• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1982

For the effective control of weeds in mechanically transplanted paddy field weeding effects of naproanide ${\alpha}$-(${\beta}$-naphthoxy) propion anilide], pyrazolate [4-2, 4-dichlorobenzoyl)-1, 3-dimethyl pyrazol-5-yl-p-tolune sulphanate], chlormethoxynil (2, 4-dichloro-phenyl-4-nitro-3-methoxy phenyl ether), SL-49 [1-3dimethyl-4(2, 4dichlorobenzoyl)-5-phenacyloxy pyrazole], ACN (3-chloro-2-amino-l, 4-naphthoquinone) either alone or in combination with butachlor (2-chlor-2, 6-diethyl-N-buthoxymethyl acetanilide) were compared. Pyrazolate and SL-49 were most effective for the control of Sagittaria pygmaea MIQ. and Potomogeton distinctus A. BENN. including most annual weeds. Weeding effect of butachlor alone was very high for annuals, good for Cyperus serotinus ROTTB. and poor for S. pygmaea and P. distinctus. But the weeding effect of the combination of butachlor and pyrazolate was stronger than that of butachlor alone and therefore this mixture was effective for S. pygmaea, P. distinctus and C. serotinus including all the annual weeds. The combination of butachlor and SL-49 showed the same tendency as the combination of butachlor and pyrazolate. Naproanilide was not effective for the control of Echinochlor crusgalli P. BEAUV and less effective for Monochoria vaginalis PRESL, but excellent for S. pygmaea. By mixing butachlor with naproanilide weeding, spectrum for annuals and S. pygmaea was much increased by that for P. distinctus and C. serotinus was not satisfactory. ACN was not satisfactory for the control of all the tested weeds but the weeding effect was increased in general by mixing with butachlor. Chlormethoxynil was excellent for the control of annual weeds but it has no effect on C. serotinus, S. pygmaea and P. distinctus showing some initial controling effect but these weeds regrew afterwards. The weeding activity of ACN increased in combination with butachlor and the residual activity was stronger than that of ACN alone. A light crop injury was found at the initial period after treatments in all treated plots. The yield from all treated plots except those from plots treated with ACN, butachlor and naproanilide were not significantly different from the band weeded plot.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.170-203
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• 2018

From the period of Japanese colonialism up to the present, the researchers of archaeology and ancient history in Korea and Japan have paid much attention to the Honam area. Recently the ruins and relics of Wae lineage are often discovered at archaeological excavation sites in this region. In particular, at least 17 keyhole-shaped mounds were confirmed. The fact that three mounds were built on one site was newly revealed. Haniwa, a representative earthenware object of the Kofun period in Japan, was discovered as well. Therefore, the study of a historical meaning of archaeological materials about Wae lineage in the Honam area thus far must be reexamined. The ruins and relics of Wae lineage in the Honam area have been studied by selecting only specific cases. I identified all the ruins and relics of Wae lineage in the Honam area and analyzed the process of their change in this paper. I reviewed the relationship between Wae and Mahan, and the purpose of their negotiation based on archaeological characteristics, changing processes, and historical records on a quarterly basis. The ruins and relics of Wae lineage have increased and widely spread since the early period of the 5th century in the Honam area. This tendency continued until the late period of the 6th century. Weapons of Wae lineage were introduced and tombs in the style of Wae were built from the late 4th century to the early period of the 5th century (TG232~TK216 period). Sueki was introduced from the middle to late period of the 5th century (TK208~TK23 period). Keyhole-shaped mounds and tombs in the style of Wae were built from the late period of the 5th century to the early period of the 6th century (TK47~MT15 period). Japanese weapons were introduced from the middle to late period of the 6th century (TK10~TK209 period). In other words, the archaeological appearance is different in each quarterly period. There was an intensive diplomatic relationship between Baekje and Wae in the TG232~TK216 period. The military might be included in a mission of Wae. The materials of Wae lineage of this period are likely to be related to this. Sueki spread to the inland part of the Honam area in the TK208~TK23 period. This Sueki tends to be excavated on advantageous sites for the accumulation and distribution of supplies. The main characters of the keyhole-shaped mounds are presumed to be a group of traders which were under the control of a certain influence in the north of Kyushu. The keyhole-shaped mounds were abruptly built at some distance from mounds of the leaders in the Honam area. Additionally, there was no special influence base to which the characters of the keyhole-shaped mounds belonged in the surroundings. However, it might have been impossible for the group of traders to build the keyhole-shaped mounds without the support from the residents at all because there was a big difference in the building technology of the keyhole-shaped mounds between Japan and the Honam area. The time of building some keyhole-shaped mounds is the same or almost the same with that of the mounds built for the regional leaders. This proves a close relationship with the residents as well. What do the archaeological materials of Wae lineage which have been used and buried mean over 200 years in the Honam area? Geumgwan Gaya, which had exported iron resources to Japan, perished in the early period of the 5th century. Instead of Gaya, the Honam area might have played an important role to supply the necessary resources to Japan. We assume that the Japanese (Wae) actively worked to acquire various resources focusing on the underground resources in the Honam area.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2007

