• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

In this study, ICT medical service provider's level of knowledge fire fighting safety and methods on coping with fires in the regions of Gwangju and Jeonam Province of Korea were investigated to determine the elements affecting such levels and provide basic information on the manuals for educating how to cope with the fire fighting safety in medical facilities. The data were analyzed using SPSS Win 14.0. The scores of level of knowledge fire fighting safety of ICT medical service provider's were 7.06(10 point scale), and the scores of level of recognizing how to cope with fire fighting safety were 6.61(11 point scale). level of recognizing how to cope with fire fighting safety were significantly different according to gender(t=4.12, p<.001), age(${\chi}^2$=17.24, p<.001), length of career(${\chi}^2$=22.76, p<.001), experience with fire fighting safety education(t=6.10, p<.001), level of subjective knowledge on fire fighting safety(${\chi}^2$=53.83, p<.001). In order to enhance the level of understanding of fire fighting safety and methods of coping by the ICT medical service providers it is found that: self-directed learning through avoiding the education just conveying knowledge by lecture tailored learning for individuals fire fighting education focused on experiencing actual work by developing various contents emphasizing cooperative learning deploying patients by classification systems using simulations and a study on the implementation of digital anti-fire monitoring system with multipoint communication protocol, a design and development of the smoke detection system using infra-red laser for fire detection in the wide space, video based fire detection algorithm using gaussian mixture mode developing an education manual for coping with fire fighting safety through multi learning approach at the medical facilities are required.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2012

These days, spontaneous ignition phenomena by oxidizing heat frequently occur in the circumstances of processing and storing waste tires. Therefore, to examine the phenomena, in this work, this researcher conducted the tests of fires of fragmented waste tires (shredded tire), closely investigated components of the fire residual materials collected in the processing and storing place, and analyzed the temperature of the starting of the ignition, weight loss, and heat of reaction. For the study, this researcher conducted fire tests with fragmented waste tires in the range of 2.5 mm to 15 mm, whose heat could be easily accumulated, and performed heat analysis through DSC and TGA, DTA, DTG, and GC/MS to give scientific probability to the possibility of spontaneous ignition. According to the tests, at the 48-hour storage, rapid increase in temperature ($178^{\circ}C$), Graphite phenomenon, smoking were observed. And the result from the DTA and DTG analysis showed that at $166.15^{\circ}C$, the minimum weight loss occurred. And, the result from the test on the waste tire analysis material 1 (Unburnt) through DSC and TGA analysis revealed that at $180^{\circ}C$ or so, thermal decomposition started. As a result, the starting temperature of ignition was considered to be $160^{\circ}C$ to $180^{\circ}C$. And, at $305^{\circ}C$, 10 % of the initial weight of the material reduced, and at $416.12^{\circ}C$, 50 % of the intial weight of the material decreased. The result from the test on oxidation and self-reaction through GC/MS and DSC analysis presented that oxidized components like 1,3 cyclopentnadiene were detected a lot. But according to the result from the heat analysis test on standard materials and fragmented waste tires, their heat value was lower than the basis value so that self-reaction was not found. Therefore, to prevent spontaneous ignition by oxidizing heat of waste tires, it is necessary to convert the conventional process into Cryogenic Process that has no or few heat accumulation at the time of fragmentation. And the current storing method in which broken and fragmented materials are stored into large burlap bags (500 kg) should be changed to the method in which they are stored into small burlap bags in order to prevent heat accumulation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.75-82
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• 2010

To study the combustion characteristics of forest fuel by fire intensity, the experiment of combustion characteristics on Pinus Densiflora living leaves, which is the weakest species to the forest fire, was delivered, using variables of heat flux(25 kW/$m^2$, 50 kW/$m^2$, 75 kW/$m^2$). With the equipment of Cone calorimeter, the characteristics of ignition, heat, smoke release, CO and $CO_2$ release, and mass loss were analyzed. Pinus Densiflora living leaves containing moisture of 60.66% were not ignited at the heat flux of variables 25 kW/$m^2$, 50 kW/$m^2$, 75 kW/$m^2$. In proportion to the heat flux value, heat release amount and heat release rate reached maximum value rapidly: higher variables came to the maximum by the half rapidity and the maximum value were twice higher than the former lower variables respectively. As for the smoke release, the less heat flux the variable had, the more smoke release it had, due to incomplete combustion. The release amount of CO and $CO_2$ had more maximum value as the heat flux increased and more radiant heat meaned more carbon oxide. When the forest fire breaks out, therefore, a great amount of CO and $CO_2$ will be released by Pinus Densiflora.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 2020

The emergency evacuation support system provides a safe means of evacuation by preventing the inflow of smoke through the formation of a smoke shield curtain in fire situations and pressurizing fresh air to the inside of the smoke shield curtain. In this study, numerical analysis was performed to examine the effects of the hole size on the flow inside the smoke curtain. As the air supply size decreased, the flow rate through the air supply was formed relatively uniformly from the inlet to the outlet length of the emergency support system. In addition, the size of the air supply hole was more than 20 mm, the flow rate was very low near the outlet, so the air supply hole size should be smaller than 20 mm. In addition, the minor loss of the air supply hole was calculated to be K = 1.5 from the numerical results. Therefore, the proper design of an emergency evacuation support system is possible using the flow characteristics according to the size and minor loss of the air supply hole.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.483-493
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• 2021

