from whole ration. Metabolizable energy (ME) content (Mcal/kg DM) of SBM, LSM and MC was 4.49, 3.56 and 2.56, respectively. It was concluded that protein supplementation of wheat straw increased intake, digestibility and metabolizability of energy and maximum response could be obtained when soybean meal was used as a supplement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.522-527
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• 2002

The experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with twelve Bangladeshi bull calves of average body weight of $127.20{\pm}11.34$ kg. The calves were divided into 3 groups having 4 animals in each. The animals were fed urea-treated rice straw designated as A) 4% urea-treated rice straw, B) 4% urea+4% soybean-treated rice straw and C) 4% urea+6% soybean-treated rice straw. In addition, all the animals were supplied 2 kg green grass, 350 g Til-oil-cake and 100 g common salt per 100 kg body weight of animals. Straw was treated with 4% urea solution and soybean meal at 4 and 6% were added to treated straw and kept for 48 h in double layer polythene bags under anaerobic condition. Urea treatment improved crude protein (CP) content of rice straw from 2.68 to 8.70% and it was further increased by 10.74 and 12.12% with the addition of 4 and 6% soybean meal. Dry matter (DM) intake (kg) was higher (p<0.05) in C (4.2) followed by B (4.1) and A (4.0). Crude protein intake was significantly higher (p<0.05) in group B and C than group A. Total live weight gains were 20.2, 24.8 and 25.6 kg for calves of group A, B and C respectively (p<0.01). The addition of soybean meal to treated rice straw did not affect the coefficients of digestibility of DM, OM, EE and NFE. However, CP and CF digestibility were significantly higher in group B and C (p<0.05). The values for digestible crude protein (DCP), digestible ether extract (DEE), digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet C and B in comparison to diet A, but there were no significant difference in digestible organic matter (DOM) and digestible crude fibre (DCF) value among the groups. It may be concluded that 4% urea treated rice straw can be fed to growing bull calves with 2 kg green grass and a small quantity of concentrate without any adverse effect on feed intake and growth. Moreover, soybean meal at 4 and 6% can be added to urea treated rice straw at the time of treatment for rapid hydrolyzing of urea, which resulted an improvement in nutrient digestibility and better utilization of rice straw for growth of growing bull calves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1722-1727
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• 2006

The nutritive value of 4 straws, obtained after thrashing of seeds from fodder crops, was assessed as complete feed for ruminants. Sixteen male Murrah buffaloes (liveweight 365.8${\pm}$19.5 kg), were divided into 4 equal groups and offered ad lib. straw of either Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium alexandrium, Medicago sativa or Lolium perenne, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, for 40 days in a completely randomized design. Simultaneously, each straw was offered to 3 rumen fistulated male buffaloes in order to assess the biochemical changes in the rumen. Compared to other straws M. sativa straw had higher (p<0.05) organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose content. L .perenne had the highest (p<0.05) hemicellulose and lowest (p<0.05) CP and acid-detergent lignin (ADL) content. T. resupinatum had the lowest concentration of cell wall constituents (CWC). The digestibility of nutrients of T. resupinatum and L. perenne straw was similar, but higher (p<0.05) than that of other straws. M.sativa straw showed highest (p<0.05) digestibility of CP. The highest OM digestibility of T. resupinatum and CP digestibility of M. sativa were responsible for highest (p<0.05) total volatile fatty acids and trichloroacetic acid precipitable nitrogen in the strained rumen liquor. The digestible crude protein (DCP) was highest (p<0.05) in M. sativa followed by that in T. alexandrium. The total purine derivatives excreted in urine varied from 0.22-0.32 mmol/kg $W^{.75}/d$. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis indicated that OM of straws of M. sativa and that of T. alexandrium was used more (p<0.05) efficiently. The microbial protein synthesized was highest in T. resupinatum, but statistically similar to other groups. The values for N-retention and apparent biological value were highest for L. perenne, though comparable with that of M. sativa and T. alexandrium. The available metabolizable energy (ME) was highest (p<0.05) in T. resupinatum followed by that in L. perenne and lowest in M. sativa. It was concluded that all the straws, supplemented with minerals and vitamin A, could be fed exclusively to adult ruminants with no adverse affect, as animals were able to maintain body weight (372${\pm}$20.1 kg).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.843-852
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• 2010

옥수수를 이용한 고품질의 가공식품을 개발하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 옥수수의 품종별 및 가열처리에 따른 기능성 폴리페놀화합물인 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives(HADs) 및 안토시아닌 색소의 함량 변화를 조사하였다. 국내산 3가지 옥수수 품종(찰옥수수, 감미옥수수 및 사료용 옥수수)의 일반성분 함량을 측정한 결과, 수분함량은 4.13~10.07%, 무질소화합물 65.57~81.75%, 단백질 6.51~15.15%, 지방 3.16~12.35%, 섬유소 2.09~7.81%, 회분 1.40~1.96% 범위로, 찰옥수수의 일반성분의 함량은 비슷하였으나 감미종 옥수수는 찰옥수수보다 단백질과 지방 함량이 높은 반면, 당 함량은 낮았으며, 특히 감미종 중 감미옥 품종은 지방과 섬유소 함량이 옥수수 품종 중 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 사료용 옥수수는 단백질 및 지방 함량이 매우 낮았으며, 특히 단백질 함량은 옥수수 품종 중 가장 낮았다. 옥수수 품종 중 찰옥수수는 5가지 HADs 함량이 골고루 분포하고 있는 반면, 사료용 옥수수는 2가지 FCAs의 함량은 낮은 반면, 3가지 PCs 함량이 가장 높았으며, 특히 P3394 품종이 가장 높았다. 감미 옥수수는 찰옥수수보다 FCAs의 함량은 대체로 높은 반면, PCs는 사료용보다 적어 대체로 찰옥수수와 사료용 옥수수의 중간 정도의 HADs 함량을 나타내었다. 찰옥수수 품종 중 박사찰옥수수의 총 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 2.03 mg/g(건물중), 알록이찰옥수수는 3.43 mg/g, 그리고 흑찰옥수수의 함량은 4.35 mg/g으로서 흑미백찰옥수수의 총 안토시아닌 색소 함량이 가장 높았다. 가열처리에 따라 흑찰옥수수의 2가지 FCAs는 다소 증가한 반면, 3가지 PCs는 거의 변화가 없었으며, 가열처리 중 볶음, retort 및 팽화처리는 FCAs를 증가시켰고 특히 팽화처리 시 크게 증가하였다. 가열처리에 따른 흑찰옥수수의 총 안토시아닌 색소 함량을 측정한 결과, 대조구 함량은 4.35 mg/g이었으나 retort 처리(4.45 mg/g) 경우를 제외하고 대부분 가열처리에 따라 함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 특히 팽화처리 경우 안토시아닌 함량이 크게 감소하여 거의 소실되었다. 흑미백찰옥수수로부터 주된 안토시아닌 색소인 pelargonidin 3-glucoside(P3G)를 분리 및 동정하였으며, 가열처리에 따른 P3G의 함량 변화를 측정한 결과, retort 처리 경우 함량이 다소 증가한(20.03 mg%) 반면, 그 외 볶음, 마이크로파 및 압출성형 처리에 의해 대체로 감소하였으며, 특히 팽화처리 경우 색소가 거의 소실되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때 옥수수의 기능성성분인 HADs 및 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 옥수수 품종 및 가공처리에 따라 다소 달라짐을 알 수 있었으며, 특히 옥수수 품종 중 항암, 항고혈압, 항당뇨 및 항노화성 FCAs 및 안토시아닌 색소 함량이 높은 흑찰옥수수의 대량 보급과 더불어 고압가열처리(retort)에 의한 고품질의 흑찰옥수수 가공품 개발이 요구된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