Purpose: The patient's position and anatomy during the treatment course little bit varies to some extend due to setup uncertainties and organ motions. These factors could affected to not only the dose coverage of the gross tumor but over dosage of normal tissue. Setup uncertainties and organ motions can be minimized by precise patient positioning and rigid immobilization device but some anatomical site such as prostate, the internal organ motion due to physiological processes are challenge. In planning procedure, the clinical target volume is a little bit enlarged to create a planning target volume that accounts for setup uncertainties and organ motion as well. These uncertainties lead to differences between the calculated dose by treatment planning system and the actually delivered dose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences of interfractional displacement of organ and GTV based on the tomoimages. Materials and Methods: Over the course of 3 months, 3 patients, those who has applied rectal balloon, treated for prostatic cancer patient's tomoimage were studied. During the treatment sessions 26 tomoimages per patient, Total 76 tomoimages were collected. Tomoimage had been taken everyday after initial setup with lead marker attached on the patient's skin center to comparing with C-T simulation images. Tomoimage was taken after rectal balloon inflated with 60 cc of air for prostate gland immobilization for daily treatment just before treatment and it was used routinely in each case. The intrarectal balloon was inserted to a depth of 6 cm from the anal verge. MVCT image was taken with 5 mm slice thickness after the intrarectal balloon in place and inflated. For this study, lead balls are used to guide the registration between the MVCT and CT simulation images. There are three image fusion methods in the tomotherapy, bone technique, bone/tissue technique, and full image technique. We used all this 3 methods to analysis the setup errors. Initially, image fusions were based on the visual alignment of lead ball, CT anatomy and CT simulation contours and then the radiation therapist registered the MVCT images with the CT simulation images based on the bone based, rectal balloon based and GTV based respectively and registered image was compared with each others. The average and standard deviation of each X, Y, Z and rotation from the initial planning center was calculated for each patient. The image fusions were based on the visual alignment of lead ball, CT anatomy and CT simulation contours. Results: There was a significant difference in the mean variations of the rectal balloon among the methods. Statistical results based on the bone fusion shows that maximum x-direction shift was 8 mm and 4.2 mm to the y-direction. It was statistically significant (P=<0.0001) in balloon based fusion, maximum X and Y shift was 6 mm, 16mm respectively. One patient's result was more than 16 mm shift and that was derived from the rectal expansions due to the bowl gas and stool. GTV based fusion results ranging from 2.7 to 6.6 mm to the x-direction and 4.3$\sim$7.8 mm to the y-direction respectively. We have checked rotational error in this study but there are no significant differences among fusion methods and the result was 0.37$\pm$0.36 in bone based fusion and 0.34$\pm$0.38 in GTV based fusion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 2016

