• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 2021

Foodborne outbreaks frequently occur worldwide and result in huge economic losses. It is the therefore important to estimate the costs associated with foodborne diseases to minimize the economic damage. At the same time, it is difficult to accurately estimate the economic loss from foodborne disease due to a wide variety of cost components. In Korea, there are a limited number of analytical studies attempting to estimate such costs. In this study we investigated the components of economic cost used in foreign countries to better estimate the cost of foodborne disease in Korea. Seven recent studies investigated the cost components used to estimate the cost of foodborne disease in humans. This study categorized the economic loss into four types of cost: direct costs, indirect costs, food business costs, and government administration costs. The healthcare costs most often included were medical (outpatient) and hospital costs (inpatient). However, these cost components should be selected according to the systems and budgets of medical services by country. For non-healthcare costs, several other studies considered transportation costs to the hospital as an exception to the cost of inpatient care. So, further discussion is needed on whether to consider inpatient care costs. Among the indirect costs, premature mortality, lost productivity, lost leisure time, and lost quality of life/pain, grief and suffering costs were considered, but the opportunity costs for hospital visits were not considered in any of the above studies. As with healthcare costs, government administration costs should also be considered appropriate cost components due to the difference in government budget systems, for example. Our findings will provide fundamental information for economic analysis associated with foodborne diseases to improve food safety policy in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.64-75
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to illuminate the meaning of the soundscapes of two bells, Daeheung-dong Cathedral and Sungsimdang in Eunghang-dong, which are landmarks and attractions in the historic downtown of Daejeon. The study was conducted through field research and recordings, as well as literature studies of related documents and soundscape theory. Daejeon city was developed along with Daejeon Railway Station during the Japanese colonial period in the early 20th century. As the Chungnam Provincial Office moved to Daejeon, Daeheung-dong and Eunhang-dong in Jung-gu, located near Daejeon Station, developed significantly and formed the city centre. As major administrative agencies moved to Seo-gu in the 1990s, the downtown area of Daejeon was on a path of decline, and the decline accelerated with the development of Sejong city. Meanwhile, Daeheung-dong Cathedral and Sungsimdang, founded by refugees during the Korean War, firmly protected the historic downtown area of Daejeon, where the natives left. Daeheung-dong Cathedral, established during the Japanese colonial period, is a local landmark with a history of 100 years in 2019. Sungsimdang, which was created with the backdrop of the Korean War, is also a historical and cultural asset with a history of 60 years and a local landmark selected as the No. 1 tourist attraction in Daejeon. This research, which started from the sound of the bells of Daeheung-dong Cathedral, heard even in the neighboring residential areas, led to the discovery of the bells of Sungsimdang in Eunhang-dong, located across the street. In this paper, the bells of Daeheung-dong Cathedral and Eunhang-dong Sungsimdang have characteristics of soundmarks according to R. Murray Schafer's soundscape sound category. Furthermore, this paper attempted to analyze the meaning of the two bells according to the relatively recent EU soundscape definition. These two bells are signal sounds at the surface level, but are the sound marks of the historic downtown area of Daejeon at the deep level. Although there are outward differences in size, scale, frequency, and famousness, these two bells share a meaning in terms of locality and good influence with the historicity and spatiality of a special relationship. The implication of this study is that the two places should be preserved as local historical and cultural assets not only as visual landmarks but also as sound marks in the urban regeneration or urban development of Jung-gu, Daejeon.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.185-195
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• 2024

Background: Disabled people have particularly restricted access to health care. In response to this, the pilot project for the general physician (GP) system for disabled people was implemented in 2018, based on the rights of people with disability to the Health Act in South Korea. However, its participants were 0.2% among the total of those with severe disabilities in 2021. Therefore, this study examined the factors related to registering with a GP and the access level to its services to suggest implications for activating the participation of disabled people. Methods: We analyzed factors affecting the registration with a GP and the number of using the services among the participants of the GP system during May 2018 and December 2021 by conducting hierarchical logistic regression and hierarchical regression. The data were linked with the national health insurance data to examine various predictors, including disability types, socioeconomic status, health status, and GP registration. Results: As a result of analyzing the factors affecting whether or not to register for the pilot project, those with disabilities (physical disabilities, brain lesions, visual, intellectual, mental, and autistic disability) eligible for disability care (odds ratio [OR], 4.157) than other disability, and those living in metropolitan (OR, 4.330) or cities (OR, 3.332) than rural residences were highly likely to enroll the pilot study. Health-related variables also predicted the registration status of the pilot project. The predictors related to GP enrollment types (membership type: general health or disability care, GP's affiliation: clinics or hospitals) significantly influenced levels of access to services. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop the GP project for disabled people by considering the variation in types of disability, residences, and health. Further study will be needed to investigate the impact of GPs on the level of participation among disabled people.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2024

