• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.321-328
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• 2012

Light and transmission electron microscopy of Batillus cornutus hemocytes revealed differences that the morphological distinctions between blast-like cell, granulocytes and hyalinocytes. Base on the morphological characteristics of the cells, we identified the eight types of hemocytes and present a categorization of the hyalinocytes into six sub-categories. The hemocytes of B. cornutus were observed basophilic cell under the light microscopy. Blast-like cells had a spherical profile with a central nucleus filling almost the whole cell. Granulocytes were characterized by presenting variable numbers of granules. This cell had spherical shape with diameter 7 ${\mu}m$ and smooth endoplasmic reticula, granules, mitochondria, glycogen granules in the cytoplasm. Hyalinocytes were the most abundant cell type. Especially, hyalinocyte VI had iirregular an amoebal shape and observed autophagosome and heterophagosome in the cytoplasm. From these results, it is concluded that there are eight types of cells in the hemolymph of B. cornutus. Further studies are now needed to identify the role of these hemocytes in the enzymological and immunological response.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2003

The hemopoiesis in human fetal spleen was studied with transmission electron microscope. There were undifferentiated proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, and acidophilic erythroblast. Besides, enucleated nuclei and mitoses were present. Groups of erythroblastic cells were surrounded by certain cell. The structure was identical to erythropoietic island found in fetal liver. So, erythropoisis in spleen was developing in a pattern similar to fetal liver. Megakaryobalst were found in spleen, but there was no mature cells, cells in mitosis nor platelet formation. It was not clear whether megakaryoblast in circulation was trapped in spleen or participated in megakaryopoiesis. In summary, erythropoiesis took place in fetal spleen in a pattern similar to fetal liver and bone marrow. But it was not certain whether megakaryopoiesis took place in fetal spleen.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.514-523
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• 1994

꼬리명주나비(서ericinus montela) 조혈기관의 분포 및 미세구조를 광학현미경과 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 꼬리명주나비의 조혈기관은 흉부 제 2 · 3체절의 날개발생부위(imaginal wing disc)에 부착되었거나 인접해 있었다 각각의 조혈기관은 비세포성 기저 막으로 둘러싸인 여러 개의 조혈섬으로 구성되어 있었으며, 조혈 섬들은 compact islet(치밀하게 배열된 조혈섬)과 loose islet(느슨하게 배열된 조혈섬)으로 구분되었다. 혈구의 분화는 loose islet 내에서 진행되었으며, 시원세포로부터 원시혈구. 부정형혈구, 과립혈구, 소구혈구가 독자적 경로를 통해 분화되었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.137-149
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• 2012

Hemocyte parameters of the wild Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas inhabiting intertidal zones in small bays (Gwangyang and Jinhae Bay) on the southern coast of Korea were evaluated using flow cytometry and neutral red retention (NRR) assay. Morphological features, cell count, mortality, DNA damage, phagocytosis, and lysosomal membrane stability of hemocytes were analyzed. Three types of hemocytes were identified in the oyster hemolymph: granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and blast-like cells. Immune related functions of hemocyte including phagocytosis and lysosomal membrane stability were significantly different among the study areas (P<0.05), while cell count, mortality, and DNA damage of hemocytes were not significantly different. In Gwangyang Bay, phagocytosis of granulocytes and lysosomal membrane stability of oyster hemocytes inhabiting inside bay were significantly lower than those of oyster hemocytes in outside bay (P<0.05), indicating that oysters in inside bay of Gwangyang were relatively suppressed the immunological function in hemocytes. Contrary to Gwangyang Bay, immune parameters of oyster hemocytes in Jinhae Bay not showed the difference between sampling sites. In conclusion, flow cytometry and NRR assay using oyster hemocyte has a powerful tool to investigate the cell level in a short time due to no-preprocessing of material.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.383-394
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• 1992

비병원성 세균인 고acirlus subtilis(ATCC6633)를 등검은메뚜기(Euprepocnemis shr'rakii Bolivar)의 성충 복강에 주입한 후, 혈구의 반응양상을 투과전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 세균에 대한 혈구의 면역반응은 plasmatocyte와 granulocyte에 의한 식 세포작용(phagocytosis)의 형태로 이루어졌으며, 결절형꽁(nodule formation)은 일어나지 않았다. 식 세포작용의 초기 반응은 혈구의 세포질 돌기가 돌출되 면서 이물질을 둘러싼 후, 원형질막과의 융합에 의해 식포가 형성되었고, 식포의 주변부에서는 일차 리소조옴의 집적이 관찰되었으며, 이런 과정은 세균 주입후, 10분 이내에 완료되었다. 일차 리소조옴은 세균 주입 후 1시간 이내에 식포의 한계막과 융합하여 이차 리소조옴을 형성하였으며, 소화된 이물질은 9시간 이내에 exocytosis에 의해 배출 되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2009

