• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 1999

유럽연합의회는 1998년 12월 17일 사료첨가물에 관한 유럽의회규정(Council Directive 70/524/EEC, `70. 11. 23)을 개정(Council Regulation EC 2821/98)하여 그동안 사료첨가용으로 사용을 허용하였던 항생물질 중 아연바시트라신, 스피라마이신, 인산타일로신 및 버지니아마이신 등 4종의 사용을 금지하였다. 그러나 풀라보포스포리폴(풀라보마이신), 모넨신소디움, 살리노마이신소디움, 아빌라마이신 등 4종의 사료첨가용 항생물질은 계속 사용이 허용된다. 축산식품의 안전성이 강조되고 있는 가운데 유럽연합의 이러한 조치는 축산분야에 종사하는 사람들에게 커다란 관심을 갖게 하고있다. 이 글은 유럽연합이 4종의 항생물질을 사료첨가용으로 사용을 금지하게된 배경을 살펴봄으로서 유럽연합의 사료첨가용 항생제 사용금지에 관한 정확한 내용을 파악하는데 도움을 드리기 위하여 작성되었다. 유럽연합의 아연바시트라신, 스피라마이신, 인산타일로신 및 버지니아마이신 등 4종의 항생제에 대한 이러한 사용금지 조치는 가축의 성장촉진용으로 사용되는 이러한 항생물질에 내성을 획득한 가축의 세균이 인체에 기생하는 세균에게 그 내성을 전달하여 인체용으로 사용되는 관련 약품들에 대하여 내성을 일으켜 사람에서의 질병 치료를 어렵게 함으로서 인체의 건강을 해할 우려가 있다는 전제하에서 실시되었다. 이러한 조치는 현재까지 확실한 증거가 나타나지는 않았으나, 그 위험을 배제할 수 없으므로 이러한 위험을 예방하는 차원에서 이루어지는 예방적 조치이며, 따라서 금번의 사용금지 조치는 유럽연합 집행위원회에서 2000년 12월 31일 이전까지 이러한 항생제의 내성 유발에 관한 여러 가지 연구와 항생제 투여동물에서의 미생물 내성 감시 프로그램의 결과에 따라 재검토될 것을 규정하고 있다. 금번 사용금지 조치된 4종의 항생제는 그 동안 우리나라에서도 그 유효성과 안전성이 인정되어 축산 현장에서 사용되어온 물질들이다. 금번 유럽연합의 조치는 우리나라에서도 이러한 항생제들에 대한 재평가의 필요성을 제기하는 것으로서 이 분야에 종사하는 산업계, 학계, 연구계가 모두 힘을 모아 조속한 기간 내에 그 안전성을 재평가하여 축산식품에서의 안전성을 확보하도록 노력하여야할 것이다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2020

Prevalence of toxin genes and profiles of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio vulnificus were investigated for prevention of Vibrio sepsis and selection of effective antibiotics. A total of 23 V. vulnificus strains were isolated from Vibrio sepsis patients, fish, and water samples collected from fish tanks in restaurants in Jeonnam province during 2015-2017 period. Prevalence of toxin genes including, RtxA, viuB and vvhA were assessed and susceptibilities to 15 different antibiotics were determined. As a result of the toxin gene profile, the RtxA toxin gene was detected in 19 (82.6%) out of 23 strains, and vvhA and viuB toxin genes were positive in all strains. These results showed that V. vulnificus tested in this study possessed at least one more toxin gene, and the toxin gene detection rate was higher than in previous reports. Therefore, there is always a risk of Vibrio sepsis through eating fish or having contact with aquarium water at seafood restaurants. Especially, it was deemed necessary to provide preventive education about Vibrio sepsis for workers in such restaurants. The results of antibiotic susceptibility tests presented 94.4% resistance to cepoxitin antibiotics but all strains showed susceptibility to 14 kinds of antibiotics including chloramphenicol and tetracycline. The currents antibiotic therapy using chloramphenicol and teteracycline against Vibrio sepsis was judged to be useful.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.303-311
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• 2002

