• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.219-237
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and the severity of root resorption of the permanent teeth before orthodontic treatment by means of radiograph in the malocclusion patients. In this study the author analysed the frequency and the severity of root resorption in individual teeth, the relationships of the frequency and the severity of root resorption and age, sex, Angle's classification, overjet, overbite, and maxillary and mandibular incisor inclination, and the relationships of the frequency of root resorption and the characteristics of malocclusion and marked occlusal attrition showed in individual teeth. The results were as follows. 1. All of the persons examined showed some evidence of root resorption in one or more of the permanent teeth, $35.84\%$ of the teeth examined and more frequent in female group than male group(p<0.01). 2. On the susceptibility of the root resorption in individual teeth in this study, the author found the mandibular incisors and the maxillary incisors, in the order named, to be most susceptible in all affected teeth, but maxillary central incisors, maxillary first bicuspids, and maxillary lateral incisors, in the order named, were more susceptible to marked root resolution. 3. The more proclined maxillary Incisors the more affected root resorption in four maxillary incisors and the more proclined mandibular incisors the more affected root resorption in four mandibular incisors. 4. Overbite more affected root resorption than overjet, and the higher tender to openbite the more frequent was root resorption. 5. On the characteristics of malocclusion showed in individual teeth, the openbite teeth combined with crossbite, were most frequent in root resolution.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the change of egg qualify by the height of thick albumen of egg, storage temperature and storage period. The albumen index and Haugh unit were measured and compared among five different storage periods(0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 days), four different storage temperatures($15^{\circ}C$ , $20^{\circ}C$ , $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ ), and five different Parts(0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mm) aparted from egg yolk. The albumen index and Haugh unit were as follows: the albumen index of eggs was significantly(P<0.01) different by the storage temperature and by the measuring position of thick albumen of eggs. It means that the albumen index can be differed by the measuring position of thick albumen even if eggs have a same qualify. For measuring egg qualify in this country, it should be announced that which Parts in thick albumen of eggs are measured. The albumen index of fresh eggs was 0.16. However, the index when measured at 3 hour after oviposition was lower than 0.16. Therefore, it indicates that the criterion of 0.06 lower than 0.16 is required to set for considering practical point during the marketing periods of eggs. When the criterion of albumen index puts 0.06, it is as 100%. Therefore, eggs can be kept the same quality for 6, 4 and 2 days when eggs were stored at $15^{\circ}C$ , $20^{\circ}C$ and 25 ~$30^{\circ}C$ , respectively. When the criterion of Haugh unit score puts 79 as 100%, the eggs can be maintained the quality for 6, 4, and 2 days when eggs are stored at $15^{\circ}C$ , $20^{\circ}C$ and 25~$30^{\circ}C$ , respectively. When the criterion of Haugh unit 55 as 100%, the eggs can be maintained the same quality for 10, 8 and 2 days when eggs are stored at $15^{\circ}C$ , $20^{\circ}C$ and 25~$30^{\circ}C$ , respectively. From the experimental results, it can be considered that calculathing egg quality by the height of thick albumin of eggs which was measured at the attachment Parts of thick albumin layer and yolk of eggs was most reasonable and suitable when considering the marketing periods of eggs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.347-364
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• 2006

