• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2005

If a semigroup S has no nontrivial congruences then S is either simple or 0-simple.([2]) By contrast with ring theory, not every congruence on a semigroup is associated with an ideal, hence some simple(or 0-simple) semigroup may have a nontrivial congruence. Thus it is a short note for the characterization of a simple(or 0-simple) semigroup that is congruence-free. A semigroup that has no nontrivial congruences is said to be congruence-free.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 CSI 치료시 Standard Technique과 Simple Technique을 비교하여 조사야 접합부의 고선량(hot spot) 또는 저선량(cold spot)이 발생되는 부위의 체적을 분석하고 이에 따른 방사선 치료 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 연구 목적에 동의한 환자를 대상으로 CT Simulator를 이용하여 환자의 두개부에서 골반부 까지 영상을 획득하였다. Standard Technique 의 경우 조사야 접합부의 이동을 실시하며 Simple Technique은 접합부에서 조사야를 고정하여 치료계획을 수립 후 분석하였다. 분석결과 Standard Technique의 경우에는 조사야 접합부분에 대한 고선량(hot spot)의 영역이 발생 되었으며, Simple Technique은 Standard 기법 보다 선량이 균등하게 나타났다. Standard Technique 과 Simple Technique의 CI 지수는 각 1.6~3, 1.6~1.87, CN의 경우는 0.32~0.53, 0.46~0.51, HI는 0.11~0.33, 0.2~0.26의 분포를 나타났다. 즉, 인접 조사야가 접합하는 조사야 부분의 선량 분포는 Standard Technique에 비해 균등하게 나타났으며, CI, CN, HI 지수를 비교한 결과 Simple Technique에서 균등한 선량 분포가 나타나 CSI 치료에서 Simple Technique의 적용은 적합하다고 판단된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3835-3838
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• 2015

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of IOTA simple rules in predicting malignant adnexal tumors by non-expert examiners. Materials and Methods: Five obstetric/gynecologic residents, who had never performed gynecologic ultrasound examination by themselves before, were trained for IOTA simple rules by an experienced examiner. One trained resident performed ultrasound examinations including IOTA simple rules on 100 women, who were scheduled for surgery due to ovarian masses, within 24 hours of surgery. The gold standard diagnosis was based on pathological or operative findings. The five-trained residents performed IOTA simple rules on 30 patients for evaluation of inter-observer variability. Results: A total of 100 patients underwent ultrasound examination for the IOTA simple rules. Of them, IOTA simple rules could be applied in 94 (94%) masses including 71 (71.0%) benign masses and 29 (29.0%) malignant masses. The diagnostic performance of IOTA simple rules showed sensitivity of 89.3% (95%CI, 77.8%; 100.7%), specificity 83.3% (95%CI, 74.3%; 92.3%). Inter-observer variability was analyzed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Kappa indices of the four pairs of raters are 0.713-0.884 (0.722, 0.827, 0.713, and 0.884). Conclusions: IOTA simple rules have high diagnostic performance in discriminating adnexal masses even when are applied by non-expert sonographers, though a training course may be required. Nevertheless, they should be further tested by a greater number of general practitioners before widely use.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.218-230
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• 1999

