• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2016

In this study, the cellulase of Monochamus saltuarius (MsGHF45) gene was introduced in Kluyveromyces lactis, successfully. The molecular weight of recombinant enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The enzymatic activity was confirmed by native-PAGE containing carboxymethyl cellulose as a substrate. The optimul pH and temperature of recombinant MsGHF45 was pH5 and $40^{\circ}C$. The barium ($Ba^{2+}$) and ferrous ($Fe^{2+}$) enhanced enzyme activity, and the mercuty ($Hg^{2+}$) inhibited its activity.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1990

Nematodes and insects associated with dead trees were surveyed on the 238 dead trees belonging to 19 tree species in Pusan, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Chunnam, and Chonbuk provinces from April to September of 1989. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was found only in Pusan but B. mucronatus was collected at Chinju and Chinhae. The 13 nematode species in 9 genera were identified. Out of them, Diplogasteroides dimidius, Rhabdontolaimus adephagus, R. janae, Mikoletzkya diluta, M. ruminis, M. langcaudaa, Parasitorhabditis hylurgi, Panagrolaimus concolor, Panagrodontus dentatus, Prothalonema intermedium, and marcrolaimus canadensis were recorded for the first time in Korea. Insects collected from dead trees were 5 orders, 9 families, 25 genera, and 27 species. of them, the Coleoptera were the most collected insects by the 3 families, 19 genera and 22 species. The Scolytidae were 12 species in 10 genera. Hypothenemus eruditus was firstly collected from Campylotropis macrocarpa, Lespedeza maximowizi, Forsythia ovata, Meliosma oldhami, Securinega suffruticosa, Broussonetia kazinoki, and Cornus walteri. The maximum number of pine wood nematode was separated from the abdomen of Monchamus alternatus, the pine woodnematode vector. The maximum number of nematodes per an adult of M. alternatus was 127,535, minimum 2,616, and average 42,817.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.300-304
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• 2013

Pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, has become the most serious threat to pine trees in Korea since 1988. Pine wood nematode is transferred to healthy trees by Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) during its maturation feeding and female oviposition. A typical control method against insect vectors in Korea is fumigation of the dead trees by using metam-sodium SL (25%). However, this method is not environment friendly because of the forest contamination by chemical application and destroying landscape by plastic cover. Portable Bark Remover (PBR) was invented to reduce these environmental problems. The vectors oviposit under the bark of the newly dead trees only. Debarking infested trees prevents the vectors from laying eggs and eventually, they can not complete their life cycle. The PBR is a modified debarking device that is attached on the top of the electrical chain saw, which allows ease and rapid debarking of the infested trees. The new method by PBR is expected to be more economic and effective than other conventional methods such as "crushing", "burning" and "fumigation".

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2011

Field Cage plots ($1m{\times}1m{\times}1m$) were established (7 units) to find the lowest limit time about the tending of red pine forest (Pinus densiflora) which can no longer be used as a habitat by Monochamus alternatus, vector insect of pine wilt disease at the experimental forest of the southern forest research center of the Korea forest research institute in February in 2010. Thinning slashes (length, 1 m; diameter, 5~10 cm) tended at the different times were put in cages, and 4~6 couples of adult M. alternatus were put into each the cage in June. Presence or absence the larval entrance holes and larval were determined in November in 2010. Incase of the combination 24, 18, 12 and 6-month-old thinning slashes from thinning times to the time of adult emergence inside a single cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 6-month-old and 12-month-old thinning slashes but larvae were found only in the 6-month-old thinning slashes (treatment 1). In case of the combination 24, 18, 15 and 12-month-old thinning slashes inside a single cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 15-month-old and 12-month-old thinning slashes but larvae were found only in the 12-month-old (treatment 2). When 24, 18, 15, 12 and 6-month-old thinning slashes with treated dry and humid condition were put separately inside each cage, larval entrance holes were found in the 18, 15, 12, 6-month-old thinning slashes without the relation of the dry and humid conditions. But larvae were found in the 15, 12, 6-month-old thinning slashes in the dry conditions and only in the 6-month-old thinning slashes in the humid conditions. Results indicated the lowest limit time which can no longer be used as a habitat by M. alternatus is before 24 month from the time of adult emergence.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2018

