• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.255-292
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• 2018

Most grading scales of Korean language proficiency tests are based on existing grading scales that are not empirically verified. The purpose of this study is to develop an empirically verified scale descriptor. The 'Performance data-driven approach' that is suggested by Fulcher (1987) was used to develop the detailed description of characteristics for each level of performance. This study is focused on the functional phase of speech samples analysis (coding data) to create explanatory categories of discourse skills into which individual observations of speech phenomena can be scored. The speech samples that were collected through this study demonstrated stages of speech that can be a foundation of a grading scale. The data used in the study was collected from 23 native speakers of Korean. Speech samples were recorded from simulated speaking tests using the 'REFUSAL' task, and transcribed for analysis. The transcript was analyzed using discourse analysis. The result showed that the 'REFUSAL' task needs to go through four functional phases in actual communication. Furthermore, this study found specific and detailed explanatory categories of discourse competence based on the actual native speaker's speech data. Such findings are expected to contribute to the development of more valid and reliable speaking assessment.

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.76
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• pp.187-211
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the speech act realization of speculative expressions and to present their teaching-learning contents. It is hard for Korean learners to use speculative expressions appropriately because there are various similar expressions and their meaning is distinctive in detail. This study describes speech act realizations of '-는 것 같다, -을까, -나 보다, -을걸'. All these forms have the meaning of speculations, so they are mainly used to present uncertain information or thoughts of speaker. But they show distinctive aspects. '-는 것 같다' is mainly used to present contents contrary to their counterparts' opinions or irritating for their counterparts. It is used as polite forms because it conveys meanings of uncertainty. Especially in these contexts, it performs the refusal speech acts. '-을까' has the characteristic feature in the complex forms such as '뭐랄까', '뭐라고 할까' and it performs request speech acts more frequently than '-는 것 같다'. Also it is used to express the speakers' opinions contrary to their counterparts'. '-나 보다' expresses speaker's speculations based on hearer's conditions or his speech, so it is used to respond to hearer actively and express interests unlike other speculative expressions. '-을걸' isn't used to perform request, to express interests to hearer. However, it is mainly used when speaker has the contrary assumptions or expectations to hearer's. Based on the analyze, this study presents and grades teaching-learning contents of speculative expressions.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.425-428
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• 2011

서비스 로봇과 펫 로봇 등 사람과 직접 상호작용하는 로봇기술의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 대화시스템은 자연언어처리 기술을 활용하여 음성인식 기술과의 결합을 통해 현재 로봇에서 주로 사용되고 있는 버튼과 터치스크린 위주의 HRI(Human-Robot Interface)보다 자연스러운 HRI를 제공한다. 이러한 자연스러운 HRI를 수행할 수 있는 로봇을 구성하기 위해서는 로봇이 서비스를 제공할 실제 영역에 맞는 대화시스템의 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 자질사전, 단일화 문법(unification grammar), 대화 흐름도(dialogue flow diagram)를 사용한 레스토랑 영역의 자질기반(feature-based) 대화시스템을 제시한다. 자질 정보는 형태소, 시제, 어휘의 의미구조 등을 나타내며 화행(speech act) 결정에 사용하고 문장 자질과 구문 자질을 파서에서 활용한다. 자질기반 대화시스템을 통하여 레스토랑 영역에서 사용자 화행 이해 및 주문, 안내 등의 서비스를 성공적으로 수행할 수 있음을 보인다.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.199-213
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• 2009

From the perspective of pragmatics, language is a mode of act that works in the order of motive and performs human purpose. The function of language is then primarily performative rather than informational or significative. Pragmatics, however, encounters a tough question: what is the relation of the linguistic act to meaning? Many language theories including pragmatic theories admit the autonomy of meaning while defining language as act. But in Deleuze and Peirce we find examples of maximalist pragmatics that denies the autonomy of meaning. However, Deleuze and Peirce are different in their view on the function of meaning. For Deleuze, language is the transmission of act, what he calls 'order-word.' He rejects meaning except as the minimal condition for the transmission. But his theory turns out to be contradictory in that meaning as the minimal condition is actually the function of constants that he denies for order-words that are always variables. On the contrary, Peirce's pragmatism as a radical pragmatics does not exclude meaning. For him, language is interpretative act serving the purpose of understanding reality, which is performed through the function of meaning and 'habit.' This shows that meaning is indispensable to language even in maximalist pragmatics.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the intention of the inquirer from the single text type question in Goal-oriented dialogue. Goal-Oriented Dialogue system means a dialogue system that satisfies the user's specific needs via text or voice. The intention analysis process is a step of analysing the user's intention of inquiry prior to the answer generation, and has a great influence on the performance of the entire Goal-Oriented Dialogue system. The proposed model was used for a daily chemical products domain and Korean text data related to the domain was used. The analysis is divided into a speech-act which means independent on a specific field concept-sequence and which means depend on a specific field. We propose a classification method using the word embedding model and the CNN as a method for analyzing speech-act and concept-sequence. The semantic information of the word is abstracted through the word embedding model, and concept-sequence and speech-act classification are performed through the CNN based on the semantic information of the abstract word.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.856-862
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• 2003