본 연구는 조사료원으로 청보리 사일리지 급여시 농후사료 급여수준이 육성기 흑염소의 가소화 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 이용율 및 질소축적율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 시험구는 4처리구 (볏짚+농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 청보리사일리지 + 농후사료 체중의 2.0%, 체중의 1.5%, 체중의 1.0%)로 나누어 처리구당 3두씩 라틴방각법으로 시험을 실시하였다. 시험기간 동안의 1일 두당 가소화 조단백질 섭취량은 대조구, 청보리 사일리지에 농후사료를 각각 체중의 2.0과 1.5% 급여구가 농후사료를 1.0% 급여구 보다 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 가소화 NFC 섭취량은 청보리 사일리지와 농후사료를 체중의 2.0% 급여구가 가장 높았고, 농후사료를 1.0% 급여구가 가장 낮았다 (p<0.05). 일당 증체량은 청보리 사일리지+농후사료 2.0%, 청보리 사일리지+농후사료 1.5%, 볏짚 + 농후사료 2.0%, 청보리 사일리지+ 농후사료 1.0%, 순으로 유의하게 낮아졌다 (p<0.05). 건물소화율은 청보리 사일리지와 농후사료를 1.5% 급여구가 대조구 보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 질소축적량은 대조구와 청보리 사일리지에 농후사료를 각각 체중의 2.0과 1.5% 급여구가 농후사료 1.0% 급여구보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이러한 결과를 종합적으로 고려할 때 청보리 사일리지를 조사료원으로 급여시 육성기 흑염소의 생산성과 효율적인 영양소 이용을 위한 농후사료 급여수준은 1.5%가 적정한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the effect of level of RDP:UDP ratio and level of feeding concentrate on milk yield, milk composition and nutrient utilization in lactating crossbred cattle. Twenty four medium producing (-10 kg/d, 45 to 135 days postpartum) lactating crossbred cows were divided into four groups of six animals each in a 2${\times}$2 factorial completely randomized design. The cows in group 1 were fed concentrate mixture I containing 59:41 RDP:UDP ratio (low UDP) at normal plane (LUDP+NP), in group 2 were fed low UDP ration at 115% of NRC (1989) requirements (LUDP+HP), whereas cows in group 3 were fed concentrate mixture II containing 52:48 RDP:UDP ratio (high UDP) at normal plane (HUDP+NP) and in group 4 were fed high UDP ration at 115% of NRC (1989) requirements (HUDP+HP). Green jowar was fed ad libitum as the sole roughage to all the animals. The experimental feeding trial lasted for 105 days. The total dry matter intake (DMI), DMI/100 kg body weight, DMI/kg $W^{0.75}$, digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, CF, EE and NFE and intakes of TDN and DCP did not differ significantly among the different groups and also due to both UDP level and plane of nutrition and also due to their interaction. The total dry matter intake varied from 145 g in group 1 (LUDP +NP) to 152.57 g/kg $W^{0.75}$ in group 2 (LUDP+HP) diet. However, increase in milk yield with increased UDP level and also with increased plane of nutrition was observed consistently throughout the experimental period. The average milk yield was 7.66, 8.15, 8.64 and 9.35 kg in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively and there was no significant difference in milk yield among different groups of cows. The overall daily average milk yields in cows fed with low and high UDP diets were 7.91 and 8.99 kg, respectively and at normal and higher plane of feeding the milk yields were 8.15 and 8.75 kg/day, respectively. Thus, there was 13.65% increase in milk yield due to high UDP level and 7.36% due to higher plane of feeding. The daily 4% FCM yields were 9.20 kg for low UDP diet and 10.28 kg for high UDP diet, whereas it was 9.11 kg at normal plane of feeding and 10.37 kg at higher plane of feeding. Fat yields for the corresponding treatment groups were 0.37, 0.43, 0.41 and 0.48 kg, respectively. The 4% FCM yield and also fat yield did not differ significantly among different dietary treatments and also due to UDP level and plane of nutrition, however, 4% FCM yield was increased by 11.74% with high UDP level and 13.83% with higher plane of feeding. The values for total solids, fat, lactose, solids-not-fat and gross energy contents in milk differed significantly (p<0.05) among the different groups and were significantly (p<0.05) higher in milk of cows fed LUDP+HP diet followed by HUDP+HP diet. Total solids (14.65 and 13.83%), lactose (5.44 and 4.92%), solids-not-fat (9.44 and 8.83%) and gross energy (887 and 838 kcal/kg) of milk decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increased UDP level while total solids (13.84 and 14.64), fat (4.84 and 5.36%) and gross energy (832 and 894 kcal/kg) increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in plane of feeding. Gross and net energetic efficiencies and also gross and net efficiencies of nitrogen utilization for milk production were not significantly different among different groups and also were not affected significantly due to either UDP levels or plane of feeding. Results of the present study suggest that, increasing UDP level from 41% to 48% of CP in concentrate mixture and also increasing plane of feeding from normal (100%) to 115% of NRC requirements maintain a consistently higher milk production.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.251-256
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• 1981

수입에 의 한 수요충족이 절대불가능한 양질다수성 싸이레지용 옥수수의 개발은 우리나라에 매우 필요한 사항이다. 양질 다수성인 싸이레지용 옥수수의 개발을 위한 육종적 재료를 확보코저 재래종 옥수수의 수집종 가운데서 선발된 다약다수성인 계통을 가지고 재배환경이 다양한 조건하에서 싸이레지용으로서의 가부시험을 한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1. 싸이레지용 주요특성의 하나인 단위면적당 총건물중 생산양에 있어서 파종기나 재배밀도에 관계없이 수원 19호 교잡종보다 다약다종성인 MET 계통이 평균 10% 더 높았다. 2. 식물체의 부입별 특성을 비교하면 MET 계통은 건엽중이 수원 19호보다 월등히 높아 MET 계통의 건물중 증가에 기여하였다. 3. MET 계통의 건엽중이 수원 19호보다 높았던 것은 MET계통의 분벽에 의한 엽수의 증가 때문이었으며, 4. 기타 곡실수량에 관련된 이삭의 무게라든가 입중, 이확속중 등은 수원 19호가 높았다. 다만 포엽중만은 MET 계통이 다수성으로 인해 더 높았다. 5. TDN의 증감과 관계가 있는 100a당 배의 생산은 소입성인 MET 계통이 수원 19호보다 10$\sim$15% 더 높았다. 6. MET 계통이 다약다수성이고 수원 19호가 무약일수성인데도 불구하고 분산분석결과 품종$\times$재배환경(파종기 또는 재식밀도)라는 유의적인 상호작용이 없이 다 같이 밀식함으로써 총건물중이 증가하였다. 7. 싸이레지로 만들었을 때 MET 계통과 수원 19호의 일반조성분 TDN 등을 비교한 결과 일반 조성분에 있어서는 두 품종간에 큰 차이가 없었으나 TDN에 있어서는 MET 계통이 더 높았고 DCP에 있어서는 수원 19호가 더 높았다. 8. 아미노산의 분석결과 두 품종간에 큰 차이는 없었다.