• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.85 no.4
• /
• pp.605-618
• /
• 1996

Namsan area supposed to be a disturbed ecosystem and Kwangneung area considered to be a natural ecosystem were selected for the study. On the basis of the plant species composition, the study was planned to examine structural plant species diversity so as to provide basic ecological information to restore more stable and healthy ecosystem for Namsan. The stratified sample plot method was employed for collecting vegetation data, establishing $20m{\times}20m$ square plots for overstory trees, $4m{\times}4m$ plots for mid-story woody plants, and $1m{\times}1m$ plots for ground vegetation. The herbaceous plants were periodically investigated by taking into account for seasonal(spring, summer, and autumn) variation in presence. Ecological attributes were evaluated through analyzing species composition, species diversity, life forms, interspecies association, and growing habitat for various forest types, vertical layers, life forms, and seasonal variation. Even though the species diversity index of canopy trees in the deciduous forest of Namsan was estimated higher than that of the natural forest of Kwangneung, overall species diversity of plants in Kwangneung area was greater than that in Namsan area. Herbaceous plants presented in Kwangneung but not in Namsan were Aconitum pseudo-proliferum, Botrychium virginianum, Dryopteris tokyoensis, Scutellaria insignis, Tricyrtis dilatata, and Viola kamibayashii, most of them were endemic species of Kwangneung. Elaeagnus umbellata, and Prunes padus var. seoulensis were found only in Namsan. Such species typically composed of the natural deciduous forest as Acer mono, Acer triflorum, Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus controversa, Fraxinus mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurertse were limited growing in a small size of area in Namsan. The future project should be made for encouraging the growth and expansion of the distribution of such species to restore biodiversity in Namsan area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.395-405
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to offer basic data to minimize the indiscreet development and damage of coastal wetlands through an evaluation from an ecological standpoint highlighting the importance of the coastal wetland in South Gyeongsang Province, Korea. The result of the macrobenthos survey for the coastal wetland assessment showed that Dongdal and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, and Tongyeong city had the largest species number; Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the largest population and biomass; and Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun had the highest species diversity. In the halophytes survey, Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city had the large character species and companion species. The evaluation results of the ecological values of the coastal wetlands were categorized into five grades based on the field surveys, and the sedimentary environment factor in the case of Danghang-ri, Hoehwa-myeon, and Goseong-gun; Miryong-ri, Samsan-myeon, Goseong-gun; Guho-ri, Gonyang-myeon, Sacheon city; Sulsang-ri Yangpo-ri, Jingyo-myeon, Hadong-gun; and Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun, were appraised at the highest rating of grade II. The halophytes factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city, Dongdal-ri and Hwasan-ri, Yongnam-myeon, Tongyeong city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city, were highly evaluated as grade II. The macrobenthos factor in the case of Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, Geoje city was highly evaluated as grade II. The final evaluation grade was calculated by the mean values of three evaluation factors, and Imyeong-ri, Jinjeon-myeon, Masan city and Oegan-ri and Naegan-ri, Geoje-myeon, and Geoje city had the highest rating of II. On the other hand, Seokpyeong-ri, Idong-myeon, Namhae-gun had the lowest rating of IV. These locations will require future research to survey and monitor the coastal wetland ecosystems by season, in addition to the construction of the GIS-based wetland information system with a view to manage the coastal wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.291-307
• /
• 2016