Isolation and identification of causative microorganisms and susceptibility testing are important in selecting appropriate antimicrobial agent. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and identification of bacteria for the selection of a therapeutic antibiotic agent for treatment. Specimens were cultured aerobically from dog patients brought to the veterinary medical teaching hospital of Seoul National University between July 1999 and September 2000. A total of 157 isolates were from skin(63), urine(45), ear canal(31) and conjunctiva(18). The result is that the most common organisms isolated from dog patients were S. intermedius was the most common isolates from the skin, ear canal, and conjunctiva. E. coli was the most common isolated from urine. Most of gram-positive isolates were resistant to ampicillin(80.6%), erythromycin(68.8%), penicillin(86.2%), tetracycline(89.2%). Otherwise most of gam-negative isolates were resistant to ampicillin(73.4%), trimethoprim-sulfa(53.3%). E. coli was resistant to ciprofloxacin(61.5%), piperacillin (69.2%). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern by the sampling site was not remarkably different except 5. aureus isolated from urine.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.203-209
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• 2010

Purpose : It has been a common medical practice to use prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI) in high risk situations such as urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, neurogenic bladder, or urinary stones. But sometimes, we meet difficult situation of breakthrough infections (BI) which might cause new or progressive renal scarring. The clinical characteristics of children contracting breakthrough UTI experienced in a single center were studied. Methods : The study was done retrospectively through medical records of 150 pediatric patients who had been cared in pediatric and urologic clinics of Pusan National University Hospital from Jan. 2001 till June 2006 and had prophylactic antibiotics to prevent recurrent UTI. Results : The starting age of prophylactic antibiotics of 150 patient was 1-76 months, and median age was 5 months. The BI developed 61 times in 43 patients (28.7%), 1.5 times per 100 patient-months. The BI occurred more frequently in patients with higher grade of VUR, and in the cases with abnormal DMSA scan. Co-trimoxazole was more effective than 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins to prevent UTI. The distribution of causative organisms was more diverse than usual UTI. The causative organisms were sensitive to the antibiotics used for prophylaxis in 29.5%, and resistant in 59.1%. After experience of BI, 40 percents of patients went to the surgical treatment including endoscopic injection of Deflux, 35% to new antibiotics for prophylaxis, 26% remain on the same antibiotics as the previous one. Conclusion : Based on our study results, preexisting renal scar might be one of the factors which should be considered in favor of early surgical interventions of VUR. Poor compliance and wrong selection of antibiotics such as cephalosporins are important underlying causes of breakthrough UTIs.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.461-467
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• 2007

Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease, although it is relatively uncommon. Substantial morbidity and mortality result from this infection. Therefore, primary prevention of endocarditis whenever possible is very important. The American Heart Association updated recommendations for the prevention of infective endocarditis in individuals at risk for this disease in 1997. But, utilization of antibiotic prophylaxis for patients at risk does not provide absolute immunity from infection. This report presents the case of infective endocarditis that occurred in spite of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis in the ventricular septal defect(VSD) patient.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.136-143
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• 2008

Infections involved with the oral and maxillofacial area are associated with various anatomical structures. If the proper treatment is not done in an immediate period, the infections will be quite fatal. The causes of the infections are numerous, but the most common cause of odontogenic infections in children is a dental caries. It is known to lead to some kinds of diseases such as periapical abscess, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, Ludwig's angina, toxic shock syndrome and so on. The common pathogenic sequence of fascial abscess is a necrotic pulpal inflammation in the form of dentoalvelor abscess which spreads over and gradually penetrates into the fascial membranes through the cortical bones and finally contracts the potential fascial spaces. If the infections of oral maxillofacial area were penetrated into the surrounding soft tissues, then they would diffuse into the directions of the least tissue resistance along with the connective tissues and the fascial spaces. These infections can be properly cured by tooth extraction, endodontic therapy, surgical treatment including Incision & drainage and antibiotics. The purpose of the cases is to report the satisfactory treatment results in the patients derived from the canine fascial space abscesss or buccal fascial space ones of the odontogenic origin.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.777-783
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• 2006

Purpose : Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most frequent infections in children. E. coli is the most frequent etiological micropathogen in pediatric community UTI, and E. coli has developed resistance to many antibiotics, highlighting the need for regular surveys of this organism resistant patterns in the community. The aim of this study was to determine the oral antibiotic susceptibility patterns of E. coli, isolated from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI. Methods : E. coli isolates, obtained from pediatric patients with uncomplicated community acquired UTI between October in 2004 to September in 2005. And minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs) of oral aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibnitors(ampicillin, amoxacillin, ampicillin-sulbactam), oral cephalosporins(cefaclor, cefixime) and sulfa drug(trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole) were performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS) guide line. Results : Total 211 organisms were isolated from pediatric out-patients with community UTI. E. coli was the most common organism(89 percent), followed by E. fecalis, Proteus species, S. aureus, M. morganii, and P. aeruginosa. The resistant rates of aminopenicillins and beta-lactamase inhibitors, cefaclor and sulfa drug to E. coli were very high. But, the resistant rate of cefixime was markedly low, and ESBL strains were isolated with small rates. Conclusion : Our study results suggest that aminopenicillins, cefaclor and sulfa drug may not be useful as first line empirical antibiotics to treat pediatric patients with community UTI in Korea. But, 3rd generation cephalosporin such as cefixime can be used as effective second line antibiotics after primary treatment failure, also may be useful as an empirical first line antibiotic. Finally, we conclude that a continuous surveillance study to monitor susceptibility patterns of E. coli in community UTI will be needed for the standard guide lines of empirical oral antibiotic treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2006

Dried roots of Paeonia japonica were extracted with dichloromethane, methanol and water aerially. Silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to separate the fractions with antimicrobial activities, and mass spectrometry was used to determine the mass. Dichloromethane extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Dichloromethane extract from Paeonia japonica could be a candidate for a new antimicrobial agent against MRSA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1992.05a
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• pp.17-17
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• 1992

항균성 물질을 이용한 화학 요법의 역사는 1930 년대 초 술폰아미드의 발견으로부터 비롯되었고, 페니실린의 발견 이래 $\beta$-lactam 계 항생제가 주종을 이루고 있다. 1963년 Lesher 와 Gruett 에 의해 합성된 nalidixic acid 가 요도염 치료제로 임상에 사용된 이후 이와 유사한 구조를 갖는 항균제 개발에 많은 연구가 진행되어 제 1세대, 제 2세대의 quinolone 개발에 이어 1950년대에 들어 제 3세대 quinolone의 개발이 활발히 진행되어 왔다. 제 3세대 항생제는 C-6 위치에 F기를 도입한 것으로 연구의 진행 방향은 항균력의 향상과 체내에서의 지속 시간의 연장, 경구 투여시 흡수로의 증가와 독성의 약화를 위한 것이다. 본 연구는 quinolone의 기본 골격을 유지하면서 C-7 위치에 새로운 group을 도입하여 그에 대한 항균력을 측정하여 새로운 quinolone계 항생제의 개발을 시도하였다.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2004

Scutellaria baicalensis and Phellodendron amurense, which have been used traditionally in treatment of many kinds of illness including infectious diseases, were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water, respectively and serially. Antimicrobial activities of the extracts were examined by disk diffusion method. Methanol extract from Scutellaria baicalensis revealed high antimicrobial activities against MRSA, Gm-bacteria and Candida albicans, dichloromethnane extract from Phellodendron amurense showed lower activity than the extract of Scutellaria baicalensis. Results suggest that methanol extract from Scutellaria baicalensis could be one of the candidates for new antimicrobial agent against the antibiotic-resistant microorganisms by further steps for the purification, determination of structure and synthesis.