• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.36-49
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• 2019

The objectives of this study were to extract "Field Survey Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(FSB_ITPWD)" and "Object Classification Based Infection Tree of Pine Wilt Disease(OCB_ITPWD)" from the Research Forest at Kangwon National University, and evaluate the spatial distribution characteristics and occurrence intensity of wood infested by pine wood nematode. It was found that the OCB optimum weights (OCB) were 11 for Scale, 0.1 for Shape, 0.9 for Color, 0.9 for Compactness, and 0.1 for Smoothness. The overall classification accuracy was approximately 94%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.85, which was very high. OCB_ITPWD area is approximately 2.4ha, which is approximately 0.05% of the total area. When the stand structure, distribution characteristics, and topographic and geographic factors of OCB_ITPWD and those of FSB_ITPWD were compared, age class IV was the most abundant age class in FSB_ITPWD (approximately 55%) and OCB_ITPWD (approximately 44%) - the latter was 11% lower than the former. The diameter at breast heigh (DBH at 1.2m from the ground) results showed that (below 14cm) and (below 28cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 93%) in OCB_ITPWD, while medium and (more then 30cm) DBH trees were the majority (approximately 87%) in FSB_ITPWD, indicating different DBH distribution. On the other hand, the elevation distribution rate of OCB_ITPWD was mostly between 401 and 500m (approximately 30%), while that of FSB_ITPWD was mostly between 301 and 400m (approximately 45%). Additionally, the accessibility from the forest road was the highest at "100m or less" for both OCB_ITPWD (24%) and FSB_ITPWD (31%), indicating that more trees were infected when a stand was closer to a forest road with higher accessibility. OCB_ITPWD hotspots were 31 and 32 compartments, and it was highly distributed in areas with a higher age class and a higher DBH class.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.62-82
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• 2019

Taking the three Wuyi-Gugok Drawings, 『A Picture Showing the Boundary Between Mountains and Rivers: A』, 『Landscape of the Jiuqu River in the Wuyi Mountain: B』 and 『Eighteen Sceneries of Wuyi Mountain: C』, which were produced in the mid-Qing Dynasty as the research objects and after investigating the names recorded in the paintings, this paper tries to analyze the scenic spots, scene types and images in the literature survey. Also, based on the number of Scenic type and the number of Scenic name in each Gok, landscape richness(LR) and landscape similarity(LS) of the Gugok scenic spots, the cognitive characteristics of the landscape in the 18th century were carefully observed. The results are as follows. Firstly, according to the description statistics of scenic spot types in Wuyi Mountain Chronicle, there were 41 descriptions of scenery names in the three paintings, among which rock, peak and stone accounted for the majority. According to the data, the number of rocks, peaks and stones in Wuyi-Gugok landscape accounted for more than half, which reflected the characteristics of geological landscape such as Danxia landform in Wuyi-Gugok landscape. Secondly, the landscape of Gugok Stream(九曲溪) was diverse and full of images. The 1^st Gok Daewangbong(大王峰) and Manjeongbong(幔亭峰), the 2^nd Gok Oknyeobong(玉女峰), the 3^rd Gok Sojangbong(小藏峰), the 4^th Gok Daejangbong(大藏峰), the 5^th Gok Daeeunbyeong(大隱屛) and Muijeongsa(武夷精舍), the 6^th Gok Seonjangbong(仙掌峰) and Cheonyubong(天游峰) all had outstanding landscape in each Gok. However, the landscape features of the 7^th~9^th Gok were relatively low. Thirdly, according to the landscape image survey of each Gok, the image formation of Gugok cultural landscape originates from the specificity of the myths and legends related to Wuyi Mountain, and the landscape is highly well-known. Due to the specificity, the landscape recognition was very high. In particular, the 1^st Gok and the 5^th Gok closely related to the Taoist culture based on Muigun, the Stone Carving culture and the Boat Tour culture related to neo-confucianism culture of Zhu Xi. Fourthly, according to the analysis results of landscape similarity of 41 landscape types shown in the figure, the similarity of A and C was very high. The morphological description and the relationship of distant and near performance was very similar. Therefore, it could be judged that this was obviously influenced by one painting. As a whole, the names of the scenes depicted in the three paintings were formed at least in the first half of 18^th century through a long history of inheritance, accumulated myths and legends, and the names of the scenes. The order of the scenery names in three Drawings had some differences. But among the scenery names appearing in all three Drawings, there were 21 stones, 20 rocks and 17 peaks. Stones, rocks and peaks guided the landscape of Gugok Streams in Wuyi Mountain. Fifthly, Seonjodae(仙釣臺) in A and C was described in the 4^th Gok, but what deserved attention was that it was known as the scenery name of the 3^rd Gok in Korean. In addition, Seungjindong(升眞洞) in the 1^st Gok and Seokdangsa(石堂寺) in the 7^th Gok were not described in Drawings A, B and C. This is a special point that needs to be studied in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2014