Evaluation of the extinction risk of endangered plants at international, national as well as at regional levels is essential to the implementation of plans for direct conservation activities. Reports indicate that 34 endangered plants are distributed in the middle eastern area of Korea. For each endangered plant, we investigated the sites, area of extents, population size, and factors that affect population extinction. We assessed risk factors based on 10 evaluation criteria including the results from the investigation and the life traits each endangered plant has. As a result of evaluating the risk factors, these 34 endangered plants are classified into 3 groups: the first category comprises 12 endangered plants that require active and urgent conservation of habitats due to multiple risk factors; the second group has 16 endangered plants that should be able to persist with the removal of a few direct risk factors; the third category has 6 endangered plants that can persist with minimal management due to comparatively large distributed area and numerous individuals. It was found that most major risk factors in the population of endangered plants are caused by disruption of habitats and population extinction due to the increase of human habitation in the concerned areas, development and illegal harvesting. Futhermore, ecological collapse from decreasing habitats and malfunctioning mechanism of extinction and regeneration due to the changes of vegetational environment can be the other causes. From the area of the present investigations, we selected 5 regions according to the number of species and the frequency of appearance and importance of conservation measures. Also, we suggested a conservation strategy according to the regional characteristics. We suggest that the method for evaluating extinction risk of endangered plants includes distributional data and life traits of species. In addition, we underscore the necessity for understanding population dynamics and ecological niche of the each target species.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.145
• /
• pp.1-43
• /
• 2018

This article intends to look for the desirable form of Confucian familism in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. First of all, the concept of the fourth industrial revolution is a very vague concept. Therefore, it would be more meaningful to analyze the situation of the family in present Korean society and to find an alternative to it in Confucian familism. But the problem is that it is very burdensome to bring out the Confucian familism idea again. Since Confucian Confucianism was criticized in 1915 during the New Cultural Movement, many people have criticized Confucian familism as patriarchal and authoritarian, and thus an anti-democratic value that seriously damaged the equality of men and women. Therefore, the discussion starts with looking at the justification of such an evaluation. I wanted to see if their evaluation of Confucian familism is legitimate or an unjustified evaluation resulting from misunderstanding, and if it is an inappropriate evaluation, where they are based. In addition, I examined whether the cause of such an evaluation was attributed to the subject who made the evaluation, or because the spectrum of significance contained in the Confucian familism thought formed over 2500 years was too wide. I sought to reassess criticism of the existing Confucian familism by looking for answers to these questions. Through such a reevaluation, I has found that the wrong criticism of Confucian familism was because we saw the Confucian scholarship and the Confucian scholarship without distinguishing the ideological Confucianism from the Qin(秦) Dynasty. In the end, I tried to show that Confucian familism can function as an alternative to resolve family problems that are occurring in today's Korean society through the illuminating work of the ideas of Confucian familism.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.107-119
• /
• 1999

The joints in the jointed concrete pavement provide a control against transverse or longitudinal cracking at slab, which may be caused by temperature or moisture variation during or after hydration. Without control of cracking, random cracks cause more serious distresses and result in structural or functional failure of pavement system. However, joints nay cause distresses due to its inherent weakness in structural integrity. Thus, the evaluation at joint is very important. and the joint-related distresses should be evaluated reasonably for economic rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper was to develop an evaluation system at joints of jointed concrete pavement using finite element analysis program, ILLI-SLAB, and nondestructive testing device. FWD. To develop an evaluation system for JCP, a sensitivity analysis was performed using ILLI-SLAB program with a selected variables which might affect fairly to on the performance of transverse joints. The most significant variables were selected from precise analysis. An evaluation charts were made for jointed concrete pavement by adopting the field FWD data. It was concluded that the variables which most significantly affect to pavement deflections are the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G), and limiting criteria on the performance of joints at JCP are 300pci. 500,000 lb/in. respectively. Using these variables and FWD test, a charts of load transfer ratio versus surface deflection at joints were made in order to evaluate the performance of JCP. Practically, Chungbu highway was evaluated by these evaluation charts and FWD field data for jointed concrete pavement. For Chungbu highway, only one joint showed smaller value than limiting criterion of the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G). The rest joints showed larger values than limiting criteria of the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G).