CPFR(Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment)은 기존의 생산관리 패러다임(Paradigm)을 탈피하는 새로운 협업적 생산 극대화 시키는 데 목적을 두고 있다. CPFR의 핵심은 정보 공유를 기반으로 하는 공급망상 참여 기업간의 협업이며, 이는 매우 불확실한 시장 상황 하에서 끊임없는 발생하는 예외사항들을 처리하는데 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 참여 기업간의 협업을 가능하게 하는 블랙보드 기반 협업 에이전트(Blackboard Based Collaboration Agent) 구조를 제시한다. 또한 화행 이론(Protocol)을 제시하여 참여 기업간의 협동 과정을 제어하는 방식을 구현한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.523-526
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• 2002

본 논문은 한국어대화에는 주어나 목적어와 같은 구성요소의 빈번한 생략, 존대현상, 존대대명사의 사용 등의 특이한 현상이 나타나는 것을 지적하고, 이러한 한국어대화를 처리하기 위해서는 대화참석자에 관한 정보, 발화문의 화행에 관한 정보, 대화에 관련된 사람들의 사회적 지위에 있어서의 상대적 순위에 관한 정보 등의 상황정보와 정보의 흐름을 이용해야만 한다고 주장한다. 또한, 본 논문은 이러한 상황정보를 전산적으로 어떻게 표기해서 입력하고 한국어대화의 표상구조를 어떠한 형태로 구축하는 것이 타당한지도 자세히 보여 준다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.9-17
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• 2010

Nowadays, many research have been conducted on robots or interactive characters that properly respond to the users affection. In this paper, we develop an intelligent messenger that provides appropriate responses to text inputs according to user's intention and affection. In order to properly respond, the intelligent messenger adapts methods to recognize user's speech act and affection. And it uses an AIML-based interactive script to which tags are additionally attached to express affection and speech act. If the intelligent messenger finds a proper reply in the interactive scripts, it displays the reply in a dialog window, and an animation character expresses emotion assimilated with a user's affection. If the animation character is synchronized with a content robot through a wireless link, the robot in the same space with the user can provide emotional response.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2016

One of the most important aspects of the research on multi-agent systems is the definition of agent communication languages(ACLs) and the specification of a proper formal semantics of ACLs. In this paper, we propose an illocutionary effect-based FIPA-ACL semantics which overcomes the two traditional semantic approaches. The key idea of this new semantics is based on the semantic concepts of success and satisfaction conditions of illocutionary acts in speech act theory, and the common ground theory-based framework. As case studies using this new semantics, we define the primitive speech acts of FIPA-ACL such as inform and request. For the strengths of the proposed approach we illustrate our new semantics on an e-commerce agent purchase negotiation. Also, we compare this approach with two traditional semantic approaches for ACLs.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.5
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• pp.203-221
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• 2002

Die Unterklassifikation von Sprechakttypen stellt einen wichtigen Forschtmgs­gegenstand der Sprechakttheorie dar. Mit den Kriterien, die Searle (1969) vorgeschlagen hat, $k\"{o}nnen\;zwar\;die\;f\"{u}nf$ Haupttypen der Sprechakte voneinander unterschieden werden, aber $f\"{u}r$ deren Unterklassifikation $m\"{u}ssen$ weitere Kriterien herangezogen werden, und zwar solche, mit denen die Untertypen des zu unterklassifizierenden Sprechakttyps deren Handlungscharakter $gem\"{a}{\ss}$ klassifiziert werden $k\"{o}nnen$. Es ist aber nicht einfach festzustellen, was man als Kriterien $f\"{u}r$ die Unterklassifikation eines bestimmten Sprechakttyps nehmen soll. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird versucht, die $f\"{u}r$ die Unterklassifikation der sogenannten $begr\"{u}ndenden$ Sprechhandlungen (= bSH) wie $ERKL\"{A}REN-WARUM,\;BEGR\"{U}NDEN$, RECHTFERTIGEN und ARGUMENTIEREN angemessenen Kriterien festzustellen und mit diesen die vier Untertypen der bSH zu klassifizieren. Dabei werden zwei Kriterien herangezogen: $n\"{a}mlich$, Gegenstandstyp und Strittigkeit. Je nachdem, urn welchen Gegenstandstyp es bei der bSH geht und ob Strittigkeit vorliegt, wird ein anderer Untertyp der bSH vollzogen. Die Gegenstandstypen der bSH sind wie folgt darzustellen: Gegenstandstypen der bSH Gegenstandstypen im subjektiven Bereich Gegenstandstrypen im objektiven Bereich Einstellungen des Sprechers Handlungen des Sprechers Tatsachen Ereignisse Naturprozesse Handlungen eines Dritten Einstellungen eines Dritten Strittigkeit kann nur in Bezug auf die Gegenstandstypen im subjektiven Bereich entstehen, und zwar in Bezug auf die Richtigkeit der Handlungen und Einstellungen und die Wahrheit der Einstellungen des Sprechers. Mit den beiden Kriterien 'Gegenstandstyp' und 'Strittigkeit' $k\"{o}nnen$ die Untertypen der bSH wie folgt klassifiziert werden: