• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2007

The olfactory function of subjects could be different due to various factors such as aging, and such discrepancies influence on the olfactory sensibility. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to investigate changes of olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure in relation to the consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Stimulants of this study were five standard odor samples of T&T olfactometer, and thirty undergraduates over than 19 years old were tested twice during this study In experiment 1, subjects were given to odor samples which were controlled on the basis of individual olfactory threshold. Whereas, subjects were provided with uncontrolled odor samples which had the same concentration(+1) in experiment 2. Olfactory sensibility characteristics were significantly different with presentation types of odor samples, and these gaps were more higher on condition that the preference of odor sample was not distinct. Moreover, such differences affected the olfactory sensibility structure, and 'esthetic sense', 'intensity', and 'activity' were common factors, but 'friendship' of experiment 1 and 'weight' of experiment 2 were unique factors. In conclusion, the olfactory sensibility characteristics and structure could be different with consideration of olfactory threshold of subject. Overall, this study suggest that the olfactory function and the presentation method of odor sample be regarded as principal consideration factors in the olfactory sensibility evaluation.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.244-245
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• 1997

후각장애를 가져오는 질환에는 비, 부비동 질환, 두부외상, 상기도 감염, 간질 및 노인성치매 등의 신 경게 질환, 칼만증후군과 같은 대사성 질환 등이 있으나, 현실적으로 후각장애의 정도를 측정하기가 쉽 지않고, 후각역치가 개인간에 차이가 많아 아직 연구가 미진한 상태이다. 특히 교통사고나 산업현장에서 쉽게 접할 수 있는 두부외상이나 독성화학물질 등에 의해 후각장애가 많이 나타나고 있으나 아직 보상의 기준이 없어 환자들이 어려움을 겪고 있다. 두부손상 후에 발생하는 후각장애는 병원에서도 놓치기 쉬우며, 알아내더라도 두렷한 치료방법이 없기 때문에 간과되어온 것이사실이다. 그러나, 이런 후각장애 환자들은 집안에서 가스가 새는 것을 느끼지 못하며, 화재로연기가 나더라도 알아차리지 못하고, 음식이 상해도 잘 모르므로 위험에 빠지기가 쉽고, 후각에 이상이 있으면 자연적으로미각도 감소하므로 식욕도 떨어지고, 때로는 우울증에 빠지기도하며, 주부의 경우에는 음식을 만들기가 어렵게 된다. 두부외상을 받은 전체 환자 의 약5 -10%에서 후각장애가 나타나는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 냄새가 나지만 정확히 무슨 냄새인지 이름을 대지 못하거나 어떤 냄새를 다른 냄새와 감별하지 못하는 경우까지 합하면 대개 20-30%로 생각된다. 두부 손상 후의 후각장애의 정도는 얼마나 크게다쳤는 가에 달려있지만, 조금 다치더라도 후각장애가 심한 경우도 있다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to determine a relationship between the smoking and the gustation. For that purpose, the survey is about the subjective taste change after smoking compared the electrical taste thresholds by EGM on healthy young Korean men before and after smoking. The results of the electrogustometry showed significant differences between smokers and non-smokers, also between before smoking and directly after smoking in smokers showed significant differences which indicated the immediate, but temporary effects of smoking on the taste thresholds. There were no difference of gustatory function by the amount of smoking and the degree of addiction. Based on the results of this study, further studies will be focused on the difference of gustatory function between before and after smoking using the chemical taste test, and the relationship between change of olfactory and gustation by smoking.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.309-318
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• 2001

The purposes of the study were (1) to evaluate the olfactory identification ability in those who have bad breath, (2) to determine the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan in normal subjects and those who have bad breath, and (3) to evaluate the effect of oral hygiene care on the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan. Sixteen male subjects with bad breath (male odor group), 9 male subjects without bad breath (male non-odor group), and 10 female subjects without bad breath (female non-odor group) were included for the study. Olfactory identification ability was assessed by administrating the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT), and the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured by two-alternative forced-choice single-staircase detection threshold procedure in a double-blinded condition. The geometric mean of the last four staircase reversal points of a total of seven reversals is used as the threshold. For the male odor group, after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) concentration, the olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was measured again and compared to the initial value. The ANOVA was used to test the group difference of olfactory threshold and olfactory identification ability and the paired t-test was used to test the difference of olfactory threshold between before and after reduction of oral VSC in male odor group. The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in olfactory identification ability among those who have bad breath and normal male or female subjects. 2. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan was about 8.4 ppb in normal male and female. 3. There was a tendency that male subjects with bad breath showed a higher olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan when compared to those of no bad breath. 4. The olfactory detection threshold for methyl mercaptan returned to a normal level after 1 month of intensive oral hygiene care for reducing oral VSC.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1994

Inhibition of the nociceptive Tail Flick Reflex (TFR) was observed with electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) in the male Sprague - Dawley rats under light anesthesia, and the involved neurotransmitter (s) were characterized. Electrical stimulation of LC/SC induced the analgesia with the stimulation threshold (intensity of the current, given for 100 usec and in 100 Hz frequency, which caused the TF latency longer than 6.5 sec) around 55 uA. Intrathecal administrations of ${\alpha}_2$ antagonist, yohimbine (30 ug) or opioid antagonist, naloxone (20 ug) increased the stimulation threshold by 147% and 123% respectively (from 55 uA to 135 uA,9 and from 54 uA to 123 uA;P0.01, n=5, each). The basal TF latency without stimulation (3.1 sec) was reduced by the antagonists (to 2.5 sec by yohimbine, p<0.05, n=5; to 2.6 sec by naloxone, p<0.1, n=5), vehicle only did not show any effect. Noradrenaline(NA) in the spinal cord superfusates measured with HPLC was increased by the LC/SC stimulation, from 4.18 ng/ml before to 7.74 ng/ml after stimulation (P<0.05, n=10). The result suggest that analgesia induced by LC/SC stimulation is mediated, at least in part, by the noradrenergic system in which ${\alpha}_2$ receptor is involved, as well as the opioid system.