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Quantitative Analysis of GBCA Reaction by Mol Concentration Change on MRI Sequence (MRI sequence에 따른 GBCA 몰농도별 반응에 대한 정량적 분석)

  • Jeong, Hyun Keun;Jeong, Hyun Do;Kim, Ho Chul
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.52 no.2
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    • pp.182-192
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, we introduce how to change the reaction rate as mol concentration when we scan enhanced MRI with GBCA(Gadolinium Based Contrast Agent), Also show the changing patterns depending on diverse MRI sequences which are made by different physical principle. For this study, we made MRI phantom ourselves. We mixed 500 mmol Gadoteridol with Saline in each 28 different containers from 500 to 0 mmol. After that, MR phantom was scanned by physically different MRI sequences which are T1 SE, T2 FLAIR, T1 FLAIR, 3D FLASH, T1 3D SPACE and 3D SPCIR in 1.5T bore. The results were as follows : *T1 Spin echo's Total SI(Signal Intensity) was 15608.7, Max peak was 1352.6 in 1 mmol. *T2 FLAIR's Total SI was 9106.4, Max peak was 0.4 1721.6 in 1 mmol. *T1 FLAIR's Total SI was 20972.5, Max peak was 1604.9 in 1 mmol. *3D FLASH's Total SI was 20924.0, Max peak was 1425.7 in 40 mmol. *3D SPACE 1mm's Total SI was 6399.0, Max peak was 528.3 in 3 mmol. *3D SPACE 5mm's Total SI was 6276.5, Max peak was 514.6 in 2 mmol. *3D SPCIR's Total SI was 1778.8, Max peak was 383.8 in 0.4 mmol. In most sequences, High signal intensity was shown in diluted lower concentration rather than high concentration, And also graph's max peak and pattern had difference value according to the each different sequence. Through this paper which have quantitative result of GBCA's reaction rate depending on sequence, We expect that practical enhanced MR protocol can be performed in clinical field.

Studies on the Stability of Fenitrothion Formulations (Fenitrothion (MEP) 제제(製劑)의 화학적(化學的) 안정성(安定性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Seung Heui
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.381-398
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    • 1975
  • Present work was executed to evaluate effects of adjuvants. stabilizers. moisture. pH and heavy metals on the stability of Fenitrothion in the emulsifiable concentrate. In addition, susceptibility ' of Fenitrothion in various formulations, to UV-irradiation has been also examined. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Xylene and benzene were found to be satisfactory solvents for Fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate. As expected, polar sol vents such as aliphatic alcohols considerably reduced stability of the pesticides. 2. Of the two non-ionic emulsifiers, an alkyl aryl type Sorpol-1200, in contrast to sorbitan type Tweens, substantially reduced decomposition of Fenitrothion in the emulsifiable concentrates. Moisture and pH of emulsifiers. in the ranges studied. affected little if any. on the stabi ity of the Fenitrothion during the experiment periods. 3. Maleic anhydride, p-toluene sulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, maleic anhydride-sulfosalicylic acid reduced decomposition of Fenitrothion in the emulsifiable concentrate. Addition of organic acids, however, increased liability of Fenitrothion in the emulsifiable concentrate. 4. Presence of either zinc or copper metals in the emulsifiable concentrate containing Tween-80 as a emulsifier, reduced stability of the Fenitrothion. 5. UV-irradiation, as expected, brought decomposition of Fenitrothion. The liability of Fenitrothion formulations decreased in the order, wettable powder ${\gg}$ dust > emulsifiable concentrate.

