• Development and Reproduction
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1997

Mammalian ovary consists of various growing stages of follicles. Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation, however, can be distinguished into recruitment, growth, selectiona nd ovulation. while only minute of the selected follicles ovulate their oocytes, all the rest follicles disappear by atresia. this atresia is an important event of which physiological mechanism must be resolved. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of various doses of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) on the oocyte quality, ovulation rate, and the early embryonic development in immature mice. Immature mice were administrated with 5, 20, or 40 IU PMSG. At every 12 hour up to 72 hour after treatment, body and ovary weights were measured. Oocytes were flushed from the oviducts under the dissecting microscope and observed under the inverted microscope. Late 2-cell embryos were collected from the mice which were superovulated by the same dosage of PMSG followed by 5 IU hCG 47 hours after PMSG-treatment. The percentage of abnormal oocytes was higher in 20 or 40 IU PMSG-treated animals than 5 IU PMSG-treated ones. Ovulation occured at 12 hours afger PMSG injection in all experimental groups. The percentage of retrieved abnormal oocytes increased in the 20 or 40 IU PMSG-treated goups but not in 5 IU PMSG-treated group. There was no significant difference in the mating rate among the groups [52.6% (10/19), 66.7% (10/15), 44.0% (11/25) : 5, 20, 40 IU group respectively] ; however, ther was a significant (p<0.01) increase of embryo retrieval rates in 5 and 20 IU-treated groups compared with that in 40 IU-treated group [89.2% (239-268), 85.5% (224/262), 40.0% (18/45)]. There was significant (p<0.01) increase of embryo development rates in 5 IU-treated group compared with that in 20 and 40 IU-treated group [231/239(96.7), 179/224(79.9), 77.8(14/18)]. In conclusion, higher doses of PMSG injection increased the occurrence of abnormal oocytes ovulation in immature mice. The most of oocytes collected from 5 or 20 IU-PMSG-treated group has fertilizabioity. But in mice injected iwth higher doses of PMSG, their oocytes exhibit less fertilizability and, even fertilized, all oocytes are not fully capable of development.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 1999

This study has been attempted to measure health education needs-assessment of middle-aged women and to analyze the factors affecting health education needs-assessment. There were 618 subjects(middle-aged women, 40 to 59 years of age). The major findings of the study were as follows: 1. Seventy six point six percent of the respondents wanted health education. The remainder did not want health education because of the lack of the time. 2. For those desiring to receive health education, there was statistically significant difference in education(p〈0.001), income(p〈0.05), employment(p〈0.05), recreation(p〈0.001), knowledge on health(p〈0.001), routine medical check-ups(p〈0.01) and health education experience(p〈0.001). 3. Forty nine percent of the respondents wanted formal education as a way of education and 41.7% wanted life-long education center for the place of education. Sixty two point five percent of responded that ‘once a month’ is adequate for the health education, and 62.7% felt that ‘around one hour’ duration is appropriate. 4. The area the respondents were most interested in was disease control especially in the order of cancer and osteoporosis. 5. There was statistically significant difference between the age group of 40's and 50's in personal health care and environmental health area(p〈0.01), weight control area(p〈0.01), mental health and exercise area(p〈0.05), drinking and smoking area(p〈0.01). 6. The more knowledge on health, the higher health education needs-assessment. Middleaged women who received routine medical check-ups had more health education needs-assessments than those who didn't.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.37-44
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aquatic exercise on body composition, fitness and pulmonary function. Subjects were seven spasticity cerebral palsy(18-20years). The aquatic exercise program consisted of 11 items, and performed for 30-40mins in a bout, 4 times a week at the intensity of HRmax($40-65\%$) for 12 weeks. And the change of body weight, %fat, fat mass, hand grip, sit up, sit and reach, close eyes foot balance and side step have been measured before and post exercise 12 weeks. Paired t-test was performed for data analysis at the 0.051eve1 of significance. The following results as; First, body compositions(body weight, $\%$fat and fat mass) were decreased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05). Second, muscle endurance, balance and flexibility were increased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05, p< .01), respectively. Third, vital capacity was increased significantly after 12 weeks(p< .05). These results suggest that the aquatic exercise programs are applicable to the spasticity cerebral palsy with abnormal movement.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-32
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• 2005

This paper is a comprehensive study of mathematics education in the Chosun Dynasty. The basis of this work relies on actual historical records from the period. As shown in the records, mathematics education during the Chosun Dynasty remained at the level of basic arithmetics. The arithmeticians of the Chosun Dynasty did not have an understanding of more complex mathematical thought. But the simple arithmetics of the Chosun Dynasty facilitated the building up of a unique merchant 'middle class.' So this paper examines the development of mathematics in the Chosun Dynasty through middle class. Although the Chosun Dynasty arithmetics occupy a significant part of mathematics history, this paper details why their thought did not evaluate more advanced mathematical theories.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2017

