• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.526-536
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of various dentin bonding systems on microtensile bond strength of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) and delayed dentin sealing (DDS). Eighteen extracted permanent molars were used in this study. The teeth for DDS group were restored with a provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week, and divided into 3 subgroups according to various dentin bonding adhesives; SB subgroup (3 step total-etch adhesive), SE subgroup (2 step self-etch adhesive), XE subgroup (1 step self-etch adhesive). In IDS group, the teeth were divided into 3 subgroups, and applied with bonding adhesives as in DDS group. The teeth were restored with provisional restorations, and immersed in saline solution for 1 week. Indirect composite disc was cemented with resin cement, and all specimens were subjected to microtensile bond strength. The data were statistically analyzed with oneway ANOVA and Student t-test. The results were as follows: 1. The IDS group showed significantly higher ${\mu}TBS$ than DDS group in 3 step total-etch and 2 step selfetch adhesive (p < 0.05). 2. In IDS and DDS group, 3 step total-etch adhesive showed the highest ${\mu}TBS$ value, followed by 2 step self-etch, and 1 step self-etch adhesive. In IDS group, the ${\mu}TBS$ value for 1 step self-etch adhesive was significantly different from those of the other subgroups (p < 0.05), and in DDS group, there were statistical differences in all subgroup (p < 0.05). 3. Failure modes of tested dentin bonding adhesives were mostly mixed failure and only 1 step self-etch adhesive showed adhesive failure.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2009

Purpose: To analyze the clinical outcome after ultrasound guided multiple dry needlings and local steroid injection for acute calcific tendinitis of shoulder. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with acute episode of pain by calcific tendinitis of shoulder with average age 58.2 (50~70 years) and follow-up of 18 months in average (range, 12~24) were included in study. There were 18 patients with right and 2 with left sided involvement. All patients had calcific deposits in the supraspinatus tendon. All patients underwent standardized nonoperative treatment protocol, consisting of 5~12 MHz high resolution ultrasound guided multiple dry needlings with 18 guage needle, followed by 2% lidocaine 1cc and 40 mg/ml depomedrol 1cc injection at site of calcific tendinitis. The outcome was assessed by UCLA shoulder score, range of motion and VAS score. A statistical analysis with ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test with the significance level at 5% was performed using SAS 9.1 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Results: All patients got continuous relief of pain right after the procedures until final follow-up. Before the procedures, the UCLA scores were fair in 15 patients and poor in 5. After the procedures, the UCLA scores were excellent in 16 patients and good in 4. All cases revealed no limitation of shoulder function. The average VAS score decreased from 8.9 before the procedures to 0.5 at final follow-up (p<0.0001). No complication was encountered. Conclusion: An ultrasound guided local steroid injections following multiple dry needlings would be one of the useful treatment modality for the acute calcific tendinitis of shoulder.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.670-676
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• 1997

The structural failure of the glutaraldehyde-treated xenograft valves has been the primary concern about the limited durability as predicted from the begimling of clinical use, and long-term follow-up has shown a significant incidence of primary tissue failure(PTF) from both biological and mechanical reasons. Twenty-seven patients with the low-profile lonescu-Shiley valves explanted from mitral position for PTF(Group III) were studied on the patient characteristics and valve pathology, and the results were compared with the matched observations of the Haycock(Group I) and of the standard-profile lonesiu-Shiley valves(Group II). Patients were aged 16 to 56 years(mean, 38.0$\pm$ 11.0 years), and the size of the failed mitral bioprosthesis was 30.8$\pm$ 1.3 mm. The hemodynamic consequences were stenosis in 29.6%, insufficiency in 44.4%, mixed steno-insufficiency in 14.8%, together with normal function for the rest of patients of prophylactic re-replacement. Pathology revealed calcification with or without tissue damage in 63.0% and tissue damage with or without calcification in 58.l%, in contrast with the observations of predominant tissue damage(76.8%) over calcification in Group I and of calcification(76.1%) over tissue damage in group II. Although dystrophic calcification has long and repeatedly dealt with patient's young age as a determinant of valve durability, such a characteristic evidence was not reached even in patients with calcified valves. Moreover, the prolonged explantation p riods from the studied on the previous report suggested strongly yet possibly evolving destructive processes among the valves in the remaining patients, and awaits further follow-up. In conclusion, PTF of the xenograft valves seems to result from more complicated biologic and metabolic reasons as well as more complex mecharical factors than the reported, and newer generation prostheses, with tissue preservation with glutaraldehyde, do not likely to provide decisive improvement in the occurrence of structural failurebioprostheses is generally limited to the highly aged.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.475-483
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• 1994