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Serial Survey on Group A beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal Carrier Rate and Serotyping in Elementary School Children in 1996~1998 (3년간(1996~1998) 초등학생의 A군 연쇄구균 보균율과 혈청학적 분류에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun;Kim, Ju-Ye;Kang, Hyeon-Ho;Cha, Sung-Ho;Lee, Young-Hee
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.143-151
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    • 2000
  • Purpose : The accuracy of bacteriologic diagnosis of beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis depends on the degree of carrier rate in that area where the throat swabs are obtained and the evaluation of serological T typing as an epidemiologic marker is important to understand epidemiology of streptococcal infection. The purpose of this study is to know the carrier rates of group A streptococcus in normal children form four different areas and to find out the epidemiologic characteristic in distribution of the serotypes for 3 years. Method : Throat swabs were obtained from the tonsillar fossa of normal school children in four different areas(Uljin, Seoul, Osan, Kunsan) from March to May 1996, in Uljin in April 1997, and in Uljin in April 1998. The samples were plated on a 5% sheep blood agar plate and incubated overnight at $37^{\circ}C$ before examination for the presence of beta-hemolytic colonies. All isolated beta-hemolytic streptococcus were grouped and serotyped by T agglutination. Results : The carrier rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci and group A streptococci in 1996 were 27.6%, 18.6% at Uljin; 16.4%, 2.7% at Seoul; 33.0%, 26.0% at Osan; 20.0%, 12.3% at Kunsan, respectively. Among 1,192 normal school children from 4 different areas, we obtained 179 strains of group A streptococci. Fifty two percent of the strains were typable by T agglutination in 1996. Common T-type in 1996 were NT, T1, T3, T2 at Uljin; T12, T25 at Seoul; NT, T6, T28 at Osan; T25, T4, NT, T5 at Kunsan, in decreasing order, respectively. At Uljin, T1, T3, T25 accounted for 69% of strains in 1996, T1, T12, T25 accounted for 70% in 1997, and T12, T4 accounted for 88% in 1998. Conclusion : Higher carrier rates were found in Uljin and Osan, where there are a lower population density with scanty of medical facilities compared with another areas. We supposed that low carrier rates is likely to be related to antibiotic abuse or some epidemiologic factor. The periodic and seasonal serotyping analysis is important in monitoring and understanding the epidemiologic patterns of group A streptococci.

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Characteristics of Variation of Suspended Matters in the Cheju Coastal Area of Korea (제주 연안해역의 부유물질 변화특성)

  • Youn, Jeung-Su;Pyen, Choong-Kyu
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.93-108
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    • 1992
  • This study was conducted to understand the variation of suspended matters in coastal waters of Cheju Island. Water sampling was carried out at 22 stations along the coast of this island from March 1988 to November 1989. Analyzed and/or observed items were water temperature, salinity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and fixed suspended solids (FSS). Inter-relationships between wind velocity, precipitation and total suspended solids (TSS) were also investigated. More windy days prevail in winter season (December, January and February) in Cheju Island. Thirty-six points seven percent of total windy days of a year appeared in this season. The rate of windy days in spring was $27.3\%$ and those in summer and fall were $17.9{\%}$ each. From February to July, the heaviest precipitation was observed in the southeastern area and that from August to January was observed in the eastern part of this island. TS and TDS were firmly related with the fluctuation of salinity. Therefore, there were higher in spring and lower in summer. The highest TSS (7.73 $mg/{\ell}$) was observed in February and was the lowest (4.73 $mg/{\ell}$) in September. Annual mean value of TSS was 6.3$mg/{\ell}$. The highest VSS (2.03 $mg/{\ell}$) was observed in July and lowest (1.42 $mg/{\ell}$) in September. The percentage of VSS per 755 was $30.6{\%}$ in average that was not much higher level compared to the other polluted areas. This value became higher in summer (av. $34.17{\%}$) and lower in winter (av. $24.2{\%}$). Fluctuation of TSS was mainly related with the freshwate. discharge, tidal action, and re-suspension of bottom sediments by the wind waves. Therefore, TSS concentration was low in summer and hish in winter.