Through the research and analysis on the vegetation environment, flora of habitats through documentary and field studies over 14 habitats of Euryale ferox Salisbury within Jeollabukdo, with the objective of acquiring the basic data for forming an environment based on plantation of reservoirs that are composed with Euryale ferox, the following results were obtained. 1. The entire flora of the 14 habitats appeared to be 79 families, 211 genus, 298 species, two subspecies, 30 varieties and six forma, thus, a total of 336 taxa was confirmed. Among these, emergent water plants appeared to compose 17 taxa, floating-leaved plants to compose seven taxa including Euryale ferox floating plants to compose five taxa and submerged water plants to compose two taxa. As a result of analyzing the similarity only over the water plants. The lowest similarity rate appeared between Gamdong Reservoir and Aedang Reservoir, as the similarity rate between the two regions appeared to be 0% as a result of the analysis. Floating-leaved plants, lotuses and caltrops, appeared to be equally inhabiting in Hanseongji at Jeongeup and Seoknam Reservoir at Gochang, which showed the highest similarity rate, in addition to Euryale ferox. 2. When examining the appearance frequency of aquatic plants per growth type, Actinostemma lobatum and Phragmites communis, in addition to Euryale ferox each appeared 11 times, showing a high frequency of 78.6% and Trapa japonica, which is a floating-leaved water plant, appeared ten times(71.4%) and Zizania latifolia appeared eight times(57.1%). In addition, the appearance rate appeared to be high in the order of Persicaria thunbergii, Leersia sayanuka, Ceratophyllum demersum, Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola, Scirpus maritimus, and Nelumbo nucifera. 3. The rare plants discovered in the Euryale ferox habitats pursuant to the IUCN evaluation standards was confirmed to be composed of five taxa, with three taxa including the least concerned species(LC), Melothria japonica at Yanggok Reservoir, Hydrocharis dubia at Myeongdeokji and Ottelia alismoides at Daewi Reservoir, in addition to vulnerable species(VU), Utricularia vulgaris at Sangpyeong Reservoir, along with Euryale ferox. 4. Most of the group or community types of the natural habitats of Euryale ferox appeared to be the Euryale ferix community' and the Daewi Reservoir of Gunsan was defined as caltrop + Euryale ferox + Nymphoides indica community. The green coverage ratio of Euryale ferox per natural habitats showed a considerably huge deviation from 0.03 to 36.50 and as the average green coverage ratio was appropriated as 9.8, it can be considered that maintaining the green coverage ratio of Euryale ferox in a 10% level would be advisable when forming a reservoir with Euryale ferox as the key composition species. 5. The vegetation community nearby the natural habitats of Euryale ferox per research subject area appeared to be composed of three Leersia japonica communities, two communities each for Zizania latifolia community and Trapa japonica community and one community each for Nelumbo nucifera community, Nymphoides peltata + Typha orientalis community, Trapa japonica + Nelumbo nucifera community, Hydrocharis dubia community, Leersia japnica + Paspalum distichum var. indutum community and Euryale ferox + Trapa japonica community, showing a slight difference depending on the location conditions of each reservoir. Thus, this result may be suggested as a guideline to apply when allocating the vegetation ratio and the types of floating-leaved plants upon planting plants in reservoirs with Euryale ferox as the main companion species.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.221-231
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• 1995

The objectives of the present study were to find out the differences in growth and weed competition of rice under the foggy and non-foggy condition, and finally, the fundamental data for the establishment of the paddy weed control system under the locational foggy regions. The research was carried out on tin trays ($0.12m^2$) in greenhouse equipped with an Auto Foggy System(SAE KI RTN Co.). The results are summarized as follows: Exp. I. Difference in rice growth under the foggy and non-foggy condition. 1. While the plant height was not affected, the number of tillers was decreased by the foggy condition. The ratio of the number of effective tiller, however, became higher under the foggy condition. 2. Due to the fog present, the heading rate was decreased and heading time was delayed. 3. The foggy condition did not affect the dry weight of rice straw whether they were grown under the foggy or non-foggy condition. However, yield components such as the number of ears, the number of grains per ear, thousand kernel weight and percentage of ripeness were reduced. Particularly, weights of perfect brown and unpolished rice were also decreased. Exp. II. Effect of the duration of competition between weed and rice grown under the foggy condition on the growth of rice plant. 1. There was no difference in the height of rice grown under a different duration of competition. There was a clear tendency that the number of tillers of rice grown under the foggy condition was decreased as the duration of competition was decreased. 2. When the duration of competition was longer than 60 days, the heading rate was decreased and the initiation of heading was also delayed by 2-4 days. 3. Under the foggy condition, the duration of competition for more than 40 days affected dry weight of rice straw and the difference in yield was greatest in the non-competition and competition for more than 40 days.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 1992

