• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.427-431
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• 2013

Paprika fruits should be stored and distributed at above $7^{\circ}C$ to prevent chilling injury but the small amount of paprika that transports with other horticultural products in refrigerated container by ship usually stored less than $5^{\circ}C$ for other products. In this case, paprika fruits cannot help exposing chilling temperature, so that the paprika must be lost marketable value during a long period of transfer. This study was conducted to compare the alleviated effects of high $CO_2$ treatment (passive MAP), heat (hot water dipping), and UVc treatment on chilling injury of paprika fruits due to low temperature storage, and also to decide if these treatments can be used for transporting under $5^{\circ}C$. After each treatment the paprika were put in the low temperature storage ($4^{\circ}C$) for 20 days and afterwards change the in room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$) for 5 days. The fresh weight loss of all the treatments except the high $CO_2$ treatment showed around 7~12% after 25 days of storage and the ethylene concentration showed periodical increases and decreases as around 3 ${\mu}l/l$. The $CO_2$ concentration was rapidly increased 33% carbon dioxide in high $CO_2$ treatment during room temperature storage after cold storage for 20 days. The firmness which is key quality characteristics during storage and is decreasing caused by chilling injury was not significantly different among all treatments. However, the firmness of stored paprika was maintained highest in the treated with hot water dipping. Therefore, HWD and UVc treatment that showed 60% of electrolyte leakage in the $4^{\circ}C$ control (chilling injury control) and similar level with the $7^{\circ}C$ control (non-chilling injury control) would be effective to alleviate chilling injury in the stored paprika.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 1995

Background: Although there are improvements of clinical symtoms after bronchodilator inhalation in COPD patients, it has been noted that there was no increase of $FEV_1$ in some cases. $FEV_1$ did not reflect precisely the improvement of ventilatory mechanics after bronchodilator inhalation in these COPD patients. The main pathophysiology of COPD is obstruction of airway in expiratory phase but in result, the load of respiratory system is increased in inspiratory phase. Therefore the improvement of clinical symptoms after bronchodilator inhalation may be due to the decrease of inspiratory load. So we performed the study which investigated the effect of bronchodilator on inspiratory response of vetilatory mechanics in COPD patients. Methods: In 17 stable COPD patients, inspiratory and expiratory forced flow-volume curves were measured respectively before bronchodilator inhalation. 10mg of salbutamol solution was inhaled via jet nebulizer for 4 minutes. Forced expiratory and inspiratory flow-volume curves were measured again 15 minutes after bronchodilator inhalation. Results: $FEV_1$, FVC and $FEV_1$/FVC% were $0.92{\pm}0.34L$($38.3{\pm}14.9%$ predicted), $2.5{\pm}0.81L$($71.1{\pm}21.0%$ predicted) and $43.1{\pm}14.5%$ respectively before bronchodilator inhalation. The values of increase of $FEV_1$, FVC and PIF(Peak Inspiratory Flow) were $0.15{\pm}0.13L$(relative increase: 17.0%), $0.58{\pm}0.38\;L$(29.0%) and $1.0{\pm}0.56L$/sec(37.5%) respectively after bronchodilator inhalation. The increase of PIF was twice more than $FEV_1$ in average(p<0.001). The increase of PIF in these patients whose $FEV_1$ was not increased after bronchodilator inhalation were 35.0%, 44.0% and 55.5% respectively. Conclusion: The inspiratory parameter reflected improvement of ventilatory mechanics by inhaled bronchodilater better than expiratory parameters in COPD patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1996

Background : Several studies have suggested that impaired mucociliary clearance plays a role in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma. Cough productive of mucoid sputum is common, and mucous plugs in the airways are frequently observed. These clinical features are in keeping with the histologic lesions of asthma, which involve primarily the epithelial and mucous-producing structures of the conducting airways. Some studies have shown that the mucociliary clearance is impaired in adult asthma, but it has not been studied in childhood asthma. The objectives of this study were to examine whether the mucociliary clearance is impaired in childhood asthma and to estimate the degree of impairment in comparison with that of immotile cilia syndrome. Method : Thirteen children with mild stable asthma and eight patients with immotile cilia syndrome completed this study. Ten healthy children were recruited as a normal control group. The whole-lung mucociliary clearance was measured by the radioaerosol technique. Aerosols, tin colloid particles tagged with the radionuclide technetium-99m($^{99m}Tc$), were generated by means of nebulizer, and inhaled via a mouthpiece. The retention of radioactivity was measured at 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes by gamma camera, and mucociliary clearance was calculated as percent retention at each time. Results: 1) In each subject, the percent retention decreased variably with the lapse of time. 2) The percent retention of radionuclide decreased at each time in order of normal control, bronchial asthma and immotile cilia syndrome and the percent retention of immotile cilia syndrome was significantly higher than that of normal control at each time(p<0.05). 3) At two hours, the percent retention of bronchial asthma($65.0{\pm}1.8$(SE)%) was significantly higher than that of the normal control($54.4{\pm}3.5%$, p<0.05), and significantly lower than that of immotile cilia syndrome($73.3{\pm}1.4%$, p<0.01). 4) When the percent retention was analyzed according to $PC_{20}$ in the children with bronchial asthma, they had no relationship with each other. Conclusion: Mucociliary clearance in the children with bronchial asthma was significantly lower than normal control. This finding indicates that impaired mucociliary clearance operates in childhood asthma as well, and suggests that it may be one contributing factor in the pathogenesis of asthma. The degree of impairment, however, was not so severe as immotile cilia syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1997