Background: N-acetylcysteine(ACE) is used both orally and intravenously in a variety of experimental pathologies resembling human disease states which exhibit endothelial toxicity as a result of oxidative stress, including acute pulmonary oxygen toxicity, septicemia and endotoxin shock. Despite these observations in vivo, it is not certain how this thiol drug produces its protective effects. ACE is a cysteine derivative which is able to direct1y react with oxygen radicals and may also act as a cysteine and glutathione(GSH) precursor following deacetylation. In this paper, we tried to know whether the therapeutic doses of ACE can modify the inflammatory function of the neutrophils and can increase the glutathione level of plasma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) patients. In addition, the effect of ACE to the purified neutrophil in terms of superoxide release and glutathione synthesis were observed. Method: Firstly, we gave 600mg of ACE for seven days and compare the release of superoxide, luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence from the neutrophils, neutrophil chemotaxis, and plasma GSH levels before and after ACE treatment in COPD patients. Secondly, we observed the dose dependent effect of ACE to the purified neutrophil's superoxide release and GSH levels in vitro. Results: 1) Usual oral therapeutic doses(600mg per day) of ACE for seven days did affect neither on the neutrophil's superoxide release, chemiluminescence, chemotaxis, nor on the plasma GSH concentration in the COPD patients. 2) ACE decreases the purified neutrophil's superoxide release and increase the GSH production in dose dependent fashion in vitro. Conclusion: Despite the fact that oral ACE treatment did not affect on the neutrophil's inflammatory function and plasma GSH concentration in COPD patients in usual therapeutic doses, it decreases the superoxide release and increases the GSH production from the isolated neutrophils in high molar concentrations. These findings suggest that to obtain an antioxidative effects of ACE, it might be needed to increase the daily dosage of ACE or therapeutic duration or change the route of adminisration in COPD patients.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 2000

Purpose : Urabe AM-9 strain was known to be associated with increased aseptic meningitis. The reason for high incidence of vaccine-associated meningitis was known that nucleotide(nt) substituted form G to A at position 1081 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) gene and therefore, glutamic acid changed to lysine at amino acid 335. We assessed by comparing nt sequence of the HN gene form Urabe AM-9 strain with wild strain and documented the correlation between nt substitution and vaccine-associated meningitis. Methods : Two lots of Urabe AM-9 vaccine distributed in Korea and mumps wild strains isolated from 1998 through 1999 were analysed. Analysis was made by nt sequencing following amplification of HN gene by RT-PCR. Results : Nucleotide substitution at position 343, 1476, 1570 was not found in both Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains. But analysis of vaccine strains and wild strains isolated from patients revealed substitution from G to A at nt 1081 of the HN gene. Therefore, it encodes lysine instead of glutamic acid at amino acid 335. There was no mixture from of G and A at nt 1081. Nt at 1470 of one lot of Urabe AM-9 vaccines changed from C to A after Vero cell passage. Nt at 1727 of vaccines and wild strains was substituted A to G, so it encodes glycine instead of aspartic acid. Conclusion : Nucleotide analysis of HN gene revealed that nt 1081 of Urabe AM-9 vaccines and wild strains had wild type AAA($Lys^{335}$) instead of variant type GAA($Glu^{335}$). The results of this study suggest that there was a probability of vaccine-associated meningitis due to Urabe AM-9 in Korea before. But incidence of actual side effect was not evaluated because there was no reporting system in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine effects of probiotics on performance, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats fed two diets differing in forage to concentrate (F:C) ratio (30:70 and 70:30), for the establishment of their more efficient feeding management system. The probiotics employed in this trial were mixtures of different microbial species, which consisted of Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae and Streptomyces griseus. Additional levels of probiotics to each F:C ratio (70:30 or 30:70) were 0 and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, twelve Korean black male goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats per treatment and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with a randomized complete block design for 21 days. Dry matter (DM) intakes were not affected by dietary F:C ratio and probiotics. Digestible DM amounts were significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, but they were not affected by probiotics addition. Dry matter intakes per metabolic body weight and their ratio per body weight had a similar trend to DM intakes with no significant difference by F:C ratio and probiotics addition. The nutrient digestibility was significantly (p<0.05) increased with decreasing levels of forage in the diet, but it was not affected by probiotics addition. Urinary nitrogen loss was significantly (p<0.05) decreased with decreasing levels of dietary forage, but there was no significant difference between probiotics-supplemented and unsupplemented groups within the same F:C ratio. On the contrary, nitrogen retention was decreased with increasing levels of dietary forage, and probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio showed slightly increasing trends in the nitrogen retention. From the above results, probiotics supplementation to two diets differing in F:C ratio did not have the significant influence on feed intakes, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. Consequently, these parameters of Korean black goats were dominated rather by F:C ratio than by dietary probiotics.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2008