본 연구는 대승 경전에 나타난 식물의 수록 양상과 그 의미를 밝히는 연구의 세 번째 과정이다. 법화경은 천태종(天台宗)의 소의 경전(所依慶典)으로 우리나라에서 유통된 경전 가운데 최다 간행된 경전이며 화엄경과 함께 한국 교학의 중심이 된 경전이다. 연구 대상은 현존하는 법화경의 판본 가운데 구마라집(鳩摩羅什) 역 묘법연화경(妙法蓮華經, 이하 법화경, 7권으로 구성)에 수록된 식물이다. 본 연구에서는 식물 분류학적 실체는 물론 이 경의 중심 논지와 연관성이 큰 천화(天華, 하늘의 꽃)의 실체를 별도로 구명하여 식물수록의 특성과 차별성을 동시에 구명하고자 하였다. 1. 법화경에 나타난 식물의 수록 횟수와 식물의 종 수는 다음과 같았다. 법화경에는 총 27종의 식물이 수록되어 있었으며 이 가운데 목본은 16종(59.3%)이고 초본은 11종(40.7%)이었다. 식물수록 양상에 있어 특이점은 목본이 초본에 비해 상대적으로 높은 비중을 차지하고 있었다는 점이었다. 이러한 결과는 중심사상의 전달방식에 있어 비교 대상이 되는 다른 대승 경전과 차이가 있다는 점과도 무관하지 않았다. 실제로 비교 대상인 화엄경의 목본과 초본 비율은 각각 17종(48.6%)과 18종(51.4%)이었고 열반경은 각각 36종(45.6%)과 43종(54.4%)으로 목본과 초본의 수록 비율에 차이가 크지 않았다. 2. 법화경에 나타난 식물 27종은 총 20개 과에 분포되어 있었다. 수련과 3종, 콩과 3종, 물푸레나무과 2종, 뽕나무과 2종, 벼과 2종의 순이었다. 다수 과에 분포된 식물은 대부분 중심사상 전달의 매개체인 천화(하늘의 꽃)에 속하는 식물이었다. 3. '하늘의 꽃' 이라고 신성시되면서 이 경의 내용 전개에 있어 중요한 위치를 점하고 있는'천화(天華)'는 연꽃과 수련 종류를 지칭하는 식물이 중심이 되었으며 유용한 관상 및 조경, 향료 자원 및 목재 자원 식물이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the toxicity of 39 registered insecticides to the susceptibility, systemic effect, and residual effect and control effect against Pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus saltuarius. Eleven kinds of chemicals such as fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, phosphamidon, dinotefuran, actamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, esfenvalerate+fenitrothion, and fipronil were showed 100% insecticidal activity both in body spray and twig dipping bioassay. Among these chemicals, fenitrothion and fenthion were showed 100% insecticidal activity when sprayed at 4000 times diluted solutions, and phenthoate, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam and fipronil were showed 100% insecticidal activity when sprayed at 2000 times diluted solution. Root systemic effect was showed 100% mortality in phosphamidon, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and 77.7% in thiacloprid. In residual effect, fenitrothion and thiamethoxam were showed 80% mortality fifteen days after treatment (DAT), and fenthion, phosphamidon, clothianidin were showed 80% mortality ten DAT, fenitrothion, thiamethoxam, fipronil showed 100% mortality in seven DAT, thiacloprid was showed 100% mortality in three DAT. Fenthion and phenthoate were showed 100% mortality one DAT. In the control effect, 6 kinds of chemicals were showed 100% mortality one DAT and all chemicals showed 100% mortality three DAT.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1997