This study aims to investigate the history, cultural values prototype through literature analysis, characteristics of construction, location, space structure and landscape characteristics by Arc-GIS on the Munam pavilion(聞巖亭) in Changnyeong. The results were as follows. First, Shin-cho((辛礎, 1549~1618) is the builder of the Munam pavilion and builder's view of nature is to go back to nature. The period of formation of Munam pavilion is between 1608-1618 as referred from document of retire from politics and build a pavilion. Secondly, Munam pavilion is surrounded by mountains and located at the top of steep slope. Pavilion was known as scenic site of the area. But damaged in a past landscape is caused by near the bridge, agricultural facilities, town, the Kye-sung stream of masonry and beams. Thirdly, Munam pavilion is divided into the main space, which is located on the pavilion, space in located on the pavilion east and west and the orient space, which is located on the Youngjeonggak. Of these, original form of Munam pavilion is a simple structure composed of pavilion and Munam rock, thus at the time of the composition seems to be a direct entry is possible, unlike the current entrance. Fourth, Spatial composition of Munam pavilion is divided into vegetation such as Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, ornament such as letters carved on the rocks and pavilion containing structure. The vegetation around the building is classified as precincts and outside of the premises. Planting of precincts was limited. Outside of area consists of front on the pavilion, which is covered with Lagerstroemia Indica forest and Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion. Ofthese,LargeLagerstroemiaIndicaforestcorrespondstothenaturalheritageasHistoricalrecordsofrarespeciesresourcesthatareassociated withbuilder. Letterscarvedontherocksrepresenttheboundaryof space, which is close to the location of the Munam pavilion and those associated with the builder as ornaments. Letters carved on the rocks front on the pavilion are rare cases that are made sequentially with a constant direction and rules as act of record for families to honor the achievements. Fifth, 'The eight famous spots of Munam' is divided into landscape elements that have nothing to do with bearing 4 places and landscape elements that have to do with bearing 4 places. Unrelated bearings of landscape elements are Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion, Okcheon valley, Gwanryongsa temple and Daeheungsa temple. Bearing that related element of absolute orientation, which is corresponding to the elements are Daeheungsa temple, Hwawangsan mountain, Kye-sung stream and Yeongchwisan mountain. Relative bearing is Gwanryongsa temple, Yeongchwisan mountain and Kye-sung stream Gongjigi hill. At Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion, Kye-sung stream and Okcheon valley, elements are exsting. Currently, it is difficult to confirm the rest of the landscape elements. Because, it is a generic element that reliable estimate of the target and locations are impossible for element. Munam pavilion is made for turn to nature by Shin-cho(辛礎). That was remained a record such as Munamzip(聞巖集) and Munamchungueirok(聞巖忠義錄) that is relating to construction of pavilion. Munam pavilion located in a unique form, archival culture through the letters carved on the rocks and Large Lagerstroemia indica forest and through eight famous spots, cultural landscape elements can be assumed that those elements are remained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.26-42
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine and understand the area and the original outer boundaries of Hamchunwon(含春苑), which was the outer royal garden of Gyeonghuigung Palace, which existed before the site of the Russian legation. The results of the study are as follows. First, examining the 3 types of drawings prepared for securing the Russian legation's site and constructing a new building, it was confirmed that two low peaks, which appear to be the original terrain of Hamchunwon, existed in the north and south directions inside the site. According to the initial plan of the of the legation's site, it appears that the entrance of the legation building is connected to the Saemunan-ro in the northwest. However, according to the report made at the time when the Russian temporary minister Veber purchased the legation's site, it was recorded that the site already had a narrow entrance and a dirt road in place, and hence, it was connected to Saemunan-ro. This fact makes it possible to learn that the line of movement for officials and the original gate were located to the northwest of the site planned as the entrance of the legation building towards Hamchunwon. Second, the site was created by cutting the top of the high hill at the time of the construction of the legation building, and as a result, a two tiered staircase typed terrace was built. The ground on which the main building and the secretary's building, etc., were erected was made by cutting the highest peak and solidifying it flat, and a large quantity of soil was used for grading. In the case of the northern area of the main building, the traces of leveling the terrain by cutting the mountains are apparent, and an observation typed garden with a walking path and pavilion was formed by utilizing the physical environment equipped with an easy view. This may be considered as a use which is consistent with the topographical conditions of creating an outer royal garden to block the civilian views on a high terrain overlooking the palace. Third, Hamchunwon's fences were partially exposed in the photos from the 1880s through the 1890s, which demonstrate the spatial changes made around the US, UK, and the Russian legations. As a result of the photo analysis performed, Hamchunwon occupies