Urban overcrowding has created an explosive supply and demand for high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings are contributing to enhancing the image of the city by serving as focal points, but due to the stack effect, malfunction of elevator doors, difficulties in opening and closing the doors and windows of the outer wall, smoke and odors spreading to the upper floors, noise, energy loss, fire and pollutants have been causing various unexpected problems such as rapid spread of fire. This study classified high-rise buildings according to their vertical zoning, analyzed the causes of and solutions to the stack effect, and derived design and construction methods. Through the initial plan to block the outside air and securing airtightness through precise construction, we sought ways to secure the airtightness inside and outside the building by actively blocking the airflow from the lower floors. In addition, the facility solution can be a measure to reduce the specific phenomena caused by the stack effect, but it should only be applied to the minimum extent because the potential for secondary damage is high. This study emphasized the need for systematic stack effect management by suggesting design and construction measures for each vertical zoning of the causes and countermeasures of the stack effect. It is expected that this study will be helpful not only for design and construction, but also for building maintenance.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.46-56
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• 2018

The paper relates to a study on the conduction heat transfer characteristics according to the heating temperature of lightweight panel wall material. Plywoods, marbles, heat resistant glasses, as well as general gypsum board and fire-proof gypsum board, which have been widely used for lightweight panel wall material, were selected as experiment samples, and heating temperatures were set as $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$. Next, each of the heating temperatures were introduced on the bottom part of the wall material for 30 minutes, and analyses were made on the heat transfer characteristics to the backside part on the top part through conduction. As results of the experiment, the maximum backside temperatures were measured up to $190^{\circ}C$ for a general gypsum board, $198^{\circ}C$ for a fire-proof gypsum board, $189^{\circ}C$ for a plywood, $321^{\circ}C$ for a marble, and $418^{\circ}C$ for a heat resistant glass as heating temperatures were introduced maximum of $600^{\circ}C$. In addition, the maximum change rate of conduction heat transfer were measured up to 85 W for a general gypsum board, 95 W for a fire-proof gypsum board, 67 W for a plywood, 1686 W for a marble, and 3196 W for a heat resistant glass as the maximum heating temperatures were introduced up to $600^{\circ}C$. Also, carbonization characteristics of the wallpapers were measured to visually check the danger of conduction heat transfer, and the results showed that smokes were first generated on the attached wallpapers for the heating temperature $600^{\circ}C$, which were 1021 s for a general gypsum board, 978 s for a fire-proof gypsum board, 1395 s for a plywood, 167 s for a marble, and 20 s for a heat resistant glass, and that the first generation of carbonization were 1115 s for a general gypsum board, 1089 s for a fire-proof gypsum board, 1489 s for a plywood, 192 s for a marble, and 36 s for a heat resistant glass.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.182-193
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• 2022

Purpose: By measuring and evaluating the risk of biodiesel through non-volatile residue (NVR) and flash point and explosion limit measurement at a specific temperature according to ASTM test standards, the risk of chemical fire causative substances is identified and a universal evaluation method By derivation and securing the risk-related data of the material, it can be used for the identification and analysis of the cause of the fire, and it can be applied to the risk assessment of other chemical substances Method: In order to measure the risk of biodiesel, it was measured using the non-volatile residue(NVR) measurement method, which measures how much flammable liquid is generated at a specific temperature. Heating was tested by applying KS M 5000: 2009 Test Method 4111. In addition, the flash point was measured using the method specified in ASTM E659-782005, and the energy supply method was measured using the constant temperature method. In addition, the explosion limit measurement was conducted in accordance with ASTM E 681-04 「Standard test method for concentration limits of flammability of chemicals(Vapors and gases)」 test standard. Result: As a result of checking the amount of combustible liquid by the non-volatile residue (NVR)measurement method, the non-volatile residue(NVR) of general diesel when left at 105±2℃ for 3 hours was about 30% (70% of volatile matter) and about 4% of biodiesel. In addition, similar results were obtained for the non-volatile residue(NVR)heating temperature of 150±2℃, 3 hours and 200±2℃ for 1 hour, and white smoke was generated at 200℃ or higher. In addition, similar values were obtained as a result of experimentally checking the explosion (combustion) limits of general diesel, general diesel containing 20% biodiesel, and 100% biodiesel. Therefore, it was confirmed that the flammability risk did not significantly affect the explosion risk. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested the risk judgment criteria for mixtures through experimental research on flammable mixtures for the purpose of securing the effectiveness, reliability, and reproducibility of the details of the criteria for determining dangerous substances in the existing Dangerous Materials Safety Management Act. It will be possible to provide reference data for the judgment criteria for flammable liquids that are regulated in the field. In addition, if the know-how for each test method is accumulated through this study, it is expected that it will be used as basic data in the research on risk assessment of dangerous substances and as a basis for research on the determination of dangerous substances.