This study is concerned with assessment of diethylnitrosamine (DEN 0.01 %) induced liver cell carcinogenesis by measurement of changes preceding the development of neoplasms. Therefore, it was undertaken to investigate changes of liver-specific enzyme activities in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by ad libitum feeding of DEN. And also. the changes of hepatic morphology in SD rats were detected by haematoxylineosin stain and immunohistochemistry (PCNA). 5- Fluorouracil (5- FU) is one of the most widely used anticancer agents for digestive cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, and is known to affect the cell cycle and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the present study, SD rats were given drinking water containing 0.01% diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 8 weeks. Minor behavioral change, brittleness of hair and decreased amount of water and diet intake were observed in rats 4 weeks after DEN administration. The body and liver weights were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in rats 11 weeks after DEN administration. The liver weight ratio to body weight was rather stable and not significantly decreased in the all treatment groups. The liver specific enzyme activities (AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP) were significantly increased in all treatment groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). Variable size of liver tumor and hepatomegaly were observed in rats treated with DEN after 10 weeks. Numerous vacuoles were seen on the midzonal and or peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm or densely basophilic mitotic nucleoli were seen. Several proliferative small round cells were seen on vacuolated and necrotic areas in peripheral hepatic lobules or portal areas. PCNA-positive cells were seen on the vacuolated portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the areas of small round cells. We examined functional and morphological changes of livers by 5 - FU treatments on DEN -treated rat. The DEN -treated rats compared to 5 - FU -treated rats after DEN treatment for 8 weeks. The serum total protein and triglyceride were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, and the liver enzyme activities of AST and ALT were significantly(p < 0.05) increased. After 8 weeks, in the non-5-FU -treated group, the size of liver tumor were varied and hepatomegaly were observed, hepatocellular vacuolization, necrosis and steatosis were observed on the midzonal and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules. The large and polymorphological hepatocytes were seen, the interlobular connective tissues were proliferated. PCNA positive cells were seen in the portal areas and peripheral areas of hepatic lobules in the non-5-FU-treated group. In hepatocytes, condensation of nuclear chromatin and vacuolization were observed, shape of the nuclei were irregular, the degraded nuclei and organelles were observed. The livers of rats in the 5 - FU treatment group were seen grossly brilliant, red-brown color, and the vacuolated and degenerated regions, hyperplastic nodules were not nearly observed. In the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contained a large number of mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, developed organelles surrounding nuclei. The above findings suggest that 5 - FU will be effective as anti -liver tumor drug.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.356-363
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• 2009

Purpose : A polymorphism in the IGF-I gene promoter region is known to be associated with serum IGF-I levels, birth weight, and body length, suggesting that IGF-I gene polymorphism might influence postnatal growth. The present study aimed to investigate the role of this polymorphic cytosine-adenine (CA) repeat of the IGF-I gene in children with idiopathic short stature. Methods : The study involved 131 children (72 boys and 59 girls) diagnosed with idiopathic short stature, aged 715 years. Genomic DNA was extracted from anticoagulated peripheral whole blood. The primers were designed to cover the promoter region containing the polymorphic CA repeat. Data were analyzed using GeneMapper software. The correlations between age and serum IGF-I levels were analyzed using Spearmans correlation coefficient. Results : The CA repeat sequences ranged from 15 to 22, with 19 CA repeats the most common with an allele frequency of 40.6%. Homozygous for 19 CA repeat was 13.0%, heterozygous for 19 CA repeat was 56.5%, and 19 CA non-carrier was 30.5%. The three different genotype groups showed no significant differences in height, body weight and body mass index, and serum IGF-I levels. The serum IGF-I level and age according to the IGF-I genotypes were significantly correlated in the entire group, 19 CA repeat carrier group, and the non-carrier group. The three groups also showed no significant differences in the first year responsiveness to GH treatment. Conclusion : There were no significant different correlations between 19 CA repeat polymorphism and serum IGF-I levels according to genotype. Our results suggest that the IGF-I 19 CA repeat gene polymorphism is not functional in children with idiopathic short stature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.282-292
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• 2014