the northern area of the Russian legation's site, and it is estimated that the north, west, and east walls of the legation resembled those of Hamchunwon. The area to the south of the Russian legation was originally a place made available for civilian houses, and it was possible to examine the circumstances of purchasing dozens of civilian houses and farmlands according to various materials. Fourth, Hamchunwon, which was formed as the outer royal garden of Gyeongdeokgung Palace of Lord Gwanghaegun, lost its sense of place as an outer royal garden when the entire building of Gyeonghuigung Palace was torn down and used as a construction members during the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace, and faded away as the site was sold to Russia around 1885. The area where Hamchunwon used to be located transformed into a core space of the Russian legation where the main building and garden were located after the construction of the new building. Hence, Hamchunwon, which was limited to the northern area of the Russian legation, does not carry the temporal and spatial context with Gyeongungung Palace and Seonwonjeon which were constructed after 1897, and it is determined that the view of Seonwonjeon as Baehoorim or Baegyeongrim is not valid.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-205
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• 2000

Eleven runoff $plots(3{\times}15\;m)$ were built on a sloping field of a high plateau in Kangwon Province, Korea. The plots were treated with different tillage, residue covers and fertilizers, corn and potato were cultivated, and sediment discharge was measured from the plots for 3 years. Agricultural management practices were monitored around the plots to develop adequate best management practices. The least sediment occurred from the plots with no-till and 100% residue cover $(corn,\;0.1{\sim}2.2\;t/ha/year)$ and with contour tillage and vinyl sheet cover plots $(potato,\;0.1{\sim}0.2\;t/ha/year)$. The largest sediment was measured from the plots with up-and-down till and no cover ($11{\sim}33$ and $16{\sim}31\;t/ha/year$ from corn and potato plots, respectively). The type of organic and commercial fertilizers seemed not to affect sediment discharge. Sediment discharge from contour plots were largely dependent on the collapse of ridges due to the flush of water stored in furrows. The sediment discharge from contour corn and potato plots with no residue cover was $10{\sim}27$ and $16{\sim}24\;t/ha/year$, respectively. No-till with residue cover, vinyl cover for tuber crops, construction of furrow dam, frost heave research, furrow and ridge tillage with furrow dam after tuber crop harvest, limited stalk harvest of row crops, use of winter cover crops, and other common best management practices were recommended to minimize the sediment discharge from a high plateau sloping land culture.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.554-564
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to assist farmers in determining the optimal time for the shipment of stored apples by investigating the market trends, storage status and release dates of low-temperature stored apples. We surveyed 300 apple cultivation farms in Daegu, Gyeongbuk Province, which is the main producer of apples, and examined the cultivars, cultivation areas, storage conditions, and shipment status of apples. The main results are as follows: the proportion of apples cultivatedat different ripening times was surveyed. According to the results, the proportions of early, middle and late varieties were 78.3%, 63.7% and 96.0%, respectively. Also, 48.7% of the farm households surveyed had cold storage facilities. The average storage cost per apple box(15kg) was 978.3 won for self-storage and 1,771.8 won for consignment storage. For the six(6) months between November and April, the proportion of shipped apples was 91.6% of the total stored apples. The (average total?)annual apple shipment, including apples stored in general storage warehouses, was 744.4 boxes. The (average total?) annual shipment of cold storage apples was 616 boxes. The stored apples were mainly shipped to 'wholesale markets', which have the highest sales share, followed by 'production site collectors' and then 'supermarkets'. The most common shipping method of the apples was by general trucks, followed by low-temperature trucks, and finally by delivery services. The analysis of the factors influencing the decision to release apples by period showed that it was affected by the storage cost, loss rate, and customary shipping in the off-season(from May to August). On the other hand, in the general release season(from November to April), the statistically significant decision factors for the release of apples were the future expected price, storage cost and decision of the leading farmer groups. For farmers with a high share of general shipment, the deciding factors for the release of apples were the future expected price, storage cost, high income expectation, and decision by leading farmers.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.567-576
