• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.186-190
• /
• 2002

This crossover study was performed in order to compare the effects of cetirizine, loratadine, and terfenadine in canine skin. Five healthy dogs were used. Cetirizine 0.5 mg/kg, loratadine 5 mg/kg and terfenadine 5 mg/kg were administered orally 4 hours before the experiment. Erythema indices and wheal size were assessed by Hexameter ($MX^{\circledR}$ 18, CK, Germany) and skin reaction guide, respectively. Cetirizine-induced erythema inhibition was generally higher than other drugs and was significantly different from placebo. Cetirizine was superior to placebo at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 minutes (p< 0.01). Cetirizine also was superior to placebo at 9 minutes (p< 0.05). Loratadine and terfenadine erythema inhibition were better than after placebo treatment from 4 to 9 minutes, but erythema index of terfenadine at 7 minutes was not observed probability of 95% and 99%. At 10 minutes, intradermal injection of the histamine caused a mean wheal dimension for placebo, cetirizine, loratadine and terfenadine, which were 13.25$\pm$0.75 mm,7.5$\pm$ 1.02 mm (53% reduction, p<0.007),6.2$\pm$0.58 mm(43% reduction, p <0.01), and 8.4 $\pm$0.67 mm(37% reduction, p< 0.05), respectively, comparing with placebo. Loratadine and cetirizine were good antihistamines for clinical therapy for atopic dermatitis in dog.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.447-450
• /
• 2010

In this study, the improved large-scale synthetic route for epinastine hydrochloride, the second-generation antihistamine, was developed. The original synthetic route involves the synthesis of an aminomethyl derivative, the main intermediate, and in this process hazardous materials such as very toxic phosgene and sodium cyanide along with the explosive and expensive aluminum chloride and lithium aluminum hydride were used. In order to improve the synthetic route, we developed industrially very useful process to prepare the aminomethyl intermediate by the synthesis of the phthalimidomethyl derivative first and easy removal of the phthalyl group using hydrochloric acid or methyl hydrazine, and hazardous materials and expensive reagents were excluded in this process.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.261-269
• /
• 2006

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
• /
• v.50 no.12
• /
• pp.713-717
• /
• 2014

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
• /
• v.50 no.11
• /
• pp.653-656
• /
• 2014

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.9 no.1_2
• /
• pp.23-26
• /
• 1965

The N-Cyclohexylsulfamic acid salts of four well known therapeutic agents were prepared. Salts of two of the compounds, ephedrine and diphenhydramine, were found to have great improved taste and increased solubility.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.37 no.6
• /
• pp.625-630
• /
• 1993

Among the six antihistamine agents tested in this study, homochlorcyclizine showed the highest bradykinin antagonistic activity in the receptor binding assay as well as the isolated rat ileum assay. Schild plot analysis of bradykinin-induced ileal contraction in the presence of three different concentrations of homochlorcyclizine revealed a pA$_{2}$=6.26, and a correlation coefficient of 0.984. Homochlorcyclizine of (100 $\mu{M}$ final concentration) also showed 25% antagonistic activity in the receptor binding assay.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.119-123
• /
• 1993

A spectrophotomertic method is proposed for the determination of antihistamines. The method is based on solvent extraction of the ion pair formed between antihistamines and colored picric acid into chloroform. The binding state of antihistamines-picric acid complexes were presumed by IR and $^{1}$H-NMR spectra as intermolecular hydrogen bonding. This method was applicable to the determination of antihistamines in the pharamaceutical preparations.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.429-434
• /
• 2012

A kind of Antihistamines, Azelastine HCl which known as modern H1-blockers, was synthesized by four step process using phthalic anhydride, 4-chlorophenylacetic acid, hydrazine 2HCl. The first step was the reaction of removing carboxyl group and hydroxyl group and the second step was saponification of 3-(4-chlorobenzylidene)phthalide. The third step was the nucleophilic addition reactions of primary amines and the fourth step was addition reaction of N-methyl-1-aza-bicyclo[3,2,0]heptane to 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-(2H)phthalazinone. As a result, product was analyzed by FT-IR and $^1H$-NMR and could be obtained with a yield of 80%.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.365-369
• /
• 2017

Local anesthetics are widely used in clinical dentistry. However, while rare, there have been some reports of true hypersensitivity to local anesthetics. A case of hypersensitivity in a 26-month-old boy is reported. After administering local anesthesia with lidocaine, treatment was performed while the patient was under oral sedation. After treatment, the patient presented with lower lip edema. Treatment with anti-histamines and a steroid successfully reversed his symptoms.