• Clean Technology
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.257-263
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• 2013

The zinc phosphate-coated mica (ZP/mica) pigments were prepared using phosphoric acid, zinc nitrate and mica as starting materials, and used as anticorrosive pigments. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to observe the morphology and crystal structure of prepared pigments. The prepared pigments were incorporated into an epoxy binder to prepare coating and the corrosion inhibition performance of the pigments was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that the anticorrosive performance of the ZP/mica pigment prepared at $70^{\circ}C$ was the better than that prepared at $20^{\circ}C$. The formation of ZnO, in addition to $Zn_3(PO_4)_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, was observed on ZP/mica pigment prepared at $70^{\circ}C$. The excellent anticorrosive performance of ZP/mica pigment could be ascribed to the synergistic effect with electrochemical anticorrosive mechanism from zinc compounds on mica and barrier anticorrosive mechanism from lamellar mica.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.274-274
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• 2010

안료의 색상은 출발원료의 조성, 입자크기 및 소결온도에 의한 결정구조 등에 의존한다. 본 연구에서는 Rutile구조를 갖는 세라믹안료인 $TiO_2-WO_3$-NiO의 합성에서 소결온도를 결정하기 위해 소결전 출발원료를 습식법에 의하여 Jar Mill에서 0.7-0.9um로 혼합분쇄한 후 $100^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 건조하였다. 건조후 $1100-1280^{\circ}C$에서 5구간을 선정하여 소결한 시료를 Jar Mill에서 0.8-1um로 분쇄한 후, 다시 $100^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 건조하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 시료를 XRD로 상합성 정도를 조사하고, 색상 및 착색력을 spectrophotometer를 분석하였다. 색상은 1150와 $1250^{\circ}C$에서 가장 좋은 Yellow 색상이 관찰되었으며, XRD에 의한 결정성의 분석결과와 비교적 일치하고 있다. Rutile구조를 갖는 세라믹안료의 색상은 소결시의 결정화도에 따라 민감하게 변화되고 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.499-506
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• 2015

The artifacts of Admiral Yi Sun-sin (Treasure No.326) consist of six items with two long swords, a jade decoration, a belt and two peach-shaped cups. In commemoration of the opening of Chungmugong Yi sun-sin Memorial Museum (April 28, 2011), there were conservation treatments for those artifacts at the beginning of 2011. At that time, from the result of non-destructive surface analysis on pigments in blood-colored grooves of the two long swords, it was presumed to be synthetic resin paints. This study shows the accurate identification on pigments which was presumed as synthetic resin paints and its removal. To identify pigments in blood-colored grooves, the optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Micro-XRF, XRD and FT-IR were used for the analysis. The results turned out that the thickness of $10{\sim}90{\mu}m$ in a single layer was measured. And major components containing Pb and Cr and lead chromium molybdenum oxide were identified and to identify components of adhesives from the analysis by FT-IR, it turned out to be alkyd resin, which can be presumed that they were recently colored with synthetic paints. The synthetic paints easily react with most of the organic solvents. And it is so easy to handle without the effect on metal that it was removed with acetone. While removing synthetic paints, all of paints on it were collected for identifying whether there is traditional pigment but nothing was identified.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.64-87
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• 2020

Copper trihydroxychloride (atacamite, botallackite, paratacamite, etc.), the first green pigment used in Mogao Grotto's mural paintings of China, has been known as "copper green", "green salt", and "salt green", etc. and has been used as an important green pigment with malachite. At first, the natural mineral atacamite was employed, but after the Five Dynasties (907~960 CE), synthetic copper trihydroxychloride was primarily used. In Chinese literature, copper green, green salt, and salt green are recorded as being made via reaction with copper powder, Gwangmyeongyeom (natural sodium chloride), and Yosa (natural ammonium chloride), and the prepared material was analyzed to be copper trihydroxychloride. Copper trihydroxychloride pigment was not found in paintings prior to the Joseon Dynasty (1392~1910 CE) in Korea. In analysis of the green pigments used in paintings and the architectural paintworks in the Joseon Dynasty, copper trihydroxychloride was also shown to have been used as an important green pigment with malachite (Seokrok). In particular, the proportion of copper trihydroxychloride use was high in Buddhist paintings, shamanic paintings, and dancheongs (decorative coloring on wooden buildings). Some of these turned out to be synthetic copper trihydroxychloride, but it is unclear whether the rest of them are synthetic or natural pigments due to a lack of analyzed data. From literature and painting analyses, the pigment name of copper trihydroxychloride in the Joseon Dynasty turns out to be Hayeob, a dark green pigment. It is believed to have first been prepared by learning from China in the early Joseon period (early 15^th century) and its use continued until the late 19^th century with imported Chinese pigment. Round or oval particles with a dark core of copper trihydroxychloride which were used in Chinese literature were similar to the synthetic copper trihydroxychloride pigments used in the Joseon Dynasty and Chinese paintings. Therefore, the synthetic copper trihydroxychloride pigments of Korea and China are believed to have been prepared in a similar way.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2015

Inorganic pigments have been received a great attention for various applications including paint, glazed ceramic ink, art tile, and building exterior due to their excellent thermal and chemical stability. Traditionally, the compositions of $PbCrO_4$, CdS and CdSe have been widely used as a yellow inorganic pigment. However, the use of these compositions has been restricted in recent years, because they contain harmful elements such as Cd, Cr, Pb and Se. In this study, new environment-friendly ceria-based pigment was synthesized using solid state reaction. Crystal structure and morphology of the obtained $Ce_{1-x}Zr_xBi_yO_{2-y/2}$ yellow pigment were analyzed using XRD and SEM, respectively. Substitutional effect of Zr and Bi on the pigment color was analyzed using UV-vis. spectrophotometer and CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ analysis. The crystal structure of the obtained pigments was dependent on the calcination temperature. The color characteristics and absorption band of the pigments were dependent on the calcination temperature and Zr, Bi contents. As a result, all the obtained yellow pigments showed the effective absorption ranged from ultraviolet to visible light, and $Ce_{0.44}Zr_{0.36}Bi_{0.20}O_{0.19}$ (x = 0.36, y = 0.20) pigment showed the most brilliant yellow color.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 3D 게임이나 가상현실, 인터렉티브 아트 등의 실시간 환경의 컨텐츠 제작에 활용가능한 수묵담채화풍의 렌더링 기법을 제안한다. 제안된 기법은 기존의 3차원 수묵화 렌더링 연구에서는 다루지 않았던, 색채표현법과 그 합성법을 중심으로 연구되었다. 색채표현법의 경우, 일반적으로 삼색을 단계적으로 겹쳐서 표현하는 수묵담채화의 특성에 따라, 실제 그림을 그릴 때에 적용되는 삼색의 혼합방법과 순서가 자동으로 적용될 수 있는 삼색기반 구조를 통해 농담과 질감효과를 표현했으며, 또한 이러한 삼색레이어의 합성을 위해서는 안료의 광학적 성질을 반영하여 실제 회화매체에 가까운 색상을 재현할 수 있는 Kubelka-Munk(KM)모델을 적용한다. 기존의 KM모델은 비사실적 렌더링 연구 분야에서 수채화, 유화 등 서양화를 대상으로 한 색채 합성에 적용되어 왔기 때문에 기존의 연구에서 제시한 방법만으로는 삼색레이어가 겹쳐질 때 나타나는 수묵담채화의 특징과 천연 재료를 사용하는 동양 안료의 색상을 정확히 반영할 수 없었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 실제 수묵담채화에 이용되는 전통안료의 색상 분석을 통해 KM모델에 적용할 파라미터들을 추출하고, 앞에서 설계한 삼색 기반 구조에 따라 색상을 합성하는 방법을 제시한다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2016

In this study, new composition of orange color pigment was developed by replacing formerly used lead and chromium with environment-friendly elements. $TiO_2-SnO-ZnO$ composite was synthesized using the solid state reaction under the reducing atmosphere with the LPG and air mixture gas. The synthesized pigments were characterized by spectrophotometer, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The colorimetric analysis of pigments exhibited color values ranging from yellow to orange-red. Five different crystalline phases were formed after the heat treatment for 4 and 6 hours. The color of pigments was strongly influenced by the crystalline structure of $SnO_2$, having either cubic or tetragonal structure. The oxidation state study of elements revealed that the color of pigment is getting close to rYR with the increase of $Sn^{4+}$ ratio.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.712-722
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• 2021

This study presents a method for conserving shamanistic spirits in Chiseonggwang Buddha. Scientific investigation has revealed that these spirits have been subject to degeneration as a result of severe exfoliation and pollution. The materials and preservation treatment techniques used in create these shamanistic spirits were identified through visual inspection and using appropriate scientific equipment. The different types of background paper, background material, and color pigments used in create the shamanistic spirits were analyzed using a colorimeter, stereoscopic microscope, and SEM-EDS techniques. The analysis revealed that the pulp paper was used as the background and synthetic fiber polyester as the background material. In addition, the study of the pigment revealed that the color components were all synthetic, except for red lead [Pb₃O₄] and oyster shell white [CaCO₃]. Moreover, it was confirmed that the green pigment, identified as emerald green [Cu(C₂H₃O₂)₂.3Cu(AsO₂)₂], was a major component of shamanistic spirits in the late 19^th century. The shamanistic spirits in Chiseonggwang Buddha were conserved by identifying raw materials and pigments through this detailed analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.264-271
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• 2007

The inorganic pigments of $Fe_2O_3-CoO-Cr_2O_3-MnO_2$ were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. $FeCl_3,\;CoCl_2,\;CrCl_3\;and\;MnCl_2$ are used for the starting raw materials, and 2 N-KOH for precipitator. $MnCl_2$ is secured with 10 mole%, and 6 composition ratios are used with three ingredients to synthesize the pigments. The samples were calcined at $1350^{\circ}C/1.5h$. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and UV spectrophotometer. 6wt% pigments were applied to lime glaze and lime-barium glaze respectively firing at $1260^{\circ}C$ for oxidation atmosphere and $1240^{\circ}C$ for reduction one. The results of color analysis by using UV spectrophotometer showed black, bluish black and dark grayish green.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2008

For the synthesis of lead chromate pigments, we investigated the characteristics of particle growth with reacting conditions in the synthetic process, the effect of additives, and its micro-capsulation. The more tiny and uniform dispersion particles could be obtained at a lower pH and diluter intial concentration. The variation range of average pigment size was increased with the agitating speed. The pigment size could be controlled by adding aluminum sulfate as an additive, which maintained the optimum particle dispersion. It was found that the optimum micro-capsulation conditions were pH 9~10 and above $90^{\circ}C$ during the micro-capsulation of lead chromate pigment, and below 0.5% humidity after micro-capsulation.