Experiments were conducted in the research field of the Wheat and Barley Research Institute with three barley cultivars, Olbori, Kangbori and Suwon 18, which showed different growth characteristics. The highest rates of daily dry matter accumulation in grains were 1.03 1.94 mg / grain / day in early and optimum sowings and 0.88 1.88 mg / grain / day in late sowings, which occurred around 20～30 days after heading in early and optimum sowings and 15～20 days after heading in late sowings. Grains reached their maximum weight by 40 days after heading in early and optimum sowings and 35 days after heading in late sowings. Total sugar content in grains followed a pattern of linear increase immediately after heading, but it started to decrease around 20 days after heading. On the other hand, starch content continued to increase until maturity. The contents of both components were high in the order of ＆apos;Olbori＆apos; ＆gt; ＆apos;Kangbori＆apos; ＆gt; ＆apos;Suwon 18＆apos;, but they did not respond in a regular pattern to different sowings. 1,000 grain weight showed highly significant positive correlation(r=0.767$^{**}$) with the duration of grain growth, but it had negative correlations with the average (r=-0.548$^{**}$) or the sum (r=-0.595$^{**}$) of post-anthesis daily mean temperature.ature.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2003

In this study, muscle activity was measured using surface EMG (sEMG) during a voluntary maneuver (ankle dorsiflexion) in the supine position was compared pre and post gait training. Nine patients with incomplete spinal cord injury participated in a supported treadmill ambulation training (STAT), twenty minutes a day, five days a week for three months. Two tests, a gait speed test and a voluntary maneuver test, were made the same day, or at least the same week, pre and post gait training. Ten healthy subjects' data recorded using the same voluntary maneuvers were used for the reference. sEMG measured from ten lower limb muscles was used to observe the two features of amplitude and motor control distribution pattern, named response vector. The result showed that the average gait speed of patients increased significantly (p〈0.1) from 0.47$\pm$0.35 m/s to 0.68$\pm$0.52 m/s. In sEMG analysis, six out of nine patients showed a tendency to increase the right tibialis anterior activity during right ankle dorsiflexion from 109.7$\pm$148.5 $mutextrm{V}$ to 145.9$\pm$180.7 $mutextrm{V}$ but it was not significant (p〈0.055). In addition, only two patients showed increase of correlation coefficient and total muscle activity in the left fide during left dorsiflexion. Patients' muscle activity changes after gait training varied individually and generally depended on their muscle control abilities of the pre-STAT status. Response vector being introduced for quantitative analysis showed good Possibility to anticipate. evaluate, and/or guide patients with SCI, before and after gait training.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.571-578
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• 1996

Background : Long abscess is an accumulation of pus within a destroyed portion of the lung. Antibiotic therapy and postural drainge has proven to be an effective method of treatment for the majority of patients with pyogenic lung abscess. When medical therapy fails, thoracotomy and pulmonary resection are the current therapies. empyema is pus in the pleural space, and this term is deserved for effusions on which the Gram stain of the pleural fluid is positive. Initially, such collection may be drained via chest tribe. Recently, in patients who are judged to be unsuitable for surgery are in poor condition, percutaneous drainage using pig-tail catheter has been performed. We report out experience with 10 cases of lung abscess and 23 cases of empyema who were treated by percutaneous pit-tail catheter drainage. Subjects and Methods : Our study included 10 patients with lung abscess and 23 patients with empyema who were treated by percutaneous pig-tail catheter drainage, from January, 1990, to May, 1996, at Hanyang University then a pig-tail catheter was inserted into the abscess or the site of empyema under fluoroscopic and ultrasonograpic guidance. Following aspiration, the catheter was sutured into the skin, and connected to the suction tip. Catheter drainage was discontinued when the abscess of empyema was resolved in radiologically and clinically. Results : There were 2 cases of lung abscess caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae and 14 cases of empyema caused by M. tuberculosis. The others were unknown. The duration of drainage was 1-2 weeks in 7 cases of lung abscess and 14 cases of empyema. In the 29 of 33 patients, percutaneous drainage were carried out successfully 20 of the 29 Gases rapidly improved. Conclusion : Percutaneous drainge is effective and relatively saute for management of lung abscess or empyema refractory to medical therapy or poor candidates for surgical treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.1476-1485
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• 2004