The way we work is changing significantly with the rapid development of digitaltechnology, and paper documents are being replaced by electronic documents. However, in accordance with the Enforcement Decree and Enforcement Regulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, the environmental impact assessment report must submit a set number of paper reports to organizations related to the project, and about 42 years have passed since it was submitted as a paperreport. In 2022, the National Institute of Ecology introduced a system to review paperreports as electronic documents in line with the trend of digital transformation. The cost reduction and carbon emission reduction effects of electronic document review were analyzed for 1,398 environmental impact assessments submitted and reviewed in 2022. In addition, a satisfaction survey was conducted targeting type 1 environmental impact assessment companies that were directly affected, and a total of 134 people responded. As a result of analyzing the effect of reviewing electronic documents, costs are reduced by a total of 101,424,900 won per year and carbon emissions are reduced by about 59.7 tons. As a result of the satisfaction survey, 94.8% of the respondents said electronic documentreview was very helpful, and 4.5% said it was helpful. The effectiveness of electronic documentreview was high, with 94.8% of respondents saying it was helpful in economic terms and 91.8% saying it was helpful in reducing work hours. If electronic documents are reviewed through the revisions to the Enforcement Decree and Enforcement Regulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, the implementation of electronic document review is expected to have a ripple effect across the country, not only reducing costs and carbon emissions, but also reducing administrative time and saving storage space. Rapid changes in law and administration are needed to adapt to the digital transformation era.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.812-826
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• 2012

The selection rate of tree burials (TB) is still low in spite of increasing concerns about TB and government's efforts to increase TB participation. It is necessary to understand the factors affecting TB selection. This study investigated the relationship between major variables (attitude: ATT; subjective norm: SN; perceived behavioral control: PBC) of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB), additional variable (custom: CUST), and intention to select TB by using structural equation modelling (SEM). Samples were selected from Gwang-ju citizens using proportionate stratified sampling (PST) by region during September of 2011. Four hundred and twelve responses were used for data analysis. The model showed fair goodness of fit. All four variables (ATT, SN, PBC, CUST) influenced intention to select TB. The four variables explained 53.0% of intention to select TB. SN(${\beta}$=0.459) was the most predictive variable on the intention, followed by ATT(${\beta}$=0.247), PBC(${\beta}$=0.152), and CUST(${\beta}$=0.102) in decreasing order. The results were discussed and some suggestions to increase the intention of tree burial selection were made.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.67-84
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• 2012

Recent increases in uncertainty and speed of market change are driving the adoption of new intelligent mobile office systems. Organizational information systems paradigm suggests that a right match between organizational characteristics and the use of technology is critical in producing desired results. Following such perspective this study developed the mobile office system case of Seoul Metropolitan Railway Transit(SMRT) in Korea. SMRT developed the mobile task-supporting environment that help the management of subway lines real-time without the restriction of time and space. They named the system as ST&F(SMRT Talk and Flash). They decided to develop the application systems in-houses they did not want to be overly dependent on external services in future changes and developments of the system. The new practice reduced the time for moving back and forth to 10% of their working time from previous 20%. The time used for paper works and administration chore also reduce to 10% of their working time from previous 30% on the average. The employees could use 80% of their time to concentrate on the completion of assigned task. The effects of this improvement resulted in the heightened efficiency of the use of human resources and the heightened level of railway safety. The case of SMRT shows that the mobile office system can be applied and extended to various business areas such as facility management and maintenance beyond such typical uses as sales and marketing support. Also, The result of case study will be a useful guideline on the construction and using of mobile office system.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.167-175
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation strategies of the inclusive education by sharing information & communication and creating a social disability empathy culture through literature review so that students with disabilities who receive inclusive education in general schools can get along with good friends and participate actively in various school or class events. The results of this study were as follows. First, in terms of volunteer activities of students without disabilities, the meaning, role, and activation strategies of inclusive education support for fostering disability empathy culture are described. Second, in terms of classroom management of classroom teachers, the meaning, role, and activation strategies of inclusive education support for fostering disability empathy culture are described. Third, in terms of special education teachers' role, the meaning, role, and activation strategies of inclusive education support for fostering disability empathy culture are described. Fourth, in terms of school administrators and educational administration institutions, the meaning, role, and activation strategies of inclusive education support for fostering disability empathy culture are described. The results of this study would be used as basic data to spread the disability empathy culture and improve the quality of inclusive education for students with disabilities to have inclusive education in the information society and be integrated into the community successfully.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.420-453
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• 2018

