• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2007

The binocular functional test was performed in test of both accommodation and convergence. The balance of accommodation and convergence was important. Objects were 100 adults in 18-36 years old ages. The used apparatus was vision tester(Shinnippon VT10)and visual chart(Shinnippon CT30). Accommodative lag test by fused cross cylinder were that in case of high 39.0%, in case of low 14.0%. Negative relative accommodation were that in case of high 23.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Positive relative accommodation were that in case of high 29.0%, in case of low 23.0%. In 18% were case of low accommodation.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.193-200
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• 2006

We investigated the visual analysis of the far distance phoria for 83 subjects who have emmetropia or myopia eyes, using the graphic method, and determined new norms. We got the following results from these experiments. 1. The measured norm of far distance phoria is $1.12{\Delta}$, exophoria, the that of near distance phoria is $0.50{\Delta}$, exophoria, the that of negative relative convergence at far distance(N.R.C.) is ${\times}$/11/5, the that of positive relative convergence at far distance(P.R.C.) is 10/20/8, the that negative relative convergence at near distance(N.R.C.) is 11/21/5, the that of positive relative convergence at near(P.R.C.) is 10/20/8, the that of negative relative accommodation(N.R.A.) is +2.54D, and the that of positive relative accommodation(P.R.A.) is -2.60D, respectively. We know from theses results that the measured norms of far distancet phoria is higher than Morgan's norms, while those of near distance phoria are lower than Morgan's norms. 2. We also know from these experiments that Morgan's norms are closely related to A, B, and C groups and Morgan's criterion can more usefully apply to the visual analysis. 3. In Sheard's criterion and Percival's criterion, the prism prescription is occurred when the exophoria of the far-point phoria is over $7{\sim}9{\Delta}$, and the esophoria of that is over $4{\sim}6{\Delta}$.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

117 undergraduate ophthalmic optics students volunteered to participate in this study. They ranged in age from 19 to 26 years. Subject, had best corrected visual acuity of at least 1.0 in both eyes, no strabismus, no amblyopia, and no history of ocular surgery. 37 subjects are esphoria and 25 subjects are $3{\Delta}$ and less, and the rest of 12 subjects show more $4{\Delta}$. Average phoria amount is $2.96{\Delta}$ at far distance and $1.08{\Delta}$ at near distance, respectively. The variation of phoria amount in far and near distance, unchanging subjects are 3, 8 subjects are increase esophoria amount, and 26 subjects are phoria amount decreasing or appear exophoria. The reason of esophoria amount is decreasing in near distance, and the results are convergence burden decreases. At positive relative convergence, the expected value in far distance, blurred point is 7, break point is 16, and recovery point is 12. And negative relative convergence, break point is 7 and recovery point is 13, respectively. Moreover, at positive relative convergence, the expected value in near distance is blurred point is 8, break point is 7 and recovery point is 22. And negative relative convergence, blurred point is 2, break point is 8 and recovery point is 12, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2005

Binocular vision had a short history in Korea. As there were many near works in these days, the needs about comparative study have been increased. There was related to both refractive error and binocular anomalies, but it is difficult to applying for binocular vision expected findings in itself due to the fact that Korean differ from foreigner. Objects were 100 adults in 18-36 years old ages, The test was Von Gaefe method and used aparatus was phoropter(Shinnippon VT10)and visual chart(Shinnippon CT30). According to interview results was that symptom in near works were headaches 28.0%, blinking 27.3%, red eye 25.1%, eyepain 15.6%, watering 15.3%, itch 12.2%, photophobia 8.5% and eye strain 7.4%. A people who have above ${\pm}0.50$ D refractive error in total objectives (100-male 45/female 55) were classified into ametropia. There was a results such as emmetropia (12.0%), ametropia(88.0%), exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Far negative relative convergence were that in case of high 43.0%, in case of low 7.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 15.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Near phoria was exophoria(32.0%), esophoria(12.0%). Near negative relative convergence were that in case of high 23.0%, in case of low 38.0%. Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 29.0%, in case of low 23.0%. Near negative relative accommodation were that in case of high 10.0%, in case of low 14,0%, Far positive relative convergence were that in case of high 69.0%, in case of low 12.0%. Results were different from expected findings, and especially positive relative accommodation was very high, However, We suggest that the expected findings in Korea for several subjects must study in binocular function.