The hemodynamic effects of thyroid hormones which is well established, affect myocardial contractility, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption. The alterations in thyroid function test are frequently seen in patients with nonthyroidal illness and often correlate with the severity of the illness and the prosnosis. In this study, thyroid hormone changes were investigated in 20 patients who received cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB). All patients showed a state of biochemical euthyroidism preoperatively: The results were as follows : 1. Serum triiodothyronine(73) reached to its nadir(30.05 $\pm$ 17.5ng/dl, p(0.001) at 10 minutes after the start of CPB and remained low(p(0.05) throughout the study period. 2. Serum thyroxine(74) concentr tion slightly decreased after CPB, but maintained within normal range. 3. Serum free thyroxine(W4) concentration slightly increased after CPB, but maintained within normal range. 4. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) concentration increased 10 minute after CPB, reached to its nadir(3.37 $\pm$ 0.81u1U/m1, p(0.001) at 2 hours after CPB. After then, serum TSH concentration decreased and reached its normal levels at 24 hours after CPB. 5. The patients whose postoperative recovery was uneventful(Group 1) had higher serum 73 levels than those who had postoperative complications(Group 2)(p<0.05). Group 1 showed elevating patterns of serum 73 in the fourth day after operation, whereas group 2 did not show such an elevating pattern. These findings are similar to the euthyroid sick syndrome seen in severely ill patients and indicate that patients undergoing open heart surgery have suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.774-780
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• 2007

Purpose : The anthracyclines (AC) are widely used chemotherapeutic agents for pediatric cancers. However, the therapeutic use of these agents is limited by their cardiotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels as a marker for AC-induced cardiotoxicity compared to echocardiography in Korean children with cancer. Methods : Fifty-five pediatric cancer patients who had received chemotherapy including AC were enrolled. The cumulative AC doses, clinical symptoms, and two echocardiography parameters, left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), were studied and compared with plasma BNP levels. Results : In 55 patients, plasma BNP levels were measured 115 times and echocardiographies were performed 64 times. The median cumulative dose of AC was $325mg/m^2$ (range 120-600; mean 345) and the median plasma BNP level was 10 pg/mL (range 5-950; mean 31). The cumulative AC doses correlated significantly with the plasma BNP levels (P=0.002). The plasma BNP levels correlated significantly with LVFS (P=0.018) and LVEF (P=0.025). Dilated cardiomyopathies were identified in three patients. LVFS and LVEF decreased and plasma BNP levels increased in a patient with acute dilated cardiomyopathy and in that with symptomatic chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. However, LVFS, LVEF and plasma BNP levels were normal in a patient with asymptomatic chronic dilated cardiomyopathy. Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrated that plasma BNP levels could be used as a marker for AC-induced cardiotoxicity; they showed good correlation with echocardiography findings in pediatric cancer patients. Plasma BNP levels may be used for the detection and management of AC-induced cardiotoxicity in Korean children with cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2002