In other aquaculture species, large improvements in growth have been achieved through selective breeding. Ezo abalone(Haliotis discus hannai) and disk abalone(H. discus discus) are major aquatic animals cultured in Asia, but selective breeding for the promotion of growth with these abalones has not been actively pursued. Recently significant efforts are being made to promote production of these species through selective breeding in Korea. The aims of this work were to estimate the general genetic parameters, heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations on growth-related traits at 1-year old in two Korean abalone subspecies, H. discus hannai and H. discus discus, by using multiple trait animal model. The data were collected from the records of 1,504 individuals produced from 22 sires and 26 dams in H. discus hannai and 297 individuals produced from 5 sires and 6 dams in H. discus discus, which evaluated by the Genetics and Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute(NFRDI). Genetic parameters were estimated for these abalone subspecies raised in Bukjeju branch, NFRDI, from May 20, 2004 to May 16, 2005, respectively. The heritability estimates obtained from restricted maximum likelihood(REML) were higher than expected, ranging from 0.40 to 0.43 for growth traits shell length, shell width and body weight in H. discus hannai and from 0.26 to 0.51 in H. discus discus, respectively. The heritabilities for shell shape and condition factor were lower than others of growth traits such as ranging from 0.09 to 0.19 in H. discus hannai and from 0.10 to 0.23 in H. discus discus, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic were > 0.93 between shell parameters and weight in two abalone species, respectively, indicating that breeding for weight gains could be successfully achieved by selecting for shell length.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.1 s.97
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• pp.10-20
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• 2002

Changes of seasonal and vertical water quality was analyzed with physico-chemical data from Soyang and Paldang river-reservoir system in Korea during the 1996 to 1998. In Soyang river-reservoir system, the water column was well stratified, which narrow epilimnion layer of 5 to 10 m depth in spring to summer enlarged gradually about 40 m depth in fall as going to times. In contrast, metalimnion layer tended to be narrow during the same period. Water temperature of hypolimnion was maintained about $5^{\circ}C$ continuously throughout the year. DO of the epilimnion layer was supersaturated from spring to summer, however, it was decreased to 75% at the epilimnion layer and $45{\sim}50%$ at the hypolimnion layer at the late fall. The lowest conductivity of below $50\;{\mu}S/cm$ was observed at the metalimnion layer during thesummer to fall. In Paldang river-reservoir system, the water column wag well mixed layer throughout the year, although water temperature was changed seasonally from $5^{\circ}C$ in February to $28^{\circ}C$ in July. Water temperature between upper and lower layer was different about $5^{\circ}C$ from late spring (May) to early fall (September). DO was over and less saturated in upper and lower layer during the early summer to early fall, respectively. Conductivity was decreased to $90\;{\mu}S/cm$ in lower layer of below $4{\sim}5\;m$ depth during the late spring to early fall and that of upper layer of above 10 m depth decreased to about $100\;{\mu}S/cm$ during the late fall (November) and early spring (March). Retention time of Soyang river-reservoir system was much longer than that of Paldang river-reservoir system. Chlorophyll a, T-N and T-P concentration in Paldang river-reservoir system were higher than that of Soyang river-reservoir system by a factor of 2.7, 1.2 and 2.6, respectively. Algal blooming was deeply affected by the nutrients than the retention time.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 2005