연구배경: 두개안면 및 상기도의 해부학적 이상은 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 발생과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 한국인 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자가 지니고 있는 두개안면 및 상기도의 해부학적 특성을 평가하고, 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡의 발생을 예측함에 있어서 두개골계측분석의 임상적 유용성을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군 환자 39명(OSAS), 단순코골이 39명(simple snorers) 및 정상인 20명(control)을 대상으로 Riley 등의 방법을 이용한 두개골계측분석의 각 계측치와 수면다원검사의 각 지표와의 상호 관련성을 분석하였다. 결과: Pm-UPW길이와 V-LPW길이는 OSAS 및 simple snorers 에서 control에 비해 각각 유의하게 짧았으며 (p<0.01), PAS 깊이는 simple snorers가 control에 비해 짧았다 (p<0.05). ANS-Gn길이는 OSAS가 control에 비해 유의하게 길었고 (p<0.01), PNS-P길이는 OSAS 및 simple snorers가 control에 비해 각각 유의하게 길었다(p<0.01). MP-H길이는 OSAS가 control 및 simple snorers 에 비해 각각 유의하게 길었고 (p<0.01), simple snorers는 control에 비해 길었다(p<0.05). NL/Pm-P각도는 OSAS가 control 에 비해 작았다(p<0.05). MP-H길이는 OSAS에서 무호흡-저호흡지수와 유의한 상관관계가 있었으며 (r=0.561, p<0.01), OSAS와 simple snorers를 합한 대상에서도 MP-H 길이와 무호흡-저호흡지수는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.511, p<0.01. PNS-P길이는 OSAS와 simple snorers를 합한 대상에서 무호흡-저호흡지수와 관련성이 있었다(r=0.286, p<0.05). 전체 대상에서 남자의 비만도가 PNS-P길이(r=0.355, p<0.01) 및 MP-H길이(r=0.460, p<0.01)와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결론: 두개골계측분석은 폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 증후군의 원인이 될 수 있는 두개안면 및 상기도약 해부학적 특성을 평가할 수 있는 유용한 검사이다. 여러 가지 두개골계 측치중에서 설골의 위치를 나타내는 MP-H길이는 수면중에 발생 가능한 상기도의 협착 혹은 폐쇄 정도를 예측하는 자료로서 임상적 유용성이 높을 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2003

Background and Purpose : We were to investigate whether simple and electric acupuncture can affect the colonic transit time in both normal persons and chronic constipation patients. Methods: Twenty one volunteers were divided into two groups; first, normal control group(N=12) who had normal defecation habits, second, chronic constipation group(N=13). Before acupuncture, colonic transit time was checked using radio-opaque markers. Then simple acupuncture was done at four acupoints(both ST36, LI4) and maintained for 15 minutes during 4 days. Electric acupuncture was done using same methods except for applying 2Hz electrical stimulation. Result : In the normal group, after simple acupuncture, each transit time in the total, right, left was not changed statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P>0.05), but which of rectosigmoid colon shortened statistic significance(P<0.05). After Electric acupuncture, transit time of right colon was shortened(P<0.05), and extended(P>0.05) in rectosigmoid colon compared to pre-acupuncture and simple acupuncture. In constipation group, after simple acupuncture, only rectosigmoid colonic transit time shortened statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P<0.05). After electric acupuncture, also the transit time of rectosigmoid colon was shortened statistic significance compared to pre-acupuncture(P<0.05), but not to simple acupuncture(P>0.05). Conclusion : In normal persons without constipation, acupuncture affect the colonic transit time differently to the methods of it. In chronic constipation group, simple and electric acupuncture only reduces the rectosigmoid colonic transit time statistically significant(P<0.05).

• 대한수학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.775-784
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• 2009

In 1932, Lehmer [4] gave the definition of a ternary semigroup. We can see that any semigroup can be reduced to a ternary semigroup. In this paper, we give some auxiliary results which are also necessary for our considerations and characterize the relationship between the (0-)minimal and maximal ordered lateral ideals and the lateral simple and lateral 0-simple ordered ternary semigroups analogous to the characterizations of minimal and maximal left ideals in ordered semigroups considered by Cao and Xu [2].