This study analyzed the effect of NCS - based education and training of small and medium manufacturing on job performance. The results of this study were as follows: First, the effects of NCS education and training on job performance(p<.001, ${\beta}=5.130$) were analyzed. As a result, (p<.01, ${\beta}=3.783$) and on-the-job training had a significant effect on job attitude (p <.05, ${\beta}=-2.448$). (P <.01, ${\beta}=.740$), job skill and collective education (p <.01, ${\beta}=.459$), and job skill (P <.01, ${\beta}=.575$), job attitude and field training (p <.05, ${\beta}=-.320$), collective education and field training (p < .268) were found to be correlated. Third, the analysis of the effect of the age of general characteristics on job attitude showed that the fifties (3.75) had higher attitude than the 20s (3.44), 30s (3.26) and 40s (3.63). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of NCS - based education and training on the job performance of small and medium manufacturing industries.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.349-357
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile changes after extraction of two lower first or second premolars in "borderline" adult skeletal Class III cases. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with "borderline" skeletal Class III malocclusion were studied. All of them were treated by extraction of two lower first or second premolars. Lateral cephalometric radiographs taken at the start and end of treatment were analysed. Twenty-five cephalometric variables were calculated and paired $t$-tests were performed. Results: After treatment, no significant changes were noted in the skeletal parameters ($p{\geq}0.05$). Regarding the dental parameters, the L1-MP angle decreased by $8.1^{\circ}$, the U1-L1 angle increased by $7.7^{\circ}$ ($p$ < 0.01), the overjet distance increased by 5.7 mm ($p$ < 0.01), the L1-NB angle decreased by $7.3^{\circ}$ and the L1-NB distance decreased by 4.8 mm ($p$ < 0.01). The soft tissue parameters of Li-E, Li-H and Li-RL2 distance decreased by 3.2 mm, 3.4 mm and 4.1 mm respectively ($p$ < 0.01). Conclusions: Orthodontic camouflage treatment by extraction of two lower first or second premolars provides a viable treatment alternative for "borderline" skeletal Class III cases to achieve a good occlusal relationship.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between political interest, economic interest, sociocultural interest and intention of maintaining the nursing job against 291 nursing students from a university in C city from August to September 2022. The collected data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlations. The study showed political interest 3.35(maximum 5 points), economic interest 3.76(maximum 5 points), sociocultural interest 4.15(maximum 5 points), and intention of maintaining the nursing job were 3.40(maximum 5 points). In the correlation between variables, the correlation coefficient between political interest and sociocultural skill(r=.385, p<.01) was high, and economic interest and overall sociocultural interest were the most correlated(r=.534, p<.01). For the correlation with intention of maintaining the nursing job, sociocultural behavioral intention(r=.158, p<.01) and attitude(r=.131, p<.01) were statistically significant. Based on the results, repeated studies including political, economic, and sociocultural interest as variables influencing intention of maintaining the nursing job and future research on systematic and diverse educational programs including sociocultural attitudes and behavioral intention are suggested so the nursing job can be maintained for longer time as a profession.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.170-177
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of circulation exercise on health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors obese in middle age women. Twenty, obese middle age women($BMI<25kg/m^2$) composed of circulation exercise group(EX, n=10), the control group(CON, n=10). The variables of health related fitness, metabolic syndrome risk factors were measured in all the subjects before the start and after the end of 12 week circulation exercise program(60~80 %HRR, 3 times per week, 30~40 mins). The test data were analyzed by paired t-test and repeated ANOVA, and the alpha level of p<.05 was set for all tests of significance. Health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors were measured pre and 12 weeks of post exercise training. %body fat(p <.01) was significantly decreased in EX group compared to CON group. LBM(p <.05), muscular endurance(p <.05), flexibility(p <.05) and cardiorespiratory endurance(p <.001) were significantly increased in EX group compared to CON group. WC(p <.05), SBP(p <.01), DBP(p <.05), Glucose(p <.05) and TG(p <.05) were significantly decreased in EX group compared to CON group. HDL-C(p <.01) was significantly increased in EX group compared to CON group. These results suggest that 12 weeks of circulation exercise training improves health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Thus, this newly proposed circulation exercise modality can be a useful therapy to improve both health related fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese middle age women.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to identify related factors of prenatal depression by stress-vulnerability and stress-coping models for pregnant women. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenience sampling was used. A total of 107 pregnant women who visited a general hospital in a metropolitan city were recruited from August to October, 2013. A structured questionnaire included the Korean version of Beck Depression Inventory II, and the instruments measuring Self-Esteem, Marital Satisfaction, Pregnancy Stress, Stressful Life Events, and Coping. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Parson's correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: The mean score of prenatal depression was $11.95{\pm}6.2$, then showing 19.6% with mild depression, 15.0% with moderate depression, and 0.9% with severe depression on BDI II scale. Prenatal depression had positive correlation with pregnancy stress (r=.55, p<.01), stressful life events (r=.26, p<.01) and negative correlation with self- esteem (r=-.38, p<.01), marital satisfaction (r=-.40, p<.01), and coping (r=-.21, p<.05). Factors of pregnancy stress, self-esteem, stressful life events, and planned pregnancy explained 38% of the total variance of prenatal depression. Conclusion: These findings show that health providers need to assess prenatal depression and to control the influencing factors.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 1987

A raw starch saccharifying enzyme from Aspergillus sp. SN-871 was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, CM-Sephadex C-50 column chromatography and Sephadex G-75 gel filtration. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 18 fold and the yeild was 13.40%. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated as approximately 40,000 dalton by the method of Andrews gel filtration. The optimum pH and temperature for this enzyme were found to be 4 and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively and the stable range of pH was 2 to 5. The enzyme was themostable at below $60^{\circ}C$ and inactivated at $70^{\circ}C$. It showed a tendency to increase the enzyme activity under the presence of 0.01 M $BaCl_2$, but under 0.01 M$Pb(NO_3)_2$, $AgSO_4$, and $K_3Fe(CN)_6$ and citric acid etc. inhibited it completely. The substrate specifity of enzyme showed a tendency to increase the enzyme activity under addition of dextrin and glycogen, but under saccharose inhibited it. COD removal rate of Aspergillus sp. SN-871 was approximately 67 to 68%.