• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 2013

Excessive precipitation, drought, heat waves, strong typhoons and rising sea levels are just some of the common indicators of climate change. In the Philippines, excessive precipitation never failed to devastate and drown the streets of Metro Manila, a highly urbanized and flood-prone area; such problems are expected to occur frequently. Moreover, the water supply of Metro Manila is dependent only to Angat Reservoir. Rainwater harvesting can serve as an alternative source of raw water and it can mitigate the effects of flooding. The harvested rainwater can be used for: potable consumption if filtered and disinfected; and non-potable consumptions (e.g., irrigation, flushing toilets, carwash, gardening, etc.) if used untreated. The rainfall data were gathered from all 5 rainfall stations located in Metro Manila namely: Science Garden, Port Area, Polo, Nangka and Napindan rain gauge stations. To be able to determine the potential volume of rainwater harvested and the potentiality of rainwater harvesting system as an alternate source of raw water; in this study, three different climatic conditions were considered, the dry, median and wet rainfall years. The frequent occurrence of cyclonic events in the Philippines brought significant amount of rainwater that causes flooding in the highly urbanized region of Metro Manila. Based from the results of this study, the utilization of rainwater harvesting system can serve as an alternative source of non-potable water for the community; and could also reduce the amount of surface runoff that could result to extreme flooding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2010

Future uncertainty on water demand caused by future climate condition and water consumption leads a difficulty to determine the reservoir operation rule for supplying sufficient water to users. It is, thus, important to operate reservoirs not only for distributing enough water to users using the limited water resources but also for preventing floods and drought under the unknown future condition. In this study, the reservoir storage is determined in the first stage when future condition is unknown, and then, water distribution to users and river stream is optimized using the available water resources from the first stage decision using 2-stage stochastic linear programming (2-SLP). The objective function is to minimize the difference between target and actual water storage in reservoirs and the water shortage in users and river stream. Hedging rule defined by a precaution against severe drought by restricting outflow when reservoir storage decreases below a target, is also applied in the reservoir operation rule for improving the model applicability to the real system. The developed model is applied in a system with five reservoirs in the Han River basin, Korea to optimize the multi-reservoir system under various future water demand scenarios. Three multi-purposed dams - Chungju, Hoengseong, and Soyanggang - are considered in the model. Gwangdong and Hwacheon dams are also considered in the system due to the large capacity of the reservoirs, but they are primarily for water supply and power generation, respectively. As a result, the water demand of users and river stream are satisfied in most cases. The reservoirs are operated successfully to store enough water during the wet season for preparing the coming drought and also for reducing downstream flood risk. The developed model can provide an effective guideline of multi-reservoir operation rules in the basin.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

The proportion of natural gas-fueled power generation is expanding due to the change of domestic energy policy pursuing reduction of dust and increasing clean energy consumption. Natural gas fuels used for the combined-cycle power plants and the district-heating power plants are operated at high temperature and high pressure in the fuel supply system. Accidents due to leakage of the gas such as fire and explosion should be prevented by applying risk management techniques. In this study, risk assessment was performed on the natural gas fuel supply system of a combined power plant based on the API RP 581 RBI code. For the application of the API RBI code, lines and segments of the evaluation target system were identified. Operational data and input information were analyzed for the calculations of probability of failure and consequence of failure. The results of the risk assessment were analyzed over time from the initial installation time. In the code-based evaluation, the gas fuel supply system was mainly affected by thinning, external damage, and mechanical fatigue damage mechanisms. As the operating time passes, the risk is expected to increase due to the external damage caused by the CUI(Corrosion Under Insulation).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.525-535
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• 2020

This study aims to evaluate the economic value of the heat wave watch/warning (HW/W) forecast provided by the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) for the public sector. Local govermenments of Korea currently use the HW/W forecasts as a major input variable to determine the preparative requisite level for reducing potential damage by extreme heat events. To assess the value of the HW/W, which is not a marketable commodity, a decision-making model taking into account the cost and loss was established. The 'cost' variable was defined as the heat wave countermeasures budget for Seoul and Busan in 2016, and the 'loss' variable was set as the amount of health insurance claims for those 65 and older obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Using this model, the value of the HW/W in 2016 was calculated as KRW 4,133M and KRW1,090M for Seoul and Busan, respectively. In addition, if the KMA reduces the False Alarm of the HW/W by a single instance, the value will be increased by KRW 76.6M and KRW 16.8M for the two cities. The results of this study are useful in quantitatively estimation of the value of the HW/W forthe public sector.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.577-586
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• 2018

In this study, traffic safety technology was developed for rural areas by reviewingthe relevant literature and data from the Traffic Accident Analysis System for the Chungcheong region.The goal is to reduce traffic accidents in small regional cities and rural areas in Korea. A road shoulder recognition light was developed to fit the pedestrian characteristics of the people using transportation in rural areas. It also minimizes damage to crops due to light pollution from traffic lights and street lights, and it supplements problems of damage from collision with vehicles and agricultural machines. The efficiency of the technology developed in this study was verified by comparing and analyzing the number of traffic accidents and the saved cost before and after its installation. A test bedwas established based on rural areas and is being evaluated for its applicability and effectiveness. It is expected that the reliability of such facilities could be improved through continuous studies, data collection, and analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2017