Morphology of the gill in Lateolabrax japonicus was investigated after staining the gill, as a result, we found the gill is composed of gill raker, gill arch, gill filament and gill lamellae. The number of gill raker was 7~10 in the upper and 13~18 in the lower. Ultrastructure of the gill in Lateolabrax japonicus were examined by means of the light and transmission electron microscopes. The gill have primary filament and secondary filament (lamellae). The following cells are identified and described: pavement cell, pillar cell, blood cell, mucose cell and chloride cell etc. Simple epithelial layer consists of squamous epithelium contained large nucleus, intracellular organelles etc. and the surface is covered with some of microridges. The lamella pillar structures are characterized by the axial microtubules and lateral membrane interdigitations. The mucous cells were globular in shape, and had almost the mucous granules of same size with various electron density. Chloride cells contain a lot of mitochondria and specifically developed tubular systems.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58-69
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• 1992

곤충 혈구의 이물질에 대해 면릉고청을 확인하기 위하여 평균지름 10 nm의 gold입자를 함유한 colloidal gold solution을 등 검은 메뚜기 (Euprepocnemis shirakii Bolivar) 성충의 복강에 주입한 후, 혈구의 반응양상을 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. Gold 입자에 대한 혈구의 면역반응은 전체 혈구의 약 28%를 차지하고 있는 Plasmatocytes에서 식세포작용(phagocytosis)의 형태로 확인되었고, 다른 종류의 혈구는 반응하지 않았다. Plasmatocytes에 의해 식세포작용의 초기반음은 많은 원형질 돌기를 형성하여 이물질을 포획하는 태면반응과 원형질악의 함입에 의한 식포의 형성과정으로서, 이 과정은 이물질 주입후 10분이내에 완료되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 혈구내에 형성된 식포는 초기에 전자밀도가 낮은, 천상 또는 섬잡상의 내부구조를 가지고 있었으나, 일차 Iysosome의 융합에 의해 전자밀도가 높은 과립상으로 된 후, 결정상의 내부구조로 변형되었으며, 그 이후의 단계에서 multivesicular body형태의 이차 Iysosome을 형성하였다.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1990

To investigate the pathway of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus(NPV) of Bombyx mori in early stage infection of 2nd instar larva, the larval tissues were observed under electron microscope at interval of 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after virus inoculation. The results are as follows. 1. The intact and enveloped nucleocapsids released from the polyhedra protein in the gut lumen apparently entered with the microvilli. 2. Virus progenies were observed in columnar cell nuclei 24 hours after inoculation, but polyhedra was not seen. The enveloped virus was observed in some of the intercellular spaces between mid-gut cells. 3. Many enveloped virus particles appeared in the basement membrane. These enveloped virus particles passed the basement membrane and gathered at blood cells in heomocoeal. 4. The NPV muliplicates in nuclei of the blood cells and the tracheal cells normally.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1993

Identification of blood cells and their physological functions in the cultured scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis collected from Abashiri Bay, Hokkaido, Japan were studied by electron microscopic structure and histological observations. The physiological function of each blood cell type was studied on the basis of its cytological structure, the lysosome in the blood cell and its phagocytosis. The blood cells were classified as Type I, Type II and Type III. The morphological characteristics of each blood cell type are as follows ; Type I : The cell is oval shaped and its cytoplasm contains comparatively low electron dense materials. The oval nucleus is sometimes ramified into two nuclei. Lumps of tubular smooth endoplasmic reticula and vacuoles are distributed near the nucleus. Type II : The cell appears long and oval shaped, and its cytoplasm contains high electron dense materials. The oval nucleus does not ramify, and large numbers of sac-like smooth endoplasmic reticula and free ribosomes are developed around the nucleus. No vacuoles exist in the cytoplasm Type 1II : The cell is round in shape and the electron density of the cytoplasm is the highest among the three types of cells because of large quantities of rough­surfaced endoplasmic reticula and no vacuoles. Particularly, the nucleus reveals a wheel-like shape owing to lumps of tuberous chromatin. The cells of Type I and II seem to have the role of carrying out phagocytosis on either foreign materials such as bacteria or endogenous old cells and the transport of nutritive materials. The type III cell, which has not been found in any bivalve species of non Pectinidae, may be said to have the function of production and the secretion of protein related to some humoral defense materials.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2003

Fine structural characteristics of the heart tube and its cardiac muscle cells in spider, Araneus ventricosus are investigated by both of scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The heart tube of the spider is extended mid-dorsally along the anterior part of the abdomen, and is consisted of the thin outer layer of connective tissue (epicardium) and the thick muscle layer (myocardium). The myocardium in the spider has a typical fanlike spiral structure toward anterior part put across between the muscle fibers. Therefore, it did not give rise to the intima, and muscle cells are in direct contact to the hemolymph. The heart tube appeared to be three pairs of ostia and numerous hemocytes accumulated at the inner surface of the myocardial layer. Among several kinds of the hemocytes, the oenocytoids are the most predominant hemocytes accumulated along the myocardial folds which stretched toward heart lumen. The heart muscle cells are cross striated, branched, and multinucleated. They contain a lot of mitochondria, which provide for the continuous energy demands of the heart. Thread-like ganglion on the dorsal side of the heart tube gives off axons that innervate the heart muscle cells.