• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.695-701
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• 2003

Purpose : It had been suggested that pain arising from deep somatic body regions influences neural activity within periaqueductal gray(PAG) of midbrain via distinct spinal pathways. Aspirin is one of the popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in the management of pain. Fos expression was used as a marker for neuronal activity throughout central neurons following painful peripheral stimulation. This study was prepared to investigate changes of c-Fos immunoreactivity in midbrain by deep pain and effects of aspirin. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 0.1 mL of 5% formalin in the plantar muscle of the right hindpaw. For experimental group II, aspirin was injected intravenously before injection of formalin. An aspirin-untreated group was utilized as group I. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours after formalin injection. Rat's brains were removed and sliced in rat brain matrix. Brain slices were coronally sectioned at interaural 1.00-1.36 mm. Serial sections were immunohistochemically reacted with polyclonal c-Fos antibody. The numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray(VLPAG) and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray(DMPAG) were counted and analyzed statistically with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results : Higher numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were found in VLPAG. In both VLPAG and DMPAG of formalin-treated group, the numbers of c-Fos protein immunoreactive neurons were significantly higher at all time points than the formalin-untreated group, which peaked at two hours. The numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neuron of the aspirin-treated group were less compared to the aspirin-untreated group at each time point. Conclusion : These results provide some basic knowledge in understanding the mechanism of formalin-induced deep somatic pain and the effects of aspirin.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-29
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• 1998

Artificial pollination (AP) and gibberellin A4+7 plus benzyladenine (promalin) were applied alone and together. AP was applied at 10% flowering time with 'Senshu' pollen (Malus domestica cv. Senshu). 12mg/L promalin was applied at 0, 10 and 20 days after falling of central flowers, respectively. In promalin treatment with or without AP application methods, fruit length, weight and length/diameter (L/D) were higher than those of control and AP. However, in AP and AP+ promalin application, the number of seeds and seed weight were higher than those of control and promalin. In AP+ promalin treatment, 78.6% fruits showed their uniform fruit shape and so significantly enhanced fruit uniformity compared to other treatments. Also cortex and core thickness of fruits were greater at the apex than that of other treatment. Fruit with L/D ratio over 0.87 were highly produced by applications of AP+promalin and promalin than control and AP only. 'Fuji' apples in good shape can be produced by using of AP + promalin together.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2013

This paper describes the electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of small biomolecules on the surface of Pt-Ru nanoparticles supported by $TiO_2$-hollow sphere prepared for use in sensor applications or fuel cells. The $TiO_2$-hollow sphere supports were first prepared by sol-gel reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide with poly(styrene-co-vinylphenylboronic acid), PSB used as a template. Pt-Ru nanoparticles were then deposited by chemical reduction of the $Pt^{4+}$ and $Ru^{3+}$ ions onto $TiO_2$-hollow sphere ($Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$). The prepared $Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$ nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The electrocatalytic efficiency of Pt-Ru nanoparticles was evaluated via ethanol, methanol, dopamine, ascorbic acid, formalin, and glucose oxidation. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) obtained during the oxidation studies revealed that the $Pt-Ru@TiO_2-H$ nanocomposites showed high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of biomolecules. As a result, the prepared Pt-Ru catalysts doped onto $TiO_2$-H sphere nanocomposites supports can be used for non-enzymatic biosensor or fuel cell anode electrode.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.827-833
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pretreatment and shipping temperature on leaf chlorosis in cut Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Siberia'. Cut lilies were shipped under various temperatures (5, 10, 15, $25^{\circ}C$) for 5 days. When cut lilies were shipped at $25^{\circ}C$, leaf chlorosis was accelerated. However, chlorosis was significantly decreased by shipping at 5 to $15^{\circ}C$. In addition, leaf chlorosis was significantly decreased when the cut lilies were pretreated with a solution containing Promalin (BA + $GA_{4+7}$) as compared to the control. Promalin completely prevented postharvest leaf chlorosis, whereas $GA_3$ and Chrysal SVB were ineffective. Leaf chlorosis decreased more with Promalin dip treatment than with spray treatment. This pretreatment solution also extended the vase life of cut lilies. When cut lilies were pretreated with Promalin, yield (Fv/Fm) of chlorophyll fluorescence was highly maintained. Especially chlorophyll content was significant increased by Promalin treatment. Thus, shipping between 5 and $15^{\circ}C$ and Promalin dip pretreatment significantly decreased leaf chlorosis in cut 'Siberia' lilies.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high voltage pulsed current stimulation (HVPCS) on the healing rate of a dermal wound in a rat. We also determined the mechanism of promoting healing by HVPCS. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two group; HVPCS group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The HVPCS rats received electrical stimulation with a current intensity of 50 V at 100 pps for a duration of 30 minutes, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity for a week. The biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with Masson's trichrome, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The fibroblasts and collagen density were counted using a light microscope and computerized image analysis system and calculated as the density and the percent. A Student t-test showed a significantly higher wound healing rate of the HVPCS group than control (t=-4.161, p<0.001). The fibroblasts in the HVPCS group were higher than in the control group (t=-4.921, p<0.001). The density of collagen in the HVPCS group was also higher than in the control group (t=-4.367, p<0.001). These results indicate that the HVPCS accelerated the rate of healing in dermal wound, and increased fibroblasts and collagen density in the regenerative dermis. These findings suggest that the HVPCS may activate fibroblasts by alteration of the electrical environment, and it may increase collagen synthesis in the regenerative dermal wound.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrical stimulation on the number of MCs and percent of degranulated MCs in rat skin. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two group; electrical stimulation group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Each animals hair on the back was removed. The electrical stimulation group received an positive rectangular pulsed electrical stimulation, while the control group was given the same treatment without electricity. The biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with toluidine blue-nuclear fast red and alcian blue-safranin O. respectively. The MCs were counted using a light microscope and computerized image analysis system and calculated as the density and the percent. A t-test showed a significantly higher density of MCs in the electrical stimulated rats than control rats(p<0.05), and the percent of degranulated MCs in the electrical stimulated rats was higher than in the control rats (p<0.05) in toluidine blue stained sections. The density of MCs was significantly higher in the electrical stimulated rats than the control rats in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (P<0.01). An analysis of variance showed that the densities of CTMCs was significantly lower than the densities of MMCs and mixed MCs in electrical stimulated rat in alcian blue-safranin O Stained sections (p<0.05). These results suggest that the electrical stimulation may have potential for increasing the number of MCs and lead to degranulate the MCs in rat skin.