Approximately 250 marine pollution accidents involving oil and HNS spills are reported every year in the Republic of Korea. It is necessary that a strengthen of specialization of marine pollution response personnel on marine pollution response due to a diminution of damage when a major oil and HNS spill incident occurred, as in the case of the M/V Heibei Spirit and the M/V Maritime Maisie. In regard to this, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has planned to revise the OPRC Model Training Course to strengthen expertise for oil spill incident responses. Through a comparison of curriculum with the Korea Coast Guard Academy (KCGA) program, a revised IMO Model Course and the OSRL training institute, this study recommends the following improvements for the education program of the KCGA in response to oil spills. This study suggests several options in line with this approach to revise the oil spill response education curriculum, exercise, discussions and making materials. Accreditation of the KCGA as an institute that provides an IMO Model training course developed according to the revised IMO Model Course material is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.393-408
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• 2014

In this study, the spatio-temporal characteristics of summer extreme precipitation events in the Republic of Korea are examined based on the daily precipitation data observed at approximately 360 sites of both Automatic Weather Station (AWS) and Automated Synoptic Observation System (ASOS) networks by the Korea Meteorological Administration for the recent decade(2002~2011). During the summer Changma period(late June~mid July), both the frequency of extreme precipitation events exceeding 80mm of daily precipitation and their decadal maximum values are greatest at most of weather stations. In contrast, during the Changma pause period (late July~early August), these patterns are observed only in the northern regions of Geyeonggi province and western Kangwon province as such patterns are detected around Mt. Sobaek and Mt. Halla as well as in the southern regions of Geyeonggi province and western Kangwon province during the late Changma period (mid August~early September) due to north-south oscillation of the Changma front. Investigation of their regional patterns confirms that not only migration of the Changma front but also topological components in response to the advection of moistures such as elevation and aspect of major mountain ridges are detrimental to spatio-temporal patterns of extreme precipitation events. These results indicate that each local administration needs differentiated strategies to mitigate the potential damages by extreme precipitation events due to the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of their frequency and intensity during each Changma period.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6602-6609
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• 2013

This study is expected to provide background data for establishing mitigation measures for malodor and for comparing complex odor criteria. The impact of malodor at the afflicted locations was analyzed using Industrial Source Complex Short Term 3 (ISCST3) model, which was recommended by the EPA. The Odor Emission Rates (ODR) for piglets and hogs were predicted based on the average, minimum, and maximum emission rates as classification. The forecasting result of the complex odor modelling of pigsty showed that tolerance limit was exceeded at an adjacent administration building, but tolerance limit was not surpassed at an afflicted location which was within 185m from the pigsty. The ISCST3 modelling of the satisfactory ODR for tolerance limit was accomplished at the administration building. From the prediction of this modelling, maximum emission rates based on 1hr at administration building were 10.59~52.93, 19.05~31.76, and 10.59 $OU/m^3/s/m^2$ at emission rates of 50%, 30%, and 10%. This emission rate was slightly higher than the tolerance limit of 10.00 $OU/m^3/s/m^2$. However, it was inferred that the tolerance limit could be satisfied if the emission rate of 10% was controlled.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 2009

To investigate the roadkill of amphibians in Korea National parks, we conducted a survey from 2006 to 2008. As a result, our count of road-killed amphibians included 1,748 individuals from 9 species over three years, and the ratio of road-killed amphibians decreased in 2007, 2008 as compared to 2006. Additionally, many amphibians, including Rana dybawskii, Bufo gargarizans, and Bufo stejnegeri were road-killed by vehicles in "Forest-Stream" or "Forest-Forest" environments, and between March and June. In the risk analysis by frequency, 4 lines including national line 37 (Deogyusan), provincial line 517 (Songnisan), national line 6 (Odaesan) and provincial line 597 (Woraksan) were classed as RISK V category. This designation involves species considered to be extremely important, such as Rana dybowskii and Bufo stejnegeri. Therefore, a conservation plan is needed to protect important species located near RISK V lines.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2020

This study suggests a solution regarding the effects of apartment facility maintenance and fire safety facility maintenance on the residential satisfaction of residents. The results are as follows. Firstly, facility maintenance had a negative effect on residential satisfaction. Analysis revealed that residential satisfaction decreased the more breakdowns there were in the facilities. This revealed that when maintenance staff neglect the residents' complaints due to the repetitive aspect of their jobs, there was a negative effect on residential satisfaction; therefore, residential satisfaction must be increased by maintaining the facilities well and training support for maintenance staff. Secondly, fire safety facilities had a negative effect on residential satisfaction. Analysis revealed that residential satisfaction decreased the more malfunctions there were in the fire safety facilities and the more replacements there were in fire fighting equipment. This revealed the importance of safety and the fact that the apartment heavily relies on fire safety facilities because there may be a low awareness regarding safety; therefore, maintenance staff must lower the damage from fire safety facilities and to increase the residential satisafaction of residents. Lastly, there needs to be repetitive training and education for residents regarding fire fighting and evacuating in accordance with the fire fighting plan as a means to strengthen residents' safety awareness.