Of solvent-extracts prepared from the 90 kinds of Korean traditional tea and rice gruel plants, cold-water extract from peels of Citrus unshiu (CUI-0) showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer’s patch whereas other extracts did not have the activity except for cold-water extracts of Laminaria japonica, Polygonatum japonicum, Poncirus trifoliata, and hot-water extracts of Gardenia jasminoides, Lycium chinense having intermediate activity. CUI-0 was further fractionated into MeOH-soluble fraction (CUI-1), MeOH insoluble and EtOH-soluble fraction (CUI-2), and crude polysaccharide fraction (CUI-3). Among these fractions, CUI-3 showed the most potent stimulating activity for the proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer’s patch cells, and contained arabinose, galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose (molar ratio; 1.00:0.53:0.45:0.28:0.28:0.19) as the major sugars, and a small quantity of protein (9.4%). In treatments of CUI-3 with pronase and periodate (NaIO₄), the intestinal immune system modulating activity of CUI-3 was significantly reduced, and the activity of CUI-3 was affected by periodate oxidation particularly. The potently active carbohydrate-rich fraction, CUI-3IIb-3-2 was further purified by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose FF, Sepharose CL-6B and Sephacryl S-200. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was eluted as a single peak on HPLC and its molecular weight was estimated to be 18,000 Da. CUI-3IIb-3-2 was consisted mainly of arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid (molar ratio;1.00:0.54:0.28:1.45:0.63) in addition to a small amount of proteins (3.2%). In addition, CUI-3IIb-3-2 showed the activity only through Peyer’s patch cells, but this fraction did not directly stimulate proliferation of bone marrow cells. It may be concluded that intestinal immune system modulating activity of peels from C. unshiu is caused by pectic polysaccharides having a polygalacturonan moiety with neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.11-21
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• 2015

As growing interest in Human-Computer Interaction(HCI), research on HCI has been actively conducted. Also with that, research on Natural User Interface/Natural User eXperience(NUI/NUX) that uses user's gesture and voice has been actively conducted. In case of NUI/NUX, it needs recognition algorithm such as gesture recognition or voice recognition. However these recognition algorithms have weakness because their implementation is complex and a lot of time are needed in training because they have to go through steps including preprocessing, normalization, feature extraction. Recently, Kinect is launched by Microsoft as NUI/NUX development tool which attracts people's attention, and studies using Kinect has been conducted. The authors of this paper implemented hand-mouse interface with outstanding intuitiveness using the physical features of a user in a previous study. However, there are weaknesses such as unnatural movement of mouse and low accuracy of mouse functions. In this study, we designed and implemented a hand mouse interface which introduce a new concept called 'Virtual monitor' extracting user's physical features through Kinect in real-time. Virtual monitor means virtual space that can be controlled by hand mouse. It is possible that the coordinate on virtual monitor is accurately mapped onto the coordinate on real monitor. Hand-mouse interface based on virtual monitor concept maintains outstanding intuitiveness that is strength of the previous study and enhance accuracy of mouse functions. Further, we increased accuracy of the interface by recognizing user's unnecessary actions using his concentration indicator from his encephalogram(EEG) data. In order to evaluate intuitiveness and accuracy of the interface, we experimented it for 50 people from 10s to 50s. As the result of intuitiveness experiment, 84% of subjects learned how to use it within 1 minute. Also, as the result of accuracy experiment, accuracy of mouse functions (drag(80.4%), click(80%), double-click(76.7%)) is shown. The intuitiveness and accuracy of the proposed hand-mouse interface is checked through experiment, this is expected to be a good example of the interface for controlling the system by hand in the future.