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.318-326
• /
• 2017

Riverine wetlands were reduced and damaged by dredging of rivers and constructing parks in wetlands by Four Rivers Project from 2008 to 2013. Therefore, replacement wetlands were constructed for the compensation of wetland loss by the government. However, It is not enough to manage replacement wetlands. In order to manage the wetlands efficiently, it is necessaty to assess the functions of the wetlands and to manage them according to their functions. Here we performed functional assessments for a replacement wetland called Gangcheon wetland using the modified HGM approach. Hydrological, biogeochemical, animal habitat, and plant habitat functions for the wetland were assessed. To assess the functions, we collected informations for modified HGM approach from the monitored hydrologic data, field survey, published reports and documents for before and after the project, and hydraulic & hydrologic modeling. As the results of the assessment, the hydrological function for the replacement wetland showed 65.5% of the reference wetland, biogeochemical function showed 66.6%, plant habitat function showed 75%, and animal habitat function showed 108.3%. Overall, Gangcheon wetland function after the project was reduced to 78.9% of the function before the project. The decrease in hydrological function is due to the decrease of subsurface storage of water. And the decrease in biogeochemical & pland habitat functions is due to the removal of sandbank around the Gangcheon wetland. To compensate for the reduced function, it is necessary to expand the wetland area and to plant the various vegetation. The modified HGM used in this study can take into account the degree of improvement for replacement wetlands, so it can be used to efficiently manage the replacement wetlands. Also when the wetland is newly constructed, it will be very useful to assess the change of function of the wetland over time.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2005.05b
• /
• pp.1269-1273
• /
• 2005

자연 친화적 하천관리는 현 치수위주의 하천정비 관행으로 인한 하천의 환경 기능의 훼손을 막고, 제도적으로 자연 친화적으로 하천 사업을 추진하기 위해서 수변조사, 계획, 설계, 시공, 모니터링, 그리고 유지관리 등 일련의 체계적인 절차에 따라 하천 사업을 시행하는 것이다. 특히 이러한 표준 절차 가운데 수변조사는 하천의 특성을 결정짓는 여러 가지 자연적, 인공적 형성과정들과 그 과정들을 지배하는 생태학적 원리들을 파악하여 하천사업의 정비주제와 방향을 설정하는데 도움을 준다. 모니터링은 계획과 설계, 시공을 통해 실시된 하천사업의 효과를 평가하고, 공법적용에 따른 하천의 변화과정을 파악하여 유지관리 및 적응관리를 위한 근거를 제시하는 과정이다. 수변조사 및 모니터링 매뉴얼은 건설교통부가 수행한 '자연친화적 하천정비기법 개발' 의 연구성과로서, 경기도의 탄천, 충청북도의 달천 그리고 경기도 오산천을 대상으로 각 관련분야의 전문가가 참여하여 직접 적용$\cdot$검증한 결과를 바탕으로 제작한 것이다. 이는 하천의 관리 및 하천관련 사업을 자연 친화적으로 수행하기 위하여 필요한 '수변조사'와 '모니터링'에 대한 일반적인 절차와 방법을 체계화 한 것이다. 특히 수변조사 매뉴얼의 경우는 $\ulcorner$하천설계기준$\lrcorner$의 '제12장 하천환경조사'를 보완하는 관계에 있다. 하천설계기준에서 제시한 하천환경조사는 본 수변조사 매뉴얼상과 동일한 절차와 양식을 따르고 있다. 하천설계기준에서 자세하게 기술하지 못한 조사방법, 정리, 분석, 평가에 대한 내용을 구체적으로 적용하여 이를 보완하고 있다.은 안양천 웹페이지(http://anyang.river.or.kr)에서 구현되고 있으며, 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 1단계 프론티어 사업으로 설치된 4개의 하천수위, 2개의 지하수위 관측시설과 함께, 2단계에 (주)웹솔루스에서 자체적으로 설치 운영하고 있는 2개소의 하수관거 모니터링 관측시설, 그리고 안양시에서 운영하고 있는 5개소의 강우관측소와 7개소의 수위관측소를 모두 통합하여 실시간 자료를 제공하고 있다. 수위자료는 10분단위의 텍스트정보와 그래프형태로 지원되며, 검색기간 설정을 통해 원하는 기간내의 자료를 선별, 검색할 수 있다.. 또한 이와 같은 기초적인 정보를 바탕으로 하류하천의 탁수 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 선택취수탑의 운영방안을 수립할 수 있다 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 선택취수탑 주위의 성층흐름을 기존의 실험자료와 수치해석을 통하여 분석하였고, 온도성층구조나 취수구의 위치변화에 따른 방류수 수질특성을 조사하였다.쇄파대(artifical reef)와 같은 완충지대를 갖는 호안을 축조함으로써 월파량을 감소시키는 대안으로 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구 수행을 통해 태풍 내습시 발생 가능한 자연재해에 대한 사전 방지를 목적으로 태풍피해의 원인을 제시하고 이를 해결하여 현재의 방재대책이 항구적인 방재대책으로 전환될 수 있는 방안 마련의 기초 자료로 활용되기를 기대한다., L-arabinose, 및 D-galactose; 제3차(第三次) 가수분해물(加水分解物)(C)에서 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose 및 D-galactose, 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)(C')에서 D-xylose와 D-galactose를 검출(檢出)하였다. (4) 구성당(構