This study investigated the changes of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of foxtail millet (FM) and proso millet (PM) by drainage methods in poorly drained sloping paddy field. The experimented soils in this study were very poorly drained (VPDP) and imperfectly drained paddy soil (IDP). Two drainage methods namely under pipe drainage (UPD) and open ditch (ODD) were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. The soil moisture contents of UPD and ODD on VPDP were $18.52{\pm}4.58$ and $19.01{\pm}4.25%$, and IDP were $14.87{\pm}4.82$ and $18.64{\pm}3.85%$, respectively. Generally, crop yields, proximate and minerals composition of FM and PM showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents, and radical scavenging activity of the ethanolic extracts of FM and PM showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol content of FM and PM by drainage methods was 1.69~2.30 and 1.18~1.35 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content was 0.31~0.76 and 0.27~0.41 mg CE/g, and total tannin content was 0.36~0.54 and 0.21~0.28 mg TAE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FM and PM was 39.53~59.81 and 27.91~40.25 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 113.59~152.10 and 61.38~79.19 mg TE/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant compounds and radical scavenging activity of FM and PM by drainage methods were frequently affected soil water.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

of $PLC-\gamma$ 1 activity. Results : In the immunohistochemistry, the expression of $PLC-\beta$ was negative for all grnups. The expression of $PLC-\gamma$ 1 was highest in the group III followed by group II in the proliferative zone of mucosa. The expression of PKC-01 was strong1y positive in group I followed by group II in the damaged surface epithelium. The above findings were also confirmed in the immunoblotting study. In the irnrnunoblotting study, the expressions of $PLC-\beta,\;PLC-\gamma\;1,\;and\;PLC-\delta$ were the same as the results of immunohistochemistry The expression of ras oncoprotein was weakly Positive in groups II, III and IV. The of EGFR was the highest in the group II, III, followed by group W and the expression of PKC was weakly positive in the group II and III. Conclusion : $PLC-\gamma$ 1 mediated signal transduction including ras oncoprotein, EGFR, and PKC play a significant role irL mucosal regeneration after irradiation. $PLC-\delta$ 1 mediated signal transduction might have an important role in mucosal damage after irradiation. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the signal transduction mediating the $PLC-\delta$ 1.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.511-517
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• 1995

Bone scan is a very sensitive diagnostic imaging test for detecting bone and joint disorders. So it might be useful in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders of the joint origin. Thus, the effectiveness of bone scan for detecting temporomandibular joint(TMJ) diseases and differentiating the TMJ disc displacement from the TMJ arthritis was evaluated. Bone scan was done in 21 patients with TMJ disc displacement(13 unilaterally affected, 8 bilaterally affected), 25 patients with TMJ arthritis(23 unilateral, 3 bilateral), and 39 volunteers with no signs, symtoms, or history of TMJ disease. TMJ simple uptake rate(SUR) and difference of both TMJ SUR were calculated from the 100,000 count lateral image of head and neck region in 99mTc MDP bone scan. Transcranial and panorama X-ray examination was also done in all patients. TMJ SUR(%) were $1.673{\pm}0.606$ in TMJs affected with arthritis, $1350{\pm}0.351$ in TMJs affected with disc displacement, and $1.084{\pm}0.172$ in TMJs of controls. Significant differences were demonstrated among them(p<0.01) Difference of bith TMJ SUR was highest in patients with unilateral TMJ arthritis($0.608{\pm}$0.533, p<001), and there is no significant difference between that of controls and that of unilateral TMJ dist displacement patients($0.062{\pm}0.063$ vs $0.122{\pm}0.100$). TMJ SUR of Joint with bone change on X-ray finding was not significantly different from that of joint with normal X-ray finding. Those in patients with unilateral TMJ disc displacement(696% and 87% vs 23.1% and 23%). The proportions of patients with increased TMJ SUR and difference of both TMJ SUR(>mean+2SD of controls) in unilateral TMJ arthritis patients were significantly higher than those in patients with unilateral TMJ disc displacement(69.6% and 87% vs 23.1% and 23%). Conclusively, bone scan nay help to detect TMJ disease and differentiate TMJ disc displacement from TMJ arthritis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2005