In the growth of the government's investment in national R&D project and the abuse of research expense, an effective control and management mechanism is strongly demanded. However, an excessive regulation might hinder the R&D performance, which also endangers the underlying objective of R&D policy. Especially, an excessive regulation on the R&D expenditure may damage the SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises) where securing an adequate level of R&D funding is vital. This study investigates the R&D funding and R&D performance of SMEs participating in the national R&D project by using fixed effect panel model. As a result, this paper reveals the effectiveness of 'Government R&D subsidy'. However, that of 'private R&D fund' is not supported strongly. Also, this paper empirically demonstrates the efficiency of both 'Government R&D subsidy' and 'Private R&D fund' as the R&D costs are spent discretionarily (as the degree of 'Indirect Cost Ratio' increases). Especially, the effectiveness of 'Private R&D fund' can be moderated by 'Indirect Cost Ratio'. On the basis of the conclusions, this paper draws an implication that can increase R&D performance of SMEs through the interactions of manifold administrative values (i.e. effectiveness, efficiency and responsibility).

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-36
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• 1984

Since 1973, the competition on the development of fuel saving type internal combustion engines has become severe by the two times oil shock, and new type engines are reported every several months. Whenever these new type engines are developed, new designs are required and they will be offered in the market after performing the endurance test for a long time. But the engine market is faced with a heavy burden of finance, as the developing of a new engine requires tremendous expenses. For this reason, the computer simulation method has been lately developed to cope with it. The computer simulation method can be available to perform the reasonable research works by the theoretical analysis before carrying out practical experiments. With these processes, the developing expenses are cut down and the period of development is curtailed. The object of this study is the development of simulation computer program for the small naturally aspirated four-stroke diesel engine which is intended to product by the original design of our country. The process of simulation is firstly investigated for the ideal engine cycle, and secondly for the real engine cycle. In the ideal engine cycle, each step of the cycle is simulated by the energy balance according to the first law of thermodynamics, and then the engine performance is calculated. In the real cycle imulation program, the injection rate, the preparation rate and the combustion rate of fuel and the heat transfer through the wall of combustion chamber are considered. In this case, the injection rate is supposed as constant through the crank angle interval of injection and the combustion rate is calculated by the Whitehouse-Way equation and the heat transfer is calculated by the Annand's equation. The simulated values are compared with measured values of the YANMAR NS90(C) engine and Mitsubishi 4D30 engine, and the following conclusions are drawn. 1. The heat loss by the exhaust gas is well agree with each other in the lower load, but the measured value is greater than the calculated value in the higher load. The maximum error rate is about 15% in the full load. 2. The calculated quantity of heat transfer to the cooling water is greater than the measured value. The maximum error rate is about 11.8%. 3. The mean effective pressure, the fuel consumption, the power and the torque are well agree with each other. The maximum error is occurred in the fuel consumption, and its error rate is about 7%. From the above remarks, it may be concluded that the prediction of the engine performance is possibly by using the developed program, although the program needs to reform by adding the simulation of intake and exhaust process and assumping more reliable mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, preparation rate and combustion rate.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.169-197
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• 2018

The research aims to analyze current university information disclosure services in the perspectives of both university records management and services and to recommend ways to improve the current university information disclosure systems and services. The research collects and analyzes various raw data such as laws, guidelines, and manuals of university information disclosure services and the portal site of 'Higher Education in Korea' also known as 'dae-hak-al-ri-mi', and data on each homepage of 40 cooperative universities selected as the research sample. At the result, the research found some limits in the current operation of university information disclosure services: first, the information posted on the university disclosure information system is mostly focused on administrative information rather than information related to research or education within universities. Second, there are the high rate of error and frequent modification in the information posted on the disclosure information system. Third, the menus on both the information disclosure system and homepages of each cooperative university are useless or contents of the menus are empty. The research suggests some solutions to improve these problems: it is required to make up the current legal systems for university information disclosure services and to cooperate all organizations and universities related to university information disclosure services within the united system and rule. Also, it is crucial to attach the metadata of the disclosed information when to post the information to the university disclosure information systems. Finally, it is necessary for each university to employ archivists not only to develop qualified university records to maintain the unique roles and value of universities but also to disclose reliable and authentic information to users and manage the university information disclosure systems effectively and efficiently.