• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.73-76
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to produce a simple and inexpensive technique for estimating the obturator foramen area (OFA) from young calves based on the hypothesis that OFA can be extrapolated from simple linear measurements. Three linear measurements - dorsoventral height, craneocaudal width and total perimeter of obturator foramen - were obtained from 55 bovine hemicoxae. Different algorithms for determining OFA were then produced with a regression analysis (curve fitting) and statistical analysis software. The most simple equation was OFA ($mm^2$) = [3,150.538 + ($36.111^*CW$)] - [147,856.033/DH] (where CW = craneocaudal width and DH = dorsoventral height, both in mm), representing a good nonlinear model with a standard deviation of error for the estimate of 232.44 and a coefficient of multiple determination of 0.846. This formula may be helpful as a repeatable and easily performed estimation of the obturator foramen area in young bovines. The area of the obturator foramen magnum can thus be estimated using this regression formula.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.146-149
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• 2017

In this study, we compared the standardized value of each signal intensity, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) that digitizes the diffusion of water molecules, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) using b value 0 400, 1400 ($s/mm^2$). From March 2013 to December 2013, patients with suspicion of simple compound fracture and metastatic spine cancer were included in the MR readout. We used a 1.5 Tesla Achieva MRI system and a Syn-Spine Coil. Sequence is a DWI SE-EPI sagittal (diffusion weighted imaging spin echo-echo planar imaging sagittal) image with b-factor ($s/mm^2$) 0, 400, 1400 were used. Data analysis showed ROI (Region of Interest) in diseased area with high SI (signal intensity) in diffusion-weighted image b value 0 ($s/mm^2$) Using the MRIcro program, each SI was calculated with images of b-value 0, 400, and 1400 ($s/mm^2$), ADC map was obtained using Metlab Software with each image of b-value, The ADC is obtained by applying the ROI to the same position. The standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of simple compression fractures were $0.47{\pm}0.04$ and $0.23{\pm}0.03$ and the standardized values ($SI_{400}/SI_0$, $SI_{400}/SI_0$) of the metastatic spine were $0.57{\pm}0.07$ and $0.32{\pm}0.08$ And the standardized values of the two diseases were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400 ($s/mm^2$) and 1400 ($s/mm^2$) of the simple compression fracture disease site were $1.70{\pm}0.16$ and $0.93{\pm}0.28$ and $1.24{\pm}0.21$ and $0.80{\pm}0.15$ for the metastatic spine. The ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 400($s/mm^2$) was statistically significant (p < 0.05) but the ADC ($mm^2/s$) for b value 1400 (p > 0.05). In conclusion, multi - b value recognition of signal changes in diffusion - weighted imaging is very important for the diagnosis of various spinal diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.412-417
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• 2007

A simple prepared paste electrode (PE) of DNA immobilized on a carbon nanotube was utilized for monitoring the antibacterial agent oxytetracycline (OTC), using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Given these conditions, SWASV and CV working ranges were observed within 1-10 ngL-1 OTC. In the SWASV and CV for OTC concentrations of 0.1 mgL-1, the relative standard deviations (n=15) were 0.068 and 0.067, respectively. At the optimized condition, the detection limit was found to be 0.4 ngL-1 OTC. This method was applied to the hatchery fish tissue.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2004

A digital $(k_0,\;k_1)$-homotopy is induced from digital $(k_0,\;k_1)$-continuity with the n kinds of $k_i$-adjacency relations in ${\mathbb{Z}}^n$, $i{\in}\{0,\;1\}$. The k-fundamental group, ${\pi}^k_1(X,\;x_0)$, is derived from the pointed digital k-homotopy, $k{\in}\{3^n-1(n{\geq}2),\;3^n-{\sum}^{r-2}_{k=0}C^n_k2^{n-k}-1(2{\leq}r{\leq}n-1(n{\geq}3)),\;2n(n{\geq}1)\}$. In this paper two kinds of digital 8-pseudotori stemmed from the minimal simple closed 4-curve and the minimal simple closed 8-curve with 8-contractibility or without 8-contractibility, e.g., $DT_8$ and $DT^{\prime}_8$, are introduced and their digital topological properties are studied by the calculation of the k-fundamental groups, $k{\in}\{8,\;32,\;64,\;80\}$.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2011

In this study, 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze the population structure of 55 mungbean accessions (34 from South Asia, 20 from West Asia, 1 sample from East Asia). A total of 56 alleles were detected, with an average of 3.73 per locus. The mean of major allele frequency, expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content for 15 SSR loci were 0.72, 0.07 and 0.33 respectively. The mean of major allele frequency was 0.79 for South Asia, and 0.74 for West Asia. The mean of genetic diversity and polymorphic information content were almost similar for South Asian and West Asian accessions (genetic diversity 0.35 and polymorphic information content 0.29). Model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of three clusters based on genetic distance. Accessions were clearly assigned to a single cluster in which >70% of their inferred ancestry was derived from one of the model-based populations. 47 accessions (85.56%) showed membership with the clusters and 8 accessions (14.54%) were categorized as admixture. The results could be used to understanding the genetic structure of mungbean cultivars from these regions and to support effective breeding programs to broaden the genetic basis of mungbean varieties.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.513-523
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• 2016

The stress concentration factors and stress intensity factors for a simple beam and a cantilever are analyzed by using finite element method and phtoelasticity. Using the analyzed results, the estimated graphs on stress concentration factors and stress intensity factors are obtained. To analyze stress concentration factors of notch, the dimensionless notch length H(height of specimen)/h=1.1~2 and dimensionless gap space r(radius at the notch tip)/h=0.1~0.5 are used. where h=H-c and c is the notch length. As the notch gap length increases and the gap decreases, the stress concentration factors increase. Stress concentration factors of a simple beam are greater than those of a cantilever beam. However, actually, the maximum stress values under a load, a notch length and a gap occur more greatly in the cantilever beam than in the simple beam. To analyze stress intensity factors, the normalized crack length a(crack length)/H=0.2~0.5 is used. As the length of the crack increases, the normalized stress intensity factors increase. The stress intensity factors under a constant load and a crack length occur more greatly in the cantilever beam than in the simple beam.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1476-1483
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• 2000

Objectives : The incidence of acute hydrocephalus(AHC) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage reported as 13-31%. The AHC resolves spontaneously in some cases(simple AHC), but about 30% of the AHC progresses to shunt-dependent hydrocephalus(SDHC). The aim of this study was to understand clinical predisposing factors causing SDHC with performing differential clinical analyses between 2 subgroups, the simple AHC and the progresed SDHC. Methods : The 250 surgically treated patients with aneurysmal SAH over last two years were evaluated. Forty four patients(17.6%) of them showed the AHC. Of theses 37 cases were retrospectively analyzed, excluding 7 patients who died within 2 weeks after hemorrhage attack. Of the 37 AHC cases, 21 patient(56.8%) were complicated with the simple AHC, and 16 cases(43.2%) were progressed SDHC. Results : The older age(p<0.05), poor clinical grade(p＝0.03), larger amount of SAH in perimesencephalic cistern on CT scan(p＝0.005) were significantly related to the SDHC. No significant difference was noted in aneurysm location, multiplicity, rebleeding, hypertension and Fisher grade between 2 subgroups. Conclusion : Of the total 37 AHC, the simple AHC was 56.8% and the progressed SDHC 43.2%. The older age, poor clinical grade, large amount of SAH in perimesencephalic cistern were significant predisposing factors causing the SDHC. The large amount of SAH in perimesencephalic cistern is the single most important predisposing factor developing the progressed SDHC.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.534-538
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• 2015

Objective : To correct apical vertebral rotation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), direct vertebral derotation (DVD) or simple rod rotation (SRR) might be considered. The aim of the present study is to introduce the surgical experiences of AIS by a Korean neurosurgeon and to evaluate the effectiveness of SRR for apical vertebral rotation. Methods : A total of 9 patients (1 male and 8 females) underwent scoliosis surgery by a neurosurgeon of our hospital. The Lenke classifications of the patients were 1 of 1B, 2 of 1C, 1 of 2A, 1 of 2C, 3 of 5C and 1 of 6C. Surgery was done by manner of simple rod rotation on the concave side and in situ coronal bending. Coronal Cobb's angles, vertebral rotation angles and SRS-22 were measured on a plain standing X-ray and CT before and after surgery. Results : The mean follow up period was 25.7 months (range : 5-52). The mean number of screw positioning level was nine (6-12). The mean age was 16.4 years (range : 13-25) at surgery. The mean Risser grade was $3.7{\pm}0.9$. The apical vertebral rotation measured from the CT scans was $25.8{\pm}8.5^{\circ}$ vs. $9.3{\pm}6.7^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) and the Coronal Cobb's angle was $53.7{\pm}10.4^{\circ}$ vs. $15.4{\pm}6.5^{\circ}$ (p<0.001) preoperatively and postoperative, respectively. The SRS-22 improved from 71.9 preoperatively to 90.3 postoperatively. There were no complications related with the operations. Conclusion : SRR with pedicle screw instrumentation could be corrected successfully by axial rotation without complications. SRR might serve as a good option to correct AIS deformed curves of AIS.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3 s.55
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• pp.73-86
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• 2007

In this paper, a simple seismic analysis model of the KALIMER-600 sodium-cooled fast reactor selected to be the candidate of the GEN-IV reactor is developed. By using this model, the seismic time history analysis is carried out to investigate the feasibilities of a seismic isolation design. The developed simple seismic analysis model includes the reactor building, reactor system,, IHTS piping system, steam generator, and seismic isolators. The dynamic characteristics of the simple seismic model are verified with the detailed 3-dimensional finite element analysis for each part of the KALIMER-600 system. By using the developed simple seismic model, the seismic time history analyses for both cases of a seismic isolation and non-isolation design are performed for the artificial time history of a SSE (Safe Shutdown Earthquake) 0.3g. From the comparison of the calculated floor response spectrum, it is verified that the seismically isolated KALIMER-600 reactor building shows a great performance of a seismic isolation and assures a seismic integrity.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.215-238
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• 2018

Tariff reduction from FTAs are applied to imported goods, but not to traveler's goods. There are difficulties in meeting the FTA's conditions for free tariff application, such as origin of goods and direct transportation. This study suggests the optimal cut-off level of a simple tax rate applied to traveler's goods with respect to traveler' welfare and government tax revenue. Among three different scenarios of simple tax reductions by ordering its weighted magnitude of effects, the optimal tariff was found to be 2% applied to all goods. The effects of a 2% reduction of simple tax rate would increase traveler' welfare by 16.8 billion won and reduce tax revenue by only 0.34 billion won.