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functionality of ethanol extract of Aster scaber by analyzing anti-oxidant components and anti-oxidant activities, which was grown in wild and culture field. The yields of Aster scaber ethanol extracts were high after blanching treatment. The polyphenol content of dried Aster scaber grown in wild was 35.59 mg/g, which was higher than that of Aster scaber grown in culture field. The electron donating ability in all Aster scaber extracts were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the electron donating ability was the highest in extracts of the dried Aster scaber after blanching. The SOD-like activity of Aster scaber was the highest in its extract grown in wild field. In addition, the SOD-like activities of extracts of the dired Aster scaber after blanching were highest among the extracts of cultivated Aster scaber. The nitrite scavenging ability of extracts was increased at pH 1.2, and those was the highest in wild fresh Aster scaber. The inhibition effects on xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase were increased with increase in extract concentration, and the inhibition effects of extracts of Aster scaber in wild field were higher than those grown in culture field. Therefore, the consumption of Aster scaber would provide beneficiary effects due to its antioxidant activities and prevention of aging. The development of various processed food using Aster scaber will promote the consumption and its values.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2020

There is high vulnerability of soil loss in sloping and highland used for agricultural production due to the low surface covering in summer rainy season. This study evaluated the surface-covering rate of landscape crop in reducing soil loss in the highland. The experiment was conducted in a 55% sloped lysimeter with three treatments of planting density using Korean native chrysanthemum, and investigated the soil coverage rate, run-off water, and soil erosion. The three treatments according to the degree of soil covering are bare soil as the control treatment TC, coverage rate of 43-59% for treatment T1, and, coverage rate of 63-81% for treatment T1, and T2. During the cultivation period, the average reduction of run-off water was 71% for treatment T1 and 76% for treatment T2, which are better, compared with the control. The reduction in eroded soil was 84% in treatment T1 and 98% for treatment T2, which is also better than the control treatment. Therefore, it is possible to alleviate the soil loss in sloping lands by planting chrysanthemum, which is superior among the perennial plant species and considered as a crop with economic value.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.161-178
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• 2017

Whereas the demand for development of forested areas covering more than 60% of Korean territory, permission on the forest development has been still given from the perspective of effective land utilization rather than conservation. As the assessment of large forested areas usually focuses more on forest structure, it has its limitation of observing and analyzing the interior change in forest in this way. This study was aimed at computing landscape metrics using a presence vegetation map and FRAGTSTATS 4.2 and analyzing vegetation mosaics. Colonies in native vegetation were classified into a series of major groups and sub-groups based on the native species within the colonies. The colonies were investigated by analyzing a suite of landscape metrics - Core Area, Percentage of Landscape, Number of Patches, Patch Density, Largest Patch Index, Total Edge, Edge Density, Landscape Shape Index, Mean Patch Area, Euclidean Nearest Neighbor. In the Chungnam province major groups and sub-groups of colonies classified based on the proportion of pine and oak species, and pine species was the principal one in terms of distribution area. As for the competition between pines and oaks, while the coverage of pine-centered colonies were three times larger than those of oak-centered ones, pine colonies showed the greater number of patches and therefore higher fragmentation than oaks at the major group level. For the sub-groups, the largest coverage colonies were not only indicated by Pinus densiflora-Quesrcus mongolica colonies among P. densiflora-centered colonies, Q. accutissima colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. accutissima-P. densiflora colonies among Q. accutissima-centered ones, Q. mongolica colonies among Q. mongolica-centered ones, P. thumbergii colonies among P. thumbergii-centered ones, and Q. serrata-Q. acutissima colonies among Q. serrata-centered ones, but also revealed more severely mosaicked than other smaller colonies. The overall mosaicking degree estimated by landscape metrics was considered useful for monitoring and investigating vegetation. However, in order to develop management strategy based on analyzing the reason for the mosaicking process and anticipating a trend in vegetation succession, it is essential to further study about ecological characteristics of each colony in the vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of 70% ethanol extract and each fraction from Rhododendron brachycarpum D. Don leaves on cytotoxicity, anticancer, genotoxicity and immunological activity in vitro bioassay. Cytotoxicity for human normal cells (HEL299 and Chang) of the samples was shown below 35% in 0.5 mg/ml concentration of samples except aqueous fraction by SRB assay. DNA damage on the Chang cell of the samples alone in comet assay was observed very weak damage activity even in high concentration (1 mg/ml) of the samples. The anticancer effect of the samples on human cancer cell lines (A549, AGS, Hep3B, MCF7) was indicated that the cancer cells were inhibited gradually in proportion to the increase of the concentration of the samples by MTT assay. The growth of the Raji and Jurkat cells were hastened by adding butanol fraction among the samples. In the genotoxicity on $H_2O_2-induced$ DNA damage in Chang cells using alkaline comet assay, most of samples were shown a strong protective activity from DNA OTM values.