• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to provide mechanism information of a link between arousal and sensory modulation to increase understanding of neurophysiological study. Subject : Optimal arousal state of a child is an important issue in sensory integration therapy. Limbic system and reticular formation are related to sensory modulation by sensory input. Sensory inputs processes from reticular formation to cortex via ascending reticular activation system for moderate arousal. A lot of neurotransmitters such as cholinergic neurons and monoamin neurons help this processes. Mechanism of arousal was measured by functions of central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) using objective tools such as an electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrodermal responses. Functions of CNS and ANS showed differences between normal children and children with disabilities. Optimal sensory input using sensory integration therapy for children with disabilities helps to act reticular formation, limbic system, and cortex and to maintain appropriate arousal. Conclusion : Such quantitative studies by using neurophysiological methods provide evidence for sensory integration therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three interventions on pain, blood pressure, and pulse rate during infiltration anesthesia in patients about to undergo gamma knife surgeries. Methods: The three interventions employed in a university-affiliated Hospital in J City, South Korea were as follows: EMLA cream plus Vapocoolant spray (Vapocoolant, n=30), EMLA cream plus 10.0% Lidocaine spray (Lidocaine, n=30), and EMLA cream only (EMLA, n=30). The equivalent control-group pre test - post test study design was used. Pain was assessed subjectively using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and objectively using a Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) tester. NRS scores were assessed after infiltration anesthesia and the GSR was assessed during infiltration anesthesia. Blood pressure and pulse rate were assessed twice: before and after infiltration anesthesia. Data were collected between August 3, 2016 and March 24, 2017. Results: NRS scores after infiltration anesthesia and the GSR during infiltration anesthesia were significantly lower in the Vapocoolant group than in the Lidocaine and EMLA groups (F=13.56, p<.001 and F=14.43, p<.001, respectively). The increase in systolic blood pressure (F=4.77, p=.011) and in pulse rates (F=4.78, p=.011) before and after infiltration anesthesia were significantly smaller in the Vapocoolant group than in the Lidocaine and EMLA groups; however, no significant differences were observed in diastolic blood pressures (F=1.51, p=.227). Conclusion: EMLA cream plus Vapocoolant spray was the most effective intervention to relieve pain and to lower increase in systolic blood pressure and pulse rate caused by infiltration anesthesia for stereotactic frame fixation. Thus, application of Vapocoolant spray in addition to EMLA cream is highly recommended as a nursing intervention for patients undergoing gamma knife surgeries.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of cognitive factors and GSR on the task performance. For this study 64 students participated. Multiple regression and repeated measures were applied to analyze the data. The result for the survey indicated that previous knowledge, physical efforts, and task difficulty had significant impacts on task performance. Particularly, task difficulty has a negative impact. This can be interpreted as someone who has high prior knowledge inputs higher physical efforts with low task difficulty perception will show high performance. On the other hand, the low arousal level of GSR in the evaluation stage is a prediction variable of task performance. This result shows that high prior knowledge and low arousal level of GSR produces high performance. However, the analysis of difference in GSR between learning and evaluation stages does not show significant difference. It suggests that physiological measure such as GSR is reliable index of cognitive load; however, it partially represents cognitive load. Other crucial factors should be added for comprehensive measures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-58
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• 2001

Subjective mental workload assessment technique becomes a standard human factors and human-machine interface evaluation tool for the evaluation of ITS(Intelligent Transport Systems)-oriented information systems as well as the drivers visual activity analysis, physiological indices(GSR, EEG, ECG, etc.), secondary task performance, reaction time. vehicle control parameters(speed, steering behavior, accelerator control) that are widely applied for transportation and vehicle systems to evaluate the safety, to decide the system or design alternatives, and to establish the design guidelines. This paper reviewed and compared the most globally employed four mental workload assessment techniques that have been designed for the use of various human-machine systems and ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems. NASA-TLX(National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index). SWAT(Subjective Workload Assessment Technique), MCH(Modified Cooper-Harper) scale, and recently developed RNASA-TLX(Revision of NASA-TH) were compared in terms of sensitivity and subjective evaluations to derive the human-machine interface evaluation guidelines for the application of ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems. Then, experiment results supported that RNASA-TLX is the prospective tool for the mental workload assessment of ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.259-260
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• 2011

