• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.293-303
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• 2009

通过对秦漢时代, 三國时代及晉王朝时代的帝王之名和避諱例子的硏究，得出如下结论. 在秦时, 虽然已开始出现生諱, 但其法尚未制度化, 所以属于简易施行的阶段. 到了漢时, 便出现了一定的可资代替其諱之字, 上書时不可冒犯所定之廟諱, 但却可臨文不諱, 詩書不諱, 所以相对比较自由一些. 在魏时, 当有司审议事案后, 向圣上禀告审议结果时, 其上書, 文書及官员和百姓皆不可冒犯王諱. 到了吳时, 于赤烏五年立孫和为太子后, 将禾興改名为嘉興, 这是嫌名避諱的最早例子. 三国时, 对名字的避諱延伸到了对字的避諱, 可谓三国时代之独特风俗. 避諱之风到了晉代变得日益严密, 但不象唐宋之时那般繁琐, 而比较特异的是, 东晋时对皇后的避諱较其他各代出现得特别频繁.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-137
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• 2009

通過對避諱的由來, 種類和方法進行硏究和考察, 得到了如下之結論. 古人認爲人的名字乃自身之代表, 本身就具尊嚴性, 所以古來既有不輕易呼喚名字, 並尊崇名字的風俗, 而在行冠禮之後, 則取字以替代其名, 這都與實名敬避和尊名的風俗有所關系. 早期的避諱, 以對生者不隨便呼叫其名的"不名"和對死者不輕易稱呼其名的死諱爲主, 這些都源於樸素的尊敬與恭敬. 生諱始自秦始皇之時, 初期僅限於對天子和諸侯的名字進行避諱, 而對嫌名则未曾進行避諱. 避諱的種類, 包括出於恭敬而避諱的敬諱, 出於心理排斥而避諱的忌諱, 以及出於憎惡和討厭而避諱的憎諱, 但總以敬諱爲其主幹. 至於避諱的方法, 主要有改字, 改稱, 空字, 作某, 標諱, 缺字, 缺筆(缺劃)和更讀等法. 在我國, 避諱究竟始於哪一时代目前难以確認, 但在新羅時代的金石文中, 可以看到不少有關避諱與缺筆的例子, 在高麗時代則對帝王的名字通過改字或缺筆來进行了避諱, 朝鮮時代則爲了排除避諱的弊端, 對王族的名字取以生僻之字, 使避諱所致的弊端大为減少.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.32.1-32.1
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• 2009

조선 태조 4년(1395년)에 제작된 천상열차분야지도는 그 원본이 고구려에서 기원된 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 이 천문도의 원석을 조사한 결과 고려 태조 왕건(王建)에 대한 피휘(避諱)가 적용된 별자리가 있음을 알게 되었다. 이것은 천상열차분야지도의 원본이 고구려가 아닌 고려에서 기원했음을 의미한다. 이에 따라 천상열차분야지도의 고구려 기원설에 대한 연구의 역사를 재점검함으로써 그 학설의 근거가 잘못된 단정에 기인함을 알아냈고, 기존 학설에 대한 전면적인 재검토를 하게 되었다. 이 논문에서는 조선은 물론이고 일본과 중국의 다양한 천문도들과 조선의 보천가, 천문류초, 누주통의 등의 문헌, 그리고 고려사, 조선왕조실록, 승정원일기 등의 역사 기록을 전면적으로 조사하여 이러한 피휘(避諱)의 양상을 파악하였다. 그 결과 천상열차분야지도의 원본 성도는 고려시대의 작품일 가능성이 크다는 결론에 도달하였다.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.129-135
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• 2007

Characters are the tool of writing language. In particular, Chinese characters were the tool of communicating, storing and intermediating information in Chinese traditional medicine, and exercised great influence on diseases, diagnoses, treatments and others. Stupid Words are used to avoid calling the name of an emperor or an elder. The Stupid Words, written in old literature, were mostly used to avoid calling the name of emperors in those days. At first, those were used to express respect, but with time, the rule began to be strict. Those who violate the rule were dismissed or expelled; what is worse, even their families were exterminated. Medical books were no exception to the rule. The history of Stupid Words is originated from primitive society. Those were begun to be used customarily, and were institutionalized over time. Although dynasties had been changed in large numbers in history, Stupid Words were not disappeared and had been used until feudalism rings down the curtain. In addition, the characteristics of Stupid Words became different as to each age, and exercised great influence on old literature. The Stupid Words in Chinese traditional medicine are shown in herbal names, authors' names, terminologies, symptomatological names and others. Through Stupid Words, the date of publication can be presumed, and pleonasms can be discriminated from lacunae, and it can be judged whether those works are true or not. On the other hand, those cause inconvenience philologically. The Stupid Words in old medical books became different semantically throughout the years, and so the original became difficult to be translated as well as its meaning cannot be communicated correctly. Eventually, time and effort are expended unnecessarily in some cases.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.603-620
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• 2009

New Pochonka published in the eighteenth century of the Choson dynasty was composed of star-charts based on the new observations made by Jesuits in China and songs corrected a little bit from previous version of Pochonka. The asterisms in the previous Pochonka are listed in the same order to that in the Song dynasty's literature; while the asterisms in the new Pochonka are listed in accordance with Pu-tien-ko published in China after the Ming dynasty. The Chinese-style twelve-equatorial-section system is adopted in the new Pochonka, while in its song is adopted the zodiac system, which can be seen in the star-charts of previous version of Pochonka. The asterisms belonging to three or four neighboring lunar-mansions are drawn in one chart. Each chart covers asterisms not belonging to a certain range of right ascension, but to a certain lunar mansion. We estimate the forming era of the new Pochonka from the following facts; that the Ling-Tai-I-Hsiang-Chih was used to make charts and footnotes whose archetype can be found in the Chinese literature around A.D. 1700, that these Chinese books were imported into Choson in A.D. 1709, that the naming taboo to the emperor Khang-Hsi was used, that the order of Shen-Hsiu (參宿) was transposed with Tshui-Hsiu (자宿), and that the new Pochonka was substituted for the old version when the rules of Royal Astronomical Bureau was reformed in A.D. 1791. In conclusion, the parent sources of the charts and footnotes of the new Pochonka might be imported from the Ching dynasty around 1709 A.D. to form the new Pochonka between A.D. 1709 and A.D. 1791, and finally to be published in A.D. 1792. We discuss the possible future works to make a firm conclusion.