To study the ecological characteristics of the mulberry longicorn beetle, Apriona germari Hope, Mulberry branches with egg-laid scar were regionally collected from ten mulberry fields during the hibernation. It showed that its distribution was highest in Kyunggi province with 3.05% and lowest in Kyungnam province with 0.28%. The number of the egg-laid scar per branch was single with 87.7% of high frequency and its average size was 2.38 L$\times$1.45 W$\times$0.34D cm. The average diameter of scarred branch was 1.7 cm, ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 cm. the shape of egg was long elliptical with width of $2.32\pm$0.33 mm and with length of $6.606.60\pm$0.55 mm. the weight of egg was $16.6\pm$2.94 mg and the color of the just-oviposited egg was milky white, changing into thick brown with time. The weight and length of the just-hatched larva was $16.6\pm$2.4 mg and $6.36\pm$0.66 mm. respectively. Most of the larvae moved downward inside the branch, showing that 94.2% of larvae for outdoor rearing and 87.9% of larvae for indoor rearing moved downward in the branch. As a result, it was found that it hibernated at egg stage with a higher rate than at larval stage by two or three folds in Kyunggi and Kyungbuk province and contrarily at larval stage with higher rate than at egg stage in Chunbuk, Chunnam and Kyungnam provinces. The survival rate for the egg after hibernation was significantly low with 6.6% and contrarily for the larva after hibernation remarkably high with 91.2%. Although the survival rate of the egg in this survey was relatively low, the result indicated that there were two types of hibernation of A. germari in Korea; egg and larval stage.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.509-517
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• 2017

This study was conducted to assess effect of thiacloprid fogging on non-target insect communities in Korean white pine forests. In addition, we assessed effect of thiacloprid fogging on mortality of Monochamus saltuarius as a vector of pine wood nematodes, and Apis mellifera as a non-target species. We compared abundance, species richness, and compostion of insects, and mortality of two insects among four treatment groups (control and thiacloprid-fogged groups with 3 different doses) located in the Kangwon National University Forest. For sampling of insects, 6 pitfall and 2 multi-funnel traps and 3 waterproof cloth sheets were placed in each study plot. In addition, M. saltuarius and A. mellifera were put into each meshed cage which installed at 7 m and 15 m heights in center of each study plot. Thiacloprid was fogged only once (middle May) in each plot using a fogging machine. Overall, thiacloprid fogging was appeared to be low toxicity to the abundance, species richness, and compostion of insects and mortality of A. mellifera, while it seems effectively impact on the mortality of M. saltuarius. However, thiacloprid fogging seems more influenced by microclimates in forests because the mortality of M. saltuarius in mesh cages was different according to heights and spatial locations. To control the population density and dispersal of M. saltuarius using by fogging techniques, therefore, it may be necessary to minimize the uncertainty about the effectiveness of thiacloprid fogging by improving the fogging techniques.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.2-11
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• 1985

과수농사를 짓는데 있어서 어느 해이던 간에 병해충의 발생이 없는 해는 없다. 올해 역시 예년과 마찬가지로 각종 병해충이 발생되었던 한해였다. ''70년도부터 ''85년도까지의 주요 병해충 발생양상을 보면, 점차 증가하고 있는 병해로 사과반점낙엽병과 부패병이 있는데, 이들 병은 ''70년대초에는 거의 무시할 정도의 발생을 보인 병들로 ''78년이후 급증하는 병이며, 해충은 점박이응애, 사과굴나방, 조팝나무진딧물, 포도호랑하늘소 같은 것들로 이들 해충은 현재 농약만으로의 방제가 어려운 상태에 있다. 이와는 반대로 점차 그 발생이 감소하고 있는 병해충은 ''70년초 심하였던 배나무적성병, 복숭아축엽병으로 ''75$\~$''80년도에 와서 거의 미미한 발생을 보이고 있다. 반면 예나 지금이나 지속적인 발생으로 과수재배농가에 피해를 주고 있는 것으로 사과부란병, 복숭아세균성천공병, 심식충류, 잎말이나방류, 깍지벌레류 등이 있다. 이들중 올해 가장 문제가 되었던 것은 사과탄저병으로 금년도의 기상조건이 발병에 좋은 조건이었고, 방제시기에 일기가 불순하여 충실한 방제를 하지 못한 관계로 더욱 심하였다.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.64.1-64.1
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• 2010

한국천문연구원은 2009년 1월부터 외계행성 탐색시스템(KMTNet; Korea Microlensing Telescope Network) 개발 사업을 수행하고 있다. 이 사업의 주된 과학적 목적은 2m급 광시야 망원경을 칠레, 호주, 남아공화국에 설치하여 남반구 하늘을 24시간 연속 모니터링 관측함으로써 새로운 외계행성과 변광천체를 탐색하는 것이다. 이번 발표에서는 2도x2도 광시야 관측시스템의 핵심 사양을 소개하고, 시스템 개발의 진행 상황 및 향후 일정, 남반구 관측소와의 협력 상황 등을 제시할 것이다.