대기압 플라즈마는 멸균과 살균, 지혈, 피부재생, 치아 미백 등 여러 의학 분야를 대상으로 그 효과를 나타내고 있으며, 플라즈마 장비를 만들어 내기 위해 부피가 큰 진공 장비가 필요하지 않다는 점에서 대기압 플라즈마는 그 활용과 효과에 있어 큰 기대를 받고 있다. 대기압에서 플라즈마는 다양한 주파수를 이용하여 만들어져 왔으며, 본 연구실에서 연구하고 있는 수백 MHz-수 GHz 대역의 파워를 사용하는 플라즈마의 경우 대기압 플라즈마를 의학 분야에 사용할 때 만족해야 할 조건들에 만족하는 특성을 보여준다. 기존의 고주파를 사용하는 장비의 경우 추가적인 Matching 장비로 인해 플라즈마를 만들기 위해 큰 장비와 높은 파워가 필요한 단점이 있었다. 하지만 이 마이크로웨이브 장비는 전송선 이론을 기반으로 장비 자체가 구조적인 Matching이 이루어 지도록 설계되었다(그림 1). 즉, 추가적인 Matching 장비의 필요 없이 외부에서 파워를 주는 것만으로 플라즈마를 발생 시킬 수 있으며, 50% 이상의 파워 효율을 보여준다. 또한 그 크기도 손에 쥐고 사용할 수 있을 볼펜 정도의 크기이며, 3W의 정도의 저 전력으로 플라즈마를 발생 시켰다. 높은 에너지를 가지는 전자들은 공급되는 기체뿐만 아니라, 주변 공기와의 반응하여 여러 응용분야에 적합한 활성 종을 다량 만들어내게 된다. 본 연구실의 강점인 플라즈마 시뮬레이션으로 얻은 결과에서 주파수가 올라 갈수록 높은 에너지를 가지는 전자들이 많아지는 것을 보여준다. 그리고 발생시킨 플라즈마의 광학 특성에서도 생의학 분야에 적합한 많은 활성 종들이 발생 되는 것을 확인하였다. 일반적으로 의학 분야에 사용되는 플라즈마의 경우 플라즈마에서 발생하는 열에 의한 피해를 최소화 하는 것이 중요하다. 마이크로웨이브 플라즈마의 경우, 그 플라즈마의 온도가 50$50^{\circ}$C 미만으로 의학 분야에 사용하기 적합하다. 또한 구동 주파수가 올라갈수록 플라즈마를 유지하는데 필요한 전압이 상대적으로 낮아지게 되는데, 이는 전기적 쇼크 등 플라즈마 의용에서 발생하는 안전성 문제에 있어서도 마이크로 웨이브 장비가 좋은 점이다. 본 플라즈마 장비를 구동하기 위한 손바닥 크기 정도의 소형의 전용 파워 장치를 개발함으로써 저전력 소형 플라즈마 장치를 개발하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 마이크로 웨이브 장비는 여러 가지 분야에서 그 효과를 검증 받았다. 혈액 응고 실험에서 30초 정도의 짧은 처리만으로도 자연 응고에 비해 탁월한 지혈 효과를 보여줬다 (그림 2). 충치를 발생시키는 대표적인 구강균인 S.mutans의 살균 실험에서 Ti02와의 복합적인 처리를 통해 30초 미만의 처리로 처리하지 않은 것에 비해 10-6 만큼의 줄어드는 살균 효과를 보여줬다. 뿐만 아니라 치아의 미백에 있어서도 탁월한 효과를 나타냈다. 현재 본연구실에서는 마이크로 웨이브 장비의 기본적인 구조를 응용하여, 좀더 넓은 영역을 처리할 수 있는 대면적 마이크로 웨이브 장비를 위한 연구를 수행 중이다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2015

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by abnormalities of the enzyme Heparan N-sulfatase that is required for degradation of heparan sulfate. The patient in this study was a 5 year-old boy who presented with macrocephaly and developmental delay. Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycan was increased (26 g/moL creatinine, reference range: <7 g/moL creatinine) and a distinct band of heparan sulfate was shown in electrophoresis. Heparan N-sulfatase activity was significantly decreased in skin fibroblasts (0.2 pmoL/min/mg protein, reference range: 9-64 pmoL/min/mg protein). PCR and direct sequencing analysis of the SGSH gene showed compound heterozygous mutations: c.1040C>T (p.S347F) and c.703G>A (p.D235N). This is the first report for a Korean patient with MPS IIIA who was confirmed by biochemical investigation and molecular genetic analyses.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.5 s.64
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• pp.683-696
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• 1997

Recently several growth factors such as $TGF-{\beta}1$, $TGF-{\beta}1$, PDGF, bFGF are known to play an important role in scar formation following adult tissue injury. But there is little known about the role of growth factors in fetal tissue healing without scar formation. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of growth factors which we involved with scar formation in the artificially created cleft lip wound healing of fetuses. The author had undergone hysterotomy and created cleft lip-like defects on fetuses of New Zealand White Rabbit in mid-third trimester (24 days). Fetuses were divided into 3 groups (the repaired group, the unrepaired group and the sham-operated control group). At 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days after procedure, the repaired, the unrepaired and the control groups were obtained by Caeserean section. After documenting the viability of fetuses, fetuses were photographed to compare size and facial morphology and sectioned for histological examination by H & E stain and spatial and temporal deposition of $TGF-{\beta}1$, $TGF-{\beta}2$, PDGF, bFGF by immunohistochemical method. The findings are summarized as follows 1. There were lack of inflammation and scar formation and neovascularity in the repaired and the unrepaired group during experimental periods. 2. The reepithelialization of the unrepaired group was slower than that of repaired group. 3. There were no differences of distribution of bFGF in the control, the repaired and the unrepaired group. 4. PDGF was increased at post-op. first and second day and decreased after post-op. third day. Eventually, there were no differences in the control, the repaired and the unrepaired group. 5. $TGF-{\beta}1$ and $TGF-{\beta}2$ were slightly increased at post-op. first and second day and decreased after post-op. third day. Eventually there were no differences in the control, the repaired and the unrepaired group. And $TGF-{\beta}2$ is more densely stained than $TGF-{\beta}1$.