• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.407-420
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• 2013

The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Gyeonghoeru, Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.445-453
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• 2013

The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied Stone Pagoda (National Treasure No. 77) is typical stone cultural heritage in Unified Silla Dynasty, Korea. The pagoda has been occurred black, brown discoloration and microcrack, exfoliation, granularity decomposition with white discoloration because of continuous weathering. As the results of analysis for the contaminants, chemical weatherings are generated that black contaminant by manganese oxide, brown contaminant by iron oxide, white contaminants by gypsum and taranakite. And physical weatherings, such as microcrack, exfoliation, are occurred by salt(gypsum) crystallization. Therefore, these need to remove the contaminants according to the conservation treatment manual, and regular monitoring using P-XRF to preserve long-term the Five-Storied Stone Pagoda at Tapri-ri, Uiseong.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.65-66
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Industrial Safety Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.202-206
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• 2003

경쟁력강화를 위하여 생산 극대화를 위한 공정단축과 원가절감이 절실히 필요로 하며, 화학공정등 각종 산업현장에서 조그마한 부주의가 크나큰 산업재해를 유발 할 수 있다. 변색성은 외부로부터의 자극이 열인 경우를 열 변색성(Thermocromism)이라고 한다. Thermocromic dye는 가역 및 비가역 특성에 의해 특정 온도에서 적색, 흑색, 청색등으로 변색하는 성질을 가지고 있어 생균수 측정, 생물학제재의 성분 감지, 여과기과오염 감지 등에 다양한 용도로 활용되고 있다.(중략)

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.122-143
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• 2010

The Shilla Stone Monument in Jungseongri was found during the road-construction in Pohang. It has approximately two hundreds of letters inscribed on the surface of one side, and it is estimated to be older than Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri which had been known for the oldest stele in Shilla Period. This monument is made of fine to medium-grained biotite granite, while the Shilla Stone Monument in Naengsuri is made of fine-grained granodioritic porphyry bearing feldspar and amphibole phenocrysts. Both rock types of the monuments are interpreted to be cognate with biotite granite in Shinkwangmyeon, and with granodioritic porphyry in Gigyemyeon. They are characterized by xenolith and miarolitic cavity. Damage aspects in both monuments are discoloring, cracking and breaking. These damages do not cause structural instability of the monuments, but attenuate aesthetic value. Black and brown discoloring contaminants on the surface of the Jungseongri Monument contain a high amount of manganese and iron. As a result of ultrasonic test, both monuments were evaluated to be medium-weathered (MW), although the velocity of the Shilla Monument in Jungseongri was slightly lower than the Shilla Monument in Naengsuri. This is because the Monument in Juengseongri had been exposed to outdoor environment for long time until the discovery. It is necessary for Shilla Monuments to be protected by appropriately environmental control and management.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.349-360
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• 2010

The Yeongsheon Sinwoldong three-storied stone pagoda (Treasure No. 465) composed mainly of drusy alkali-granite. The major rock-forming minerals are biotite, quartz, amphiboles, orthoclase and plagioclase. Yellowish brown and black discoloration are formed at the eight sculpture Buddha of the stylobate. A broken rock fragments in the roof material were repaired using epoxy resin and cement mortar in the past. As a result of the infrared thermography analysis from the pagoda, cracks and exfoliation were not serious. Also, P-XRF analysis showed that concentration of Fe (mean 5,599ppm) and S (mean 3,270ppm) were so high in yellowish discoloration parts. Black discoloration area was detected highly Mn (mean 2,155ppm) concentration around the eight sculpture Buddha of the stylobate. The main reason for these are inorganic contaminants from disengaged rock ingredient and organic contaminants from withered plant body. Degree of physical weathering is relatively high in the southern and northern side. The eastern and western side had similar with weathering condition. The northern and eastern side were serious discoloration and biological weathering relatively. Therefore, we suggest that the pagoda need to do cleaning of biological contaminant and conservation treatment to weakened materials of rock and long term monitoring.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.385-395
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• 2010

This study aimed to identify weathering factors and to assess the conservation environment through microclimatic analysis of Hyeonpung Seokbinggo (ice-storing stone warehouse). The stone blocks inside Seokbinggo suffered crack, displacement, break-out, exfoliation, efflorescence, brown and black discoloration, and biological colonization. Biological colonization represented the maximum deterioration rate(24%) among those weathering forms. The indoor microclimate showed parallel patterns with outdoor one, but the indoor temperature and relative humidity ranged far narrower than outdoor and remained steady. The environmental characteristics resulted from blocking-out of outdoor heat by the closed entrance and surrounding microtopography. This prevented water condensation and freezing effects, so that it reduced physical deterioration of rock, and maximized ice-storing effect for long time. However, contrary to positive effect, extremely high relative humidity over 99% accelerated biological colonization inside the Seokbinggo.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 1996

Fluorane dyes has been widely used for pressure and heat sensitive recording system as color forming materials. A new method of synthesizing fluorane dye by the Bamberger reaction has been developed. Electorchromic properties of fluorane dyes was discussed. The fading reaction kinetics follow a first-order relationship and resolved in two kinetics of first-order reaction with rate constant $k_1$ and $k_2$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.617-626
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the petrographic characteristics and physical property of the Rock-carved Seated Buddha at Bugmireugam hermitage of Daeheungsa temple in Haenam. The Buddha Statue was carved on micrographic granite, and the rock was composed of the fine quartz encircled by orthoclase. The results of diagnosis for deterioration evaluation have shown a highly damage rate of black contaminants (8.4%) and crack index (6.6). The ultrasonic velocity have detected SW (slightly weathered) grade of weathering coefficient (mean 0.18). Various weathering factor on the surface of the Buddha Statue was affected by precious shelter, and physical property with ultrasonic was directly influenced by the structural characteristics and fissure of host rock.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.24
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• pp.1-11
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• 2008

The Unhyungung Water Container in the possession of the Seoul Museum of History in Korea is consisted of a calcareous marble developed laminated bedding and numerous argillaceous veinlets. This monument should need to conservation treatment because of black discoloration and seriously numerous cracks. Vertical and horizontal cracks in the monument are developed following stratification and argillaceous veinlets that are relatively low coherence between the rock materials. We have proved that the material inducing discoloration on the surface is carbon which is formed by deposited organic matters. As the result of the ultrasonic measurements, although highly surface weathering degree, the physical properties of the Unhyungung Water Container is confirmed slightly weathered state. The depths of cracks in the monument are calculated at maximum 60mm in some cracks completely penetrating into the wall and at minimum 9mm in the other crack. The cracks, developed following veinlet, are revealed that there penetrate from an outer wall to an inside wall for the monument. And most depths of cracks, developed following stratification, are calculated 20 to 30mm. This result will offer a significant data for conservation of the Unhyungung Water Container.