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2000

On the dynamic behavior of a simple beam the influences of the velocities and distance of two moving masses have been studied by numerical method. The instant amplitude of a simple beam is calculated and analyzed for each position of the moving masses represented by the time functions. As increasing the velocties of two moving masses on the simple beam, the amplitude of the transverse vibration of the simple beam is decreased and the frequency of the transverse vibration of the simple beam is increased. As the distance between two moving masses increase, the transverse displacement of the simple beam is decrease. The simple beam is very stable in second mode at $\bar{a}=0.5$ and in third mode at $\bar{a}=0.3$.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.1687-1695
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• 2023

In this paper, we study the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n) of the weak Hopf algebra 𝔴⁰_n based on Taft Hopf algebra H_n(q). Let R(𝔴⁰_n) := r(𝔴⁰_n) ⊗_ℤ ℂ be the Green algebra corresponding to the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n). We first determine all finite dimensional simple modules of the Green algebra R(𝔴⁰_n), which is based on the observations of the roots of the generating relations associated with the Green ring r(𝔴⁰_n). Then we show that the nilpotent elements in r(𝔴⁰_n) can be written as a sum of finite dimensional indecomposable projective 𝔴⁰_n-modules. The Jacobson radical J(r(𝔴⁰_n)) of r(𝔴⁰_n) is a principal ideal, and its rank equals n - 1. Furthermore, we classify all finite dimensional non-simple indecomposable R(𝔴⁰_n)-modules. It turns out that R(𝔴⁰_n) has n² - n + 2 simple modules of dimension 1, and n non-simple indecomposable modules of dimension 2.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2022

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy causes the posture deformation, gait asymmetry, and lower back pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among functional leg length discrepancy (FLLD), muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during simple lifting task. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated in this study. FLLD was measured from the umbilicus to medial malleolus of left and right leg using a tape. The subjects performed to lift a 10 kg box from the floor to chest. The muscle activity and muscle contraction onset time of rectus abdominis, erector spinae and rectus femoris was measured using EMG system and vGRF was measured by two force plate. Pearson correlation was used to fine out the correlation among FDDL, muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vGRF during simple lifting task. Results: Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle activity of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle contraction onset time of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. And correlation between FLLD and difference of vGRF of short-long side was high (r>0.7) during simple lifting task. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is high correlation between FLLD and muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time, and ground reaction force during simple lifting task. Therefore, FLLD could negatively affect the postural balance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.872-877
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of reducing particle size of corn from 1,000 to 500 ${\mu}m$ in simple and complex diets for nursery pigs and broiler chicks. In Exp 1., 192 nursery pigs were used in a 24 d growth assay. Treatments were: 1) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 2) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a simple diet; 3) 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet; and 4) 500 ${\mu}m$ corn in a complex diet. Overall, pigs fed complex diets had 9% greater ADG (p<0.005) and 5% greater gain/feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed simple diets. Also, pigs fed the 500 ${\mu}m$ treatments had 3% better overall gain/feed than those fed the 1,000 ${\mu}m$ treatments (p<0.007). At d 9, apparent digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater for complex diets and diets with smaller particle size (p<0.02). At d 23, there were no differences in nutrient digestibility resulting from diet complexity, but pigs fed diets with corn ground to 500 ${\mu}m$ had greater digestibility of DM (p<0.02) and GE (p<0.003) than pigs fed diets with corn ground to 1,000 ${\mu}m$. A second experiment was designed to determine if four days old broiler chicks were an acceptable model for predicting the effects of feed processing procedures on nursery pigs. Chicks fed complex diets had 3% greater gain/feed than chicks fed simple diets (p<0.001). Rate of gain and feed intake were improved by 3 and 2%, respectively, for chicks fed crumbled diets (p<0.03). However, there were several significant interactions among the main effects. For instance, crumbling did not affect gain/feed in chicks fed complex diets, but rate of gain and feed intake were increased by 7 and 6%, respectively, when simple diets were crumbled (diet complexity${\times}$diet form, p<0.001). Also, gain/feed of chicks was improved by 3% when particle size was reduced in meal diets, but not affected in chicks fed crumbles (diet form${\times}$particle size, p<0.005). Thus, our data suggested that reduction of particle size of corn was important for simple and complex diets and that a complex diet with 1,000 ${\mu}m$ corn gave no better performance than a simple diet with 500 ${\mu}m$ corn.