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Toxin Profile in the Liver of Puffer Fish, Takifugu niphobles, and Changes in Mouse Toxicity by pH and Heating Conditions (복섬 간장의 독성분과 pH 및 가열 조건에 따른 독성의 변화)

  • Jang, Jun-Ho;Yun, So-Mi;Kim, Jung-Soo;Lee, Jong-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.37 no.5
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    • pp.612-617
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    • 2008
  • Tetrodotoxin (TTX) analogues were first determined from the liver extracts of puffer fish, Takifugu niphobles, by LC/MS with Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC). In total, 7 TTX analogues were detected within 20 minutes as follows; 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX (34.0%, 1,029.6 nmol/g), 6,11-dideoxyTTX (29.3%, 887.6 nmol/g), TTX (22.1%, 667.8 nmol/g), 4,9-anhydro-TTX (11.2%, 339.3 nmol/g), 11-deoxyTTX+5-deoxyTTX (2.6%, 78.6 nmol/g), and 4-epiTTX (0.8%, 23.6 nmol/g). Mouse toxicity of diluted liver extracts showed the highest toxicity at pH 3 (8.7 MU/mL) and decreased, as increasing pH, to 1.4 MU/mL at pH 10. At acidic (pH 5) and neutral conditions (pH 7), mouse toxicity of liver extracts (79 MU/mL) decreased slowly, as increasing temperature from $80^{\circ}C$ to $115^{\circ}C$, and time until 1 hour; in contrast, at the akaline condition (pH 9), the toxicity decreased rapidly to the more than half within 10 minutes. Individual toxicity of the fillet of T. niphobles were between $43.2{\sim}106.7$ MU, and $64{\sim}78%$ of its toxicity was eluted to soup when boiled with 3 volumes of water during 10 minutes.

Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba L. Seedlings and on Chemical Properties of the Tested Soil -II. Leaf Surface Area, Visible Leaf Injury, Leaf Chlorophyll Content and Photosynthetic Ability of the Leaf Tissue (인공산성우(人工酸性雨)가 은행(銀杏)나무(Ginkgo biloba L.) 유묘(幼苗)의 생장(生長), 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性) 및 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質)에 미치는 영향(影響) -II. 엽면적(葉面積), 가시적(可視的) 엽피해(葉被害), 엽록소함량(葉綠素含量) 및 엽조직(葉組織)의 광합성능(光合成能))

  • Kim, Gab Tae
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.76 no.3
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    • pp.230-240
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    • 1987
  • Half-sib seedlings of Ginkgo biloba (one-year-old) were treated with various simulated acid rains(pH2.0, pH3.0, pH4.0 and pH5.0) to examine the effects of acid rain on leaf surface area, leaf injury, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic ability of the leaf tissue. The seedlings were grown in a pot($4500cm^3$) containing one of three different soils(nurseryy soil, mixed soil and sandy soil). Simulated acid rain was made by diluting sulfuric and nitric acid solution($H_2SO_4:HNO_3=3:1$, V/V) with tap water and tap water(pH6.4), and treated by 5mm each time for three minutes during the growing seasons(April to October 1985). Acid rain treatments were done three times per week to potted seedlings by spraying the solutions. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. Leaf surface area per seedling at pH2.0 level was the lowest among the levels of pH, but those at other pH levels were not significantly different. 2. Leaf injury(injured leaf rate and injured leaf area) increased with decreasing pH levels of acid rain. 3. Leaf chlorophyll content measured during the period June through October was significantly different among the soil types, and that of the seedling in nursery soil was the highest. The lower pH levels of simulated acid rain was treated ; more leaf chlorophyll content was measured at the beginning of treatment, and the more it severely decreased at the late growing period. 4. Photosyntetic abilities, and the highest value was shown in nursery soil. Significand difference in photosynthetic ability among the levels of pH was observed only in August. Photosynthetic ability increased with decreasing pH levels at the beginning of treatment, but decreased rapidly after July.

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Convenient Method for Selective Isolation of Immuno-Stimulating Polysaccharides from Persimmon Leaves (감잎으로부터 면역 활성 다당의 선택 분리를 위한 간편 방법)

  • Lee, Sue Jung;Hong, Hee-Do;Shin, Kwang-Soon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.52-60
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    • 2016
  • The biological activity of polysaccharide is greatly influenced by polysaccharide structure and molecular distribution. Here, we developed a rapid and convenient isolation method for fractionating polysaccharides with different characteristics and optimized it using a polysaccharide mixture from Korean persimmon leaves. A crude polysaccharide mixture, persimmon leaves-enzyme (PLE) fraction, was isolated from persimmon leaves digested with pectinase and ethanol precipitation. The PLE fraction was further fractionated with a serially diluted ethanol solution (ethanol : deionized water=4:1, 2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, and 0.5:1) to produce 10 subfractions (five precipitate fractions labeled from PLE-4 to PLE-0.5 and five supernatant fractions labeled from PLE-4S to PLE-0.5S). HPLC analysis indicated that PLE-4 and -2 consisted of diverse polysaccharides, whereas PLE-1.5, -1, and -0.5 contained high molecular weight (MW) polysaccharides. The fractions from PLE-4 to PLE-1 were mostly composed of 13 different characteristic sugars in rhamnogalacturonan (RG) I and II, and the sugars contained an arabino-${\beta}$-3,6-galactan moiety. However, PLE-0.5 did not contain RG-II or ${\beta}$-arabino-3,6-galactan. Treatment of macrophages with fractions PLE-1.5S and PLE-1S led to a $10{\mu}g/mL$ increase in interleukin (IL)-6 production, whereas treatment with PLE-4S and PLE-2S fractions composed of low MW polysaccharides resulted in reduced levels of IL-6. These results indicate that this isolation method may be useful for the rapid and convenient fractionation of bioactive RGs from polysaccharide mixtures with various properties.

Properties of Semen and Sperm Motility in Black Seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (감성돔, Acanthopagrus schlegeli 정액의 특성과 정자의 운동성)

  • Chang Young Jin;Lim Han Kyu;Kho Kang Hee
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.149-157
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    • 1995
  • In order to obtain the basic knowledges concerned to the semen preservation of aquacultural fishes, studies on the physical and chemical properties of semen, and sperm motility with the different osmotic pressures making by adding $Na^+,\;K^+,\; Mg^{++},\;and\;Ca^{++}$ to artificial seawater (ASW) were conducted in black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Average semen volume per fish in one strip was 1.97ml and sperm concentration was $2.33\pm1.30\times10^{10}$ sperm/ml. Spermatocrit and pH of semen were $90.6\pm5.0\;and\;8.3\pm0.1$, respectively, Osmotic pressures of rearing seawater, seminal fluid and plasma were $939\pm24,382\pm70\;and\;342\pm77$ mOsm/l, and $Na^+,\;K^+$ and $Cl^-$ concentrations of seminal fluid were $169.5\pm4.5,\;4.9\pm2.2,\;156.0\pm2.0\;mM/l$, respectively. When semen were diluted by using $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{++}\;and\;Ca^{++}$ free ASW, only $Na^+$ free ASW had no sperm motility. As raising osmotic pressure graduary by addition of 1M NaCl to the $Na^+$ free ASW, spermatozoa showed the high motilities in 457-1128 mOsm/l, but the low motilities in 1398-1736 mOsm/l. In the case of same treatments with 1M of KCl, $MgC1_2\;and\;CaC1_2$ to the $K^+,\;Mg^{++}\;and\;Ca^{++}$ free ASW, spermatozoa revealed the high motilities in $904\~1434,\;818\~1175\;and\;956\~1343$ mOsm/l, respectively.

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Growth and Tissue Nutrient Responses of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla Seedlings Fertilized with Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium at a Nursery Culture (묘포에서 질소, 인, 칼륨 비료주기가 물푸레나무, 들메나무, 잣나무, 전나무의 생장 및 양분에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Byung-Bae;Byun, Jae-Kyung;Kim, Woo-Sung;Sung, Joo-Han
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.99 no.1
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    • pp.85-95
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study was to quantitatively measure both growth performances and nutrient responses of Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Pinus koraiensis, and Abies holophylla seedlings, which are commercially planted in Korea, to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization. We used Dickson's quality index (QI) to compare growth performances and vector diagnosis to interpret nutrient status. Nitrogen fertilization increased more height and root collar diameter growth in F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica relative to no fertilization treatment. The QI of F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica was the highest on N treatment, but there were no significant differences between treatments for P. koraiensis and A. holophylla. Nitrogen fertilization increased total dry weight by 43, 41, 26, -9% for F. rhynchophylla, F. mandshurica, P. koraiensis and A. holophylla, respectively. In F. rhynchophylla, N fertilization increased N contents with similar N concentrations ("sufficiency"), decreased both P concentrations and P contents ("antagonism"), and decreased K contents with similar K concentrations ("toxic accumulation"). In P. koraiensis, N fertilization decreased N, P, and K concentrations because of more dry weight increases compared to uptaken contents ("dilution"), but N fertilization decreased N, P, and K contents with similar N, P, and K concentrations ("toxic accumulation"). In the light of quality index and vector diagnosis, F. rhynchophylla and F. mandshurica seedlings treated with N fertilization would have high field performance.

Retrospective Study on the Therapeutic Effects of an Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cisplatin-II (EAPII) versus an Etoposide, Leucovorin, 5-Furorouracil (ELF) Combination Chemotheraphy in Unresectable Gastric Cancer (절제 불가능한 진행성 위암 환자에서 Etoposide, Adriamycin 및 Cisplatin-II (EAP-II)와 Etoposide, Leucovorin 및 5-Furorouracil (ELF) 복합 화학요법의 치료효과에 대한 후향적 연구)

  • Moon Hee-Seok;Kang Yoon-Sae;Kim Yeon-Soo;Park Ki-Oh;Lee Eum-Seok;Sung Jae-Kyu;Lee Byong-Seok;Noh Seung-Moo;Song Kyu-Sang;Cho June-Sick;Shin Kyung-Sook;Jeong Hyun-Yong
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.122-127
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    • 2003
  • Purpose: The incidence rate and the mortality rate of gastric cancer have decreased in developed countries over the last several decades. On the other hand, they remain high in far eastern countries such as Korea, Japan, China and in many developing countries. The cure of patients with gastric carcinomas can be achieved mostly through complete surgical resection, but most gastric cancer patients are in advanced stages when diagnosed and have poor prognoses. therefore, the development of an effective systemic therapy is essential for far advanced gastric cancer patients. Until recently, the most commonly used combination chemotherapy was based on 5-flurouracil or cisplatin, but the results were not satisfactory, so recently etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatin (EAP-II) combination chemotherapy was introduced in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Early studies showed a high response rate and the ability to convert unresectable cases to resectable ones, but later studies couldn't duplicate the result. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy & toxicity of EAP-II chemotherapy and ELF chemotherapy which is based on 5-flurouracil. Materials and Methods: Between July 1992 and July 2002, sixty-five patients with inoperable advanced gastric cancer were enrolled for this study. Thirty-seven patient received EAP-II chemotherapy:etoposide (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$), adriamycin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and cisplatin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and Twenty-eight patients receieved ELF chemotherapy : etoposide (100 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼3 days$), leucovorin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and 5-FU (500 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$). Each treatment schedule for each group was repeated every four weeks: EAP-II means 3.4 cycles per patient..ELF means 4.1 cycles per patient Results: Total respones rates were $5.4\%$ in the ELF group and $3.6\%$ in the EAP group (P-value>0.05). The median times to progression were 144 days in the ELF group and 92 days in the EAP-II group (P-value<0.05), and themedian overall survival times were 189 days in the ELF group and 139 days in the EAP-II group (P-value>0.05). The difference in the survival curves for the two regimens was not statistically significant. Non-hematologic toxicitis & hematologic toxicitis were more frequently observed for the EAP-II regimen. Anemia: $27.6\%$ in ELF vs $54\%$ in EAP-II; Leukopenia: $8.5\%$ in ELF vs $19\%$ in EAP-II; nausea & vomiting: $45.9\%$ in ELF vs $67.8\%$ in EAP-II. Conclusion: EAP-II regimen is not superior to ELF regimen in the tratment of inoperable advanced gastric cancer (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2003;3:122-127)

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