Purpose: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the analogues of endogenous pyrophosphates: they have been used in the treatment of skeletal diseases such as Paget's disease, osteoporosis, and tumorinducing ostelysis, and are used in treatment of osteolytic metastasis of breast cancer recently. They are also used as one of the therapeutic agents for metastasis of prostatic cancer of which metastasis makes the mixed nature of osteolysis and ostegenesis. Although the action mechanism of BPs are well known for diseases with excessive osteoclastic bone resorption, the direct effect of BPs has not been known yet. This study was intended to see the tumor suppression capability of Zoledronic acid(ZOL) using nude mouse with osteosarcoma. Materials and Methods: MG-63 and HOS osteosarcoma cell lines were used and the transforemed MG-63-GFP and HOS-GFP cells, which were made for detection under fluorescent light, were subcutaneously injected to make osteosarcoma. The five 6-week male mice were used for the experiment at each group. After the injection, mice were cultivated until tumor pieces grow up to $3{\times}3{\times}3$ $mm^3$ and ZOL of 120 ug/kg was subcutaneously injected twice a week. Sizes of tumor were measured twice a week and photographed under fluorescent light. Results: In in vivo test with HOS osteosarcoma cell lines, mean size of tumors was 2,520 $mm^3$ in control group and was 131 $mm^3$ in ZOL group, which showed 94% of reduction comparing with the control ; with MG-63 osteosarcoma cell lines, mean size of tumors was 2,866 $mm^3$ in control group and was 209 $mm^3$ in test group with 72% of reduction (p<0.05). Conclusion: In in vivo tests with nude mice, we suggest that ZOL has direct effect on osteosarcoma cells and it would be used as one of the therapeutic agents for osteosarcoma, especially to ZOL-sensitive osteosarcoma cells.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 1998

The sympathoadrenal system plays an important role in homeostasis in widely varing external environments. Conflicting findings, however, have been reported on its response to hypoxia. We investigated the effect of hypoxia on the sympathoadrenal system in dogs under halothane anesthesia by measuring levels of circulating catecholamines in response to graded hypoxia. Ten healthy mongreal dogs were mechanically ventilated with different hypoxic gas mixtures. Graded hypoxia and reoxygenation were induced by progressively decreasing the oxygen fraction in the inhalation gas mixture from 21%(control) to 15%, 10% and 5% at every 5 minutes, and then reoxygenated with 60% oxygen. Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure and mean pulmonary arterial pressure were measured directly using pressure transducers. Cardiac output was measured by the thermodilutional method. For analysis of blood gas, saturation and content, arterial and mixed venous blood were sampled via the femoral and pulmonary artery at the end of each hypoxic condition. The concentration of plasma catecholamines was determined by radioenzymatic assay. According to the exposure of graded hypoxia, not only did arterial and mixed venous oxygen tension decreased markedly at 10% and 5% oxygen, but also arterial and mixed venous oxygen saturation decreased significantly. An increased trend of the oxygen extraction ratio was seen during graded hypoxia. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance were unchanged or increased slightly. Pulmonary arterial pressure(PAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance(PVR) were increased by 55%, 76% in 10% oxygen and by 82%, 95% in 5% oxygen, respectively(p<0.01). The concentrations of plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine increased by 75%, 29%, 24% in 15% oxygen and by 382%, 350%, 49% in 5% oxygen. These data suggest that the sympathetic nervous system was activated to maintain homeostasis by modifying blood flow distribution to improve oxygen delivery to tissues by hypoxia, but hemodynamic changes might be blunted by high concentration of nitrous oxide except PAP and PVR. It would be suggested that hemodynamic changes might not be sensitive index during hypoxia induced by high concentration of nitrous oxide exposure.