Background: The opitmal ventilator setting during partial liquid ventilation(PLV) is controversial. This study investigated the effects of various gas exchange parameters during PLV in normal rabbit lungs in order to aid in the development of an optimal ventilator setting during PLV. Methods: Seven New-Zealand white rabbits were ventilated in pressure-controlled mode with the following settings; tidal volume($V_T$) 8 mL/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure(PEEP) 4 $cmH_2O$, inspiratory-to-expiratory ratio(I:E ratio) 1:2, fraction of inspired oxygen($F_TO_2$) 1.0. The respiration rate(RR) was adjusted to keep $PaCO_2$ between 35~45 mmHg. The ventilator settings were changed every 30 min in the following sequence : (1) Baseline, as the basal ventilator setting, (2) Inverse ratio, I:E ratio 2:1, (3) high PEEP, adjust PEEP to achieve the same mean inspiratory pressure (MIP) as in the inverse ratio, (4) High $V_T$, $V_T$ 15 mL/kg, (5) high RR, the same minute ventilation (MV) as in the High $V_T$. Subsequently, the same protocol was repeated after instilling 18 mL/kg of perfluorodecalin for PLV. The parameters of gas exchange, lung mechanics, and hemodynamics were examined. Results: (1) The gas ventilation(GV) group showed no significant changes in the $PaO_2$ at all phases. The $PaCO_2$ was lower and the pH was higher at the high $V_T$ and high RR phases(p<0.05). No significant changes in the lung mechanics and hemodynamics parameters were observed. (2) The baseline $PaO_2$ for the PLV was $312{\pm}$ mmHg. This was significantly lower when decreased compared to the baseline $PaO_2$ for GV which was $504{\pm}81$ mmHg(p=0.001). During PLV, the $PaO_2$, was significantly higher at the high PEEP($452{\pm}38$ mmHg) and high $V_T$ ($461{\pm}53$ mmHg) phases compared with the baseline phase. However, it did not change significantly during the inverse I:E ratio or the high RR phases. (3) The $PaCO_2$ was significantly lower at high $V_T$ and RR phases for both the GV and PLV. During the PLV, $PaCO_2$ were significantly higher compared to the GV (p<0.05). (4) There were no important or significant changes in of baseline and high RR phases lung mechanics and hemodynamics parameters during the PLV. Conclusion: During PLV in the normal lung, adequate $V_T$ and PEEP are important for optimal oxygenation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1343-1352
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• 1997

Background : Heat-treated cells are known to be protected from lysis by TNF, which is considered to play a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced acute lung injury. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of heat shock response by heat-pretreatment on the acute lung injury of the rats induced by intratracheally administered TNF-$\alpha$, Methods : We intratracheally instilled either saline or TNF (R&D, 500ng) with and without heat pretreatment in Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~350 g. The heated rats were raised their rectal temperature to $41^{\circ}C$ and was maintained thereafter for 13 minutes at 18 h before intratracheal administration of saline or TNF. After 5 h of intratracheal treatment, lung leak, lung myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and heat shock proteins were measured in rats. Lung leak index was defined as counts per minute of $I^{25}$ in the right lung divided by counts per minutes of $I^{25}$ in 1.0 ml of blood. All data are expressed as means ${\pm}$SE. Results : There is no difference in acute lung leak index ($0.099{\pm}0.024$ vs $0.123{\pm}0.005$) among the rats given saline intratracheally with and without heat pretreatment, but MPO activity showed a decreased tendency in heat-pretreated rats ($4.58{\pm}0.79\;U/g$) compared with heat-unpretreated rats ($7.32{\pm}0.97\;U/g$) (P=0.064). Rats administered TNF intratracheally with heat-pretreatment had decreased lung leak index ($0.137{\pm}0.012$) and lung MPO activity ($5.51{\pm}1.04\;U/g$) compared with those of heat-unpretreated and TNF-administered rats ($0.186{\pm}0.016$, $14.34{\pm}1.22\;U/g$) (P<0.05 in each). There were no significant difference of lung leak index and MPO activity between TNF-treated rats with heat-pretreatment and saline-treated rats with and without heat-pretreatment. Conclusion : The heat shock response attenuated neutrophil recruitment and acute lung leak induced by intratracheal instillation of TNF-in rats.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.114-115
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• 2003