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.353-364
• /
• 2016

The materials of sculptured stone property around the Hyeonleung Royal Tomb in Guri consist mainly of high weathered of granitic rocks with magnetite-series. Deterioration characteristics occurred highly with microorganism, soil inflow and black contaminants at the burial mound zone. As a result of deterioration evaluation, stone surface around the burial mound zone show serious comprehensive damage of soil inflow (50.5%) and lichen coverage (47.6%) which are the major damaging factors, and there are about 8.6% of biological growth noticeably in the north side. Surface contaminants and the discoloration had the complex causes. Gypsum occurred between joints of stones and the major contaminant type, darkening which was analyzed organic bodies caused discoloration. From result of ultrasonic velocity measurements, there are mean value of 2,195 m/s with highly weathered (HW) grade. Most of the stone properties showed 4 to 5 weathered grade. Therefore, it turned out that sculpture stone properties require conservation treatments. To remove soil accelerating damage factors and lichen occupying high percents, the cleaning process is necessary and consolidation, rejoining and filling are needed as well. Also, consideration on removing conservation materials containing Ca and e fflorescence is required and retreatments need to be considered.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 2014

Considering that decision in conservation treatment for damaged objects should consider not only various options of methodology of intervention but also possible consequences of different types of intervention, it is a difficult task to decide and propose clear and safest solution of preserving an object. In addition, it should be constantly challenged by conservators even if it is proved technique or methodology in a past treatment. Therefore, there is no absolute solution which can be applied to all practice but each decision can be different case by case. It is not possible to estimate the way how the present condition of material and environmental aspects would affect to the condition of an object in future. However if conservators keep trying to set out various ways of analysing pro and against effect of past treatments, it would be able to provide useful logics of proving efficiency and appropriateness of a certain treatment. Understanding that the advantage of laser technique is to adopt a way of cleaning an object without making a direct contact, which is different from other techniques, this paper aims at securing stability of laser techniques, although it remains a limitation in the compatibility to all other materials. This study has examined reacting process on the painted pigments against laser beam by using CLSM in order for it to display both the problems from such reacting process and the efficiency of it as a cleaning methodology. It has intended to estimate the result of laser techniques and propose the range of applicability.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.1000-1008
• /
• 2009

It also increases the competitive power of the nation. With all these merits of electronic documents, there exist threats to the security such as illegal outflow, destroying, loss, distortion, etc. Currently, the techniques to protect the electronic documents against illegal forgery, alteration or removal are not enough. Until now, various security technologies have been developed for electronic documents. However, most of them are limited to prevention of forgery or repudiation. Cryptography for electronic documents is quite heavy that direct cryptography is not in progress. Additionally, key management for encryption/decryption has many difficulties that security has many weak points. Security has inversely proportional to efficiency. It is strongly requested to adopt various cryptography technologies into the electronic document system to offer more efficient and safer services. Therefore, this paper presents some problems in cryptography technologies currently used in the existing electronic document systems, and offer efficient methods to adopt cryptography algorithms to improve and secure the electronic document systems. To validate performance of proposed method compare with the existing cryptographies, critical elements have been compared, and it has been proved that the proposed method gives better results both in security and efficiency.