This study was carried out to analyze the components of the stem of bush clover, Lespedeza bicolor to obtain basic data on the studies of the physiological function and a possibility of utilizing L. bicolor. General components of L. bicolor were 82.35$\%$ carbohydrate, 13.38$\%$ moisture, 2.80$\%$ crude protein, 0.86$\%$ crude ash and 0.61$\%$ crude fat. The content of reducing sugar was 147.58 mg/100 g. The total amount of free sugar was 52.4 mg/100 g that was composed of 31.0 mg/100 g fructose, 16.7 mg/100 g glucose and 4.7 mg/100 g sucrose. In the results of mineral analysis, the content of Ca was the highest (472.97 mg/100 g) and followed by 206.70mg/100 g of K. The total amount of hydrolyzed amino acid was 148.95 mg/100 g that consist of 31.74 mg/100g of essential amino acid and 117.24 mg/100 g of non-essential amino acid. Total free amino acids were contained 106.39 mg/100 g that was composed of 8.41 mg/100 g essential amino acids and 97.98 mg/100 g the non-essential, and proline (62.92 mg/100 g) was the highest that account for 59.8$\%$ of total free amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 30.01 mg/100g and that of $\gamma$ -aminoisobutyric acid was the highest as 12.57 mg/100 g among them.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1248-1254
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• 1997

To measure antioxidative activities, the various extracts from RVS (Rhus Verniciflua Stokes) were tried out with either DPPH or thiocyanate method. Also we used the GO (Glucose Oxidase) 20 mU/mL hydroxyl radical system in mouse whole brain cell culture. Chloroform, n-hexane or ethanol were used as extract solutions which had different polarity respectively. In DPPH and thiocyanate method, the antioxidative activities of the crude ethanol extracts were stronger than other extracts. The crude ethanol extracts were fractionated 5 peaks by glass column. Among of them, antioxidative activity of peak II $(P_{II})$ was shown stronger than other fractions, a little for peak III $(P_{III})$ and peak IV $(P_{IV})$, and none for peak I $(P_I)$ and Peak V $(P_V)$. In the antioxidative effects of crude ethanol extracts (30 mg/mL), cell viabilities were evaluated $1\;{\mu}L\;(297\;{\mu}g/mL)$, $2\;{\mu}L\;(588\;{\mu}g/mL)$ of crude ethanol extracts 59%, 68% respectively. $10\;{\mu}L\;(2,727\;{\mu}g/mL)$ addition of crude ethanol extracts had 95% cell viabilities, 0.01% significant, comparing control. In addition, the compounds related to antioxidative effect of crude ethanol extract might be glycoproteins by means of SDS-PAGE. Comparison to antioxidative effects between several antioxidants (ascorbic acid, ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, catalase) $273\;{\mu}L/mL$ addition of crude ethanol extracts corresponds to $1\;{\mu}g/mL$ catalase in antioxidative effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.217-225
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to quantitate signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio of the portal vein using CT and 3.0T MRI and to investigate the optimal imaging device. Twenty patients who inspective CT and 3.0T MRI between February 2018 and April 2018 were randomly assigned to receive data from the picture archiving communication system. The SNR and CNR values were evaluated by measuring the mean and standard deviation of the region of interest of the four regions of the portal vein (the main portal vein, the right vein, the left vein, and the middle vein). The results showed that SNR was 9.180.72 in the right context, 9.410.84 in the left context, 9.540.59 in the middle context, 9.550.75 in the order context, and 22.292.03 in the right context and 25.893 in the 3.0T MRI. 19, median context: 24.392.87, and order Mac: 26.642.30 (p<0.05). CNR was 3.790.68 in the CT context, 3.740.65 in the left context, 3.710.39 in the middle context, 3.790.68 in the order context, 9.490.65 in the right context, and 11.0001.90 in the 3.0T MRI, Intermediate context: 12.701.75, order Mac: 10.010.98, 3.0T MRI was higher than CT (p<0.05). In conclusion, SNR and CNR values were higher in the 3.0T MRI than CT in the 4 portal regions. Therefore, 3.0T MRI using non-ionizing radiation was the most superior imaging equipment than CT.