양식 생물에게 있어 용존산소는 호흡에 필수적이며, 양식 시설 내에서 적절한 용존 산소량을 유지하는 것은 생산량을 좌우하는 가장 중요한 요인이며, 어종, 수온, 광주기, 나이와 크기, 어류의 행동과 먹이 공급 및 환경 조건에 따라 달라진다. 이 중 같은 종 내에서 선발육종된 개체와 일반 양식 종 그리고 이들 계통간 잡종에 대한 대사 효율 즉, 용존산소 소비율의 차이에 관한 연구는 거의 없다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 한국해양연구원에서 선발육종 해 온 참돔과 일본 양식산 참돔 및 이들의 교배 자손들을 대상으로 수온과 광주기 변화에 따른 용존산소 소비율을 조사하였다. 실험어는 일본 양식산인 TPN 교배구 자손과 한국해양연구원 선발육종산인 KORDI F4 교배구 자손, JPN♀×KORDI F4♂ 그리고 KORDI F4♀×JPN♂ 교배구 자손을 대상으로 실시하였다. 체중이 각각 52.0±0.6 g(JPN 교배구; 그룹 1), 52.3±0.7 g(JPN♀×KORDI F4♂; 그룹 2), 51.7±0.4 g(KORDI F4♀ × KORDI F4♂; 그룹 3) 그리고 52.1±0.7 g(KORDI F4♀ × JPN♂; 그룹 4)인 참돔 치어를 각각 5마리씩 3반복 수용하여 실험에 이용하였다. 실험기간 동안 사육수의 pH는 8.1±0.1, 염분도는 34.0±0.5‰로 유지하였으며, 실험 장치는 김(1999)이 고안한 순환 시스템을 이용하였다. 수온은 각각 15℃, 20℃ 및 25℃로 변화시켰으며 각 수온 조건에서 광주기를 24L:0D, 12L:12D 그리고 0L:24D로 변화시켜 매 조건마다 용존 산소 소비량을 측정하였다. JPN 교배구인 그룹 1의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 170.35∼266.29 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 236.76∼307.37 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 346.96∼459.30 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그룹 2의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 162.01∼279.51 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 303.48∼342.72 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 447.18∼528.45 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 그룹 1과 마찬가지로 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 그룹 3의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 170.11∼220.98 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 262.62∼282.27 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 302.24∼415.73 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 그룹 1, 2와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 그룹 4의 경우, 수온 15℃일 때 산소 소비량은 156.03∼214.49 mg O₂/kg fish/hr의 범위를 보였으며 수온 20℃와 25℃일 때 각각 238.40∼274.28 mg O₂/kg fish/hr와 379.93∼430.97 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 범위를 보여 수온 상승에 따라 산소 소비량 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타나, 그룹 1, 2와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 모든 실험구에서 수온 상승과 함께 산소 소비량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 가장 높은 산소 소비량은 그룹 2에서 관찰되었다. 실험 결과 JPN 계통의 암컷을 사용하여 생산된 그룹 1과 2의 산소 소비량이 KORDI F4 계통의 암컷을 사용한 그룹 3, 4보다 대체적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연속적인 명기 조건인 24L:0D에서 수온 15℃의 경우 그룹 1, 2, 3 그리고 4의 시간당 산소 소비량은 각각 266.29 mg O₂/kg fish/hr,279.51 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 220.98 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 214.49 mg O₂/kg fish/hr으로 나타났고, 명기와 암기가 동일한 조건인 12L:12D에서는 각각 192.20 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 258.03 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 192.76 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 170.40 mg O₂/kg fish/hr로 나타났다. 또한 연속적인 암기 조건인 OL:24D 조건에서는 각각 170.35 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 162.01 mg O₂/kg fish/hr, 170.11 mg O₂/kg fish/hr 그리고 156.03 mg O₂,/kg fish/hr로 나타났다. 그리고 수온 20℃와 25℃에서도 그룹간의 변화는 이와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 연속 명기 조건인 24L:0D에서의 산소 소비량이 명기와 암기가 동일한 조건인 12L:12D와 연속 암기 조건인 0L:24D에서의 산소 소비량 보다 대체적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 그룹 2의 연속 명기 조건에서 528.45 mg O₂/kg fish/hr으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 그룹 4에서는 대사량이 점점 더 높아지는 수온 상승과 함께 연속 명기 조건과 더불어 12L:12D 조건에서의 산소 소비량이 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.369-378
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• 2002

Background : The effects of chemotherapy on pulmonary function are mainly a reduced diffusion capacity and a restrictive ventilatory impairment. Exercise can expose cardiovascular and pulmonary abnormalities not evident at rest. Exercise related cardiopulmonary function is important in patients with malignant disease as a determinant of quality of life. We performed this study to evaluate the changes of body composition and cadiopulmonary exercise perfoemance of patients with locally advanced, non-small cell, lung cancer (NSCLC) before and after chemotherapy. Methods : We evaluated resting pulmonary function, body composition, physiologic performance status, and cardiopulmonary exercise function in 11 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, at diagnosis and prior to the fourth cycle of chemotherapy. Results : After chemotherapy, 4 patients (36.4%) showed partial response and 7 (63.4%) had stable disease. After chemotherapy, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was reduced ($89.7{\pm}34.1%$, vs. $71.9{\pm}20.5%$) but not significantly. There were no significant changes in body composition or the state of physiologic performance after chemotherapy. There was a significant impairment of cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance in patients with NSCLC, evidenced by a reduction of maximal oxygen uptake ($VO_2$max, ml/kg/min, $17.9{\pm}2.6$ : $12.6{\pm}6.1$, <0.05) and $O_2$pulse ($O_2$ pulse, ml/beat, $7.0{\pm}1.7$, $5.2{\pm}2.1$, <0.05). Conclusion : Systemic chemotherapy resulted in a loss of cardiopulmonary exercise function in patients with locally advanced NSCLC within the short-term period, but